Annotation of 42BSD/etc/mkfs.c, revision 1.1.1.1

1.1       root        1: #ifndef lint
                      2: static char *sccsid = "@(#)mkfs.c      2.15 (Berkeley) 8/1/83";
                      3: #endif
                      4: 
                      5: /*
                      6:  * make file system for cylinder-group style file systems
                      7:  *
                      8:  * usage: mkfs special size [ nsect ntrak bsize fsize cpg minfree rps nbpi ]
                      9:  */
                     10: 
                     11: /*
                     12:  * The following constants set the defaults used for the number
                     13:  * of sectors (fs_nsect), and number of tracks (fs_ntrak).
                     14:  */
                     15: #define DFLNSECT       32
                     16: #define DFLNTRAK       16
                     17: 
                     18: /*
                     19:  * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes.
                     20:  * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints:
                     21:  *     MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE
                     22:  *     DEV_BSIZE <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE
                     23:  *     DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8
                     24:  */
                     25: #define DESBLKSIZE     8192
                     26: #define DESFRAGSIZE    1024
                     27: 
                     28: /*
                     29:  * Cylinder groups may have up to MAXCPG cylinders. The actual
                     30:  * number used depends upon how much information can be stored
                     31:  * on a single cylinder. The default is to used 16 cylinders
                     32:  * per group.
                     33:  */
                     34: #define        DESCPG          16      /* desired fs_cpg */
                     35: 
                     36: /*
                     37:  * MINFREE gives the minimum acceptable percentage of file system
                     38:  * blocks which may be free. If the freelist drops below this level
                     39:  * only the superuser may continue to allocate blocks. This may
                     40:  * be set to 0 if no reserve of free blocks is deemed necessary,
                     41:  * however throughput drops by fifty percent if the file system
                     42:  * is run at between 90% and 100% full; thus the default value of
                     43:  * fs_minfree is 10%.
                     44:  */
                     45: #define MINFREE                10
                     46: 
                     47: /*
                     48:  * ROTDELAY gives the minimum number of milliseconds to initiate
                     49:  * another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It is used in
                     50:  * determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks
                     51:  * within a file; the default of fs_rotdelay is 4ms.
                     52:  */
                     53: #define ROTDELAY       4
                     54: 
                     55: /*
                     56:  * MAXCONTIG sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
                     57:  * that may be allocated sequentially. Since UNIX drivers are
                     58:  * not capable of scheduling multi-block transfers, this defaults
                     59:  * to 1 (ie no contiguous blocks are allocated).
                     60:  */
                     61: #define MAXCONTIG      1
                     62: 
                     63: /*
                     64:  * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are
                     65:  * placed in a single cylinder group. This is currently a function
                     66:  * of the block and fragment size of the file system.
                     67:  */
                     68: #define MAXBLKPG(fs)   ((fs)->fs_fsize / sizeof(daddr_t))
                     69: 
                     70: /*
                     71:  * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated.
                     72:  * We allocate one inode slot per NBPI bytes, expecting this
                     73:  * to be far more than we will ever need.
                     74:  */
                     75: #define        NBPI            2048
                     76: 
                     77: /*
                     78:  * Disks are assumed to rotate at 60HZ, unless otherwise specified.
                     79:  */
                     80: #define        DEFHZ           60
                     81: 
                     82: #ifndef STANDALONE
                     83: #include <stdio.h>
                     84: #include <a.out.h>
                     85: #endif
                     86: 
                     87: #include <sys/param.h>
                     88: #include <sys/inode.h>
                     89: #include <sys/fs.h>
                     90: #include <sys/dir.h>
                     91: 
                     92: #define UMASK          0755
                     93: #define MAXINOPB       (MAXBSIZE / sizeof(struct dinode))
                     94: #define POWEROF2(num)  (((num) & ((num) - 1)) == 0)
                     95: 
                     96: union {
                     97:        struct fs fs;
                     98:        char pad[MAXBSIZE];
                     99: } fsun;
                    100: #define        sblock  fsun.fs
                    101: struct csum *fscs;
                    102: 
                    103: union {
                    104:        struct cg cg;
                    105:        char pad[MAXBSIZE];
                    106: } cgun;
                    107: #define        acg     cgun.cg
                    108: 
                    109: struct dinode zino[MAXIPG];
                    110: 
                    111: char   *fsys;
                    112: time_t utime;
                    113: int    fsi;
                    114: int    fso;
                    115: daddr_t        alloc();
                    116: 
                    117: main(argc, argv)
                    118:        int argc;
                    119:        char *argv[];
                    120: {
                    121:        long cylno, rpos, blk, i, j, inos, fssize, warn = 0;
                    122: 
                    123: #ifndef STANDALONE
                    124:        argc--, argv++;
                    125:        time(&utime);
                    126:        if (argc < 2) {
                    127:                printf("usage: mkfs special size [ nsect ntrak bsize fsize cpg minfree rps nbpi ]\n");
                    128:                exit(1);
                    129:        }
                    130:        fsys = argv[0];
                    131:        fssize = atoi(argv[1]);
                    132:        fso = creat(fsys, 0666);
                    133:        if(fso < 0) {
                    134:                printf("%s: cannot create\n", fsys);
                    135:                exit(1);
                    136:        }
                    137:        fsi = open(fsys, 0);
                    138:        if(fsi < 0) {
                    139:                printf("%s: cannot open\n", fsys);
                    140:                exit(1);
                    141:        }
                    142: #else
                    143:        {
                    144:                static char protos[60];
                    145:                char fsbuf[100];
                    146: 
                    147:                printf("file sys size: ");
                    148:                gets(protos);
                    149:                fssize = atoi(protos);
                    150:                do {
                    151:                        printf("file system: ");
                    152:                        gets(fsbuf);
                    153:                        fso = open(fsbuf, 1);
                    154:                        fsi = open(fsbuf, 0);
                    155:                } while (fso < 0 || fsi < 0);
                    156:        }
                    157:        argc = 0;
                    158: #endif
                    159:        /*
                    160:         * Validate the given file system size.
                    161:         * Verify that its last block can actually be accessed.
                    162:         */
                    163:        if (fssize <= 0)
                    164:                printf("preposterous size %d\n", fssize), exit(1);
                    165:        wtfs(fssize - 1, DEV_BSIZE, (char *)&sblock);
                    166:        /*
                    167:         * collect and verify the sector and track info
                    168:         */
                    169:        if (argc > 2)
                    170:                sblock.fs_nsect = atoi(argv[2]);
                    171:        else
                    172:                sblock.fs_nsect = DFLNSECT;
                    173:        if (argc > 3)
                    174:                sblock.fs_ntrak = atoi(argv[3]);
                    175:        else
                    176:                sblock.fs_ntrak = DFLNTRAK;
                    177:        if (sblock.fs_ntrak <= 0)
                    178:                printf("preposterous ntrak %d\n", sblock.fs_ntrak), exit(1);
                    179:        if (sblock.fs_nsect <= 0)
                    180:                printf("preposterous nsect %d\n", sblock.fs_nsect), exit(1);
                    181:        sblock.fs_spc = sblock.fs_ntrak * sblock.fs_nsect;
                    182:        /*
                    183:         * collect and verify the block and fragment sizes
                    184:         */
                    185:        if (argc > 4)
                    186:                sblock.fs_bsize = atoi(argv[4]);
                    187:        else
                    188:                sblock.fs_bsize = DESBLKSIZE;
                    189:        if (argc > 5)
                    190:                sblock.fs_fsize = atoi(argv[5]);
                    191:        else
                    192:                sblock.fs_fsize = DESFRAGSIZE;
                    193:        if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_bsize)) {
                    194:                printf("block size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
                    195:                    sblock.fs_bsize);
                    196:                exit(1);
                    197:        }
                    198:        if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_fsize)) {
                    199:                printf("fragment size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
                    200:                    sblock.fs_fsize);
                    201:                exit(1);
                    202:        }
                    203:        if (sblock.fs_fsize < DEV_BSIZE) {
                    204:                printf("fragment size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
                    205:                    sblock.fs_fsize, DEV_BSIZE);
                    206:                exit(1);
                    207:        }
                    208:        if (sblock.fs_bsize < MINBSIZE) {
                    209:                printf("block size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
                    210:                    sblock.fs_bsize, MINBSIZE);
                    211:                exit(1);
                    212:        }
                    213:        if (sblock.fs_bsize < sblock.fs_fsize) {
                    214:                printf("block size (%d) cannot be smaller than fragment size (%d)\n",
                    215:                    sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
                    216:                exit(1);
                    217:        }
                    218:        sblock.fs_bmask = ~(sblock.fs_bsize - 1);
                    219:        sblock.fs_fmask = ~(sblock.fs_fsize - 1);
                    220:        for (sblock.fs_bshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_bsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
                    221:                sblock.fs_bshift++;
                    222:        for (sblock.fs_fshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_fsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
                    223:                sblock.fs_fshift++;
                    224:        sblock.fs_frag = numfrags(&sblock, sblock.fs_bsize);
                    225:        for (sblock.fs_fragshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_frag; i > 1; i >>= 1)
                    226:                sblock.fs_fragshift++;
                    227:        if (sblock.fs_frag > MAXFRAG) {
                    228:                printf("fragment size %d is too small, minimum with block size %d is %d\n",
                    229:                    sblock.fs_fsize, sblock.fs_bsize,
                    230:                    sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
                    231:                exit(1);
                    232:        }
                    233:        sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(daddr_t);
                    234:        sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct dinode);
                    235:        sblock.fs_nspf = sblock.fs_fsize / DEV_BSIZE;
                    236:        for (sblock.fs_fsbtodb = 0, i = sblock.fs_nspf; i > 1; i >>= 1)
                    237:                sblock.fs_fsbtodb++;
                    238:        sblock.fs_sblkno =
                    239:            roundup(howmany(BBSIZE + SBSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag);
                    240:        sblock.fs_cblkno = (daddr_t)(sblock.fs_sblkno +
                    241:            roundup(howmany(SBSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag));
                    242:        sblock.fs_iblkno = sblock.fs_cblkno + sblock.fs_frag;
                    243:        sblock.fs_cgoffset = roundup(
                    244:            howmany(sblock.fs_nsect, sblock.fs_fsize / DEV_BSIZE),
                    245:            sblock.fs_frag);
                    246:        for (sblock.fs_cgmask = 0xffffffff, i = sblock.fs_ntrak; i > 1; i >>= 1)
                    247:                sblock.fs_cgmask <<= 1;
                    248:        if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_ntrak))
                    249:                sblock.fs_cgmask <<= 1;
                    250:        for (sblock.fs_cpc = NSPB(&sblock), i = sblock.fs_spc;
                    251:             sblock.fs_cpc > 1 && (i & 1) == 0;
                    252:             sblock.fs_cpc >>= 1, i >>= 1)
                    253:                /* void */;
                    254:        if (sblock.fs_cpc > MAXCPG) {
                    255:                printf("maximum block size with nsect %d and ntrak %d is %d\n",
                    256:                    sblock.fs_nsect, sblock.fs_ntrak,
                    257:                    sblock.fs_bsize / (sblock.fs_cpc / MAXCPG));
                    258:                exit(1);
                    259:        }
                    260:        /* 
                    261:         * collect and verify the number of cylinders per group
                    262:         */
                    263:        if (argc > 6) {
                    264:                sblock.fs_cpg = atoi(argv[6]);
                    265:                sblock.fs_fpg = (sblock.fs_cpg * sblock.fs_spc) / NSPF(&sblock);
                    266:        } else {
                    267:                sblock.fs_cpg = MAX(sblock.fs_cpc, DESCPG);
                    268:                sblock.fs_fpg = (sblock.fs_cpg * sblock.fs_spc) / NSPF(&sblock);
                    269:                while (sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag > MAXBPG(&sblock) &&
                    270:                    sblock.fs_cpg > sblock.fs_cpc) {
                    271:                        sblock.fs_cpg -= sblock.fs_cpc;
                    272:                        sblock.fs_fpg =
                    273:                            (sblock.fs_cpg * sblock.fs_spc) / NSPF(&sblock);
                    274:                }
                    275:        }
                    276:        if (sblock.fs_cpg < 1) {
                    277:                printf("cylinder groups must have at least 1 cylinder\n");
                    278:                exit(1);
                    279:        }
                    280:        if (sblock.fs_cpg > MAXCPG) {
                    281:                printf("cylinder groups are limited to %d cylinders\n", MAXCPG);
                    282:                exit(1);
                    283:        }
                    284:        if (sblock.fs_cpg % sblock.fs_cpc != 0) {
                    285:                printf("cylinder groups must have a multiple of %d cylinders\n",
                    286:                    sblock.fs_cpc);
                    287:                exit(1);
                    288:        }
                    289:        /*
                    290:         * Now have size for file system and nsect and ntrak.
                    291:         * Determine number of cylinders and blocks in the file system.
                    292:         */
                    293:        sblock.fs_size = fssize = dbtofsb(&sblock, fssize);
                    294:        sblock.fs_ncyl = fssize * NSPF(&sblock) / sblock.fs_spc;
                    295:        if (fssize * NSPF(&sblock) > sblock.fs_ncyl * sblock.fs_spc) {
                    296:                sblock.fs_ncyl++;
                    297:                warn = 1;
                    298:        }
                    299:        if (sblock.fs_ncyl < 1) {
                    300:                printf("file systems must have at least one cylinder\n");
                    301:                exit(1);
                    302:        }
                    303:        /*
                    304:         * determine feasability/values of rotational layout tables
                    305:         */
                    306:        if (sblock.fs_ntrak == 1) {
                    307:                sblock.fs_cpc = 0;
                    308:                goto next;
                    309:        }
                    310:        if (sblock.fs_spc * sblock.fs_cpc > MAXBPC * NSPB(&sblock) ||
                    311:            sblock.fs_nsect > (1 << NBBY) * NSPB(&sblock)) {
                    312:                printf("%s %s %d %s %d.%s",
                    313:                    "Warning: insufficient space in super block for\n",
                    314:                    "rotational layout tables with nsect", sblock.fs_nsect,
                    315:                    "and ntrak", sblock.fs_ntrak,
                    316:                    "\nFile system performance may be impared.\n");
                    317:                sblock.fs_cpc = 0;
                    318:                goto next;
                    319:        }
                    320:        /*
                    321:         * calculate the available blocks for each rotational position
                    322:         */
                    323:        for (cylno = 0; cylno < MAXCPG; cylno++)
                    324:                for (rpos = 0; rpos < NRPOS; rpos++)
                    325:                        sblock.fs_postbl[cylno][rpos] = -1;
                    326:        blk = sblock.fs_spc * sblock.fs_cpc / NSPF(&sblock);
                    327:        for (i = 0; i < blk; i += sblock.fs_frag)
                    328:                /* void */;
                    329:        for (i -= sblock.fs_frag; i >= 0; i -= sblock.fs_frag) {
                    330:                cylno = cbtocylno(&sblock, i);
                    331:                rpos = cbtorpos(&sblock, i);
                    332:                blk = i / sblock.fs_frag;
                    333:                if (sblock.fs_postbl[cylno][rpos] == -1)
                    334:                        sblock.fs_rotbl[blk] = 0;
                    335:                else
                    336:                        sblock.fs_rotbl[blk] =
                    337:                            sblock.fs_postbl[cylno][rpos] - blk;
                    338:                sblock.fs_postbl[cylno][rpos] = blk;
                    339:        }
                    340: next:
                    341:        /*
                    342:         * Validate specified/determined cpg.
                    343:         */
                    344:        if (sblock.fs_spc > MAXBPG(&sblock) * NSPB(&sblock)) {
                    345:                printf("too many sectors per cylinder (%d sectors)\n",
                    346:                    sblock.fs_spc);
                    347:                while(sblock.fs_spc > MAXBPG(&sblock) * NSPB(&sblock)) {
                    348:                        sblock.fs_bsize <<= 1;
                    349:                        if (sblock.fs_frag < MAXFRAG)
                    350:                                sblock.fs_frag <<= 1;
                    351:                        else
                    352:                                sblock.fs_fsize <<= 1;
                    353:                }
                    354:                printf("nsect %d, and ntrak %d, requires block size of %d,\n",
                    355:                    sblock.fs_nsect, sblock.fs_ntrak, sblock.fs_bsize);
                    356:                printf("\tand fragment size of %d\n", sblock.fs_fsize);
                    357:                exit(1);
                    358:        }
                    359:        if (sblock.fs_fpg > MAXBPG(&sblock) * sblock.fs_frag) {
                    360:                printf("cylinder group too large (%d cylinders); ",
                    361:                    sblock.fs_cpg);
                    362:                printf("max: %d cylinders per group\n",
                    363:                    MAXBPG(&sblock) * sblock.fs_frag /
                    364:                    (sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_cpg));
                    365:                exit(1);
                    366:        }
                    367:        sblock.fs_cgsize = fragroundup(&sblock,
                    368:            sizeof(struct cg) + howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, NBBY));
                    369:        /*
                    370:         * Compute/validate number of cylinder groups.
                    371:         */
                    372:        sblock.fs_ncg = sblock.fs_ncyl / sblock.fs_cpg;
                    373:        if (sblock.fs_ncyl % sblock.fs_cpg)
                    374:                sblock.fs_ncg++;
                    375:        if ((sblock.fs_spc * sblock.fs_cpg) % NSPF(&sblock)) {
                    376:                printf("mkfs: nsect %d, ntrak %d, cpg %d is not tolerable\n",
                    377:                    sblock.fs_nsect, sblock.fs_ntrak, sblock.fs_cpg);
                    378:                printf("as this would would have cyl groups whose size\n");
                    379:                printf("is not a multiple of %d; choke!\n", sblock.fs_fsize);
                    380:                exit(1);
                    381:        }
                    382:        /*
                    383:         * Compute number of inode blocks per cylinder group.
                    384:         * Start with one inode per NBPI bytes; adjust as necessary.
                    385:         */
                    386:        inos = MAX(NBPI, sblock.fs_fsize);
                    387:        if (argc > 9) {
                    388:                i = atoi(argv[9]);
                    389:                if (i <= 0)
                    390:                        printf("%s: bogus nbpi reset to %d\n", argv[9], inos);
                    391:                else
                    392:                        inos = i;
                    393:        }
                    394:        i = sblock.fs_iblkno + MAXIPG / INOPF(&sblock);
                    395:        inos = (fssize - sblock.fs_ncg * i) * sblock.fs_fsize / inos /
                    396:            INOPB(&sblock);
                    397:        if (inos <= 0)
                    398:                inos = 1;
                    399:        sblock.fs_ipg = ((inos / sblock.fs_ncg) + 1) * INOPB(&sblock);
                    400:        if (sblock.fs_ipg > MAXIPG)
                    401:                sblock.fs_ipg = MAXIPG;
                    402:        sblock.fs_dblkno = sblock.fs_iblkno + sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
                    403:        i = MIN(~sblock.fs_cgmask, sblock.fs_ncg - 1);
                    404:        if (cgdmin(&sblock, i) - cgbase(&sblock, i) >= sblock.fs_fpg) {
                    405:                printf("inode blocks/cyl group (%d) >= data blocks (%d)\n",
                    406:                    cgdmin(&sblock, i) - cgbase(&sblock, i) / sblock.fs_frag,
                    407:                    sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag);
                    408:                printf("number of cylinders per cylinder group must be increased\n");
                    409:                exit(1);
                    410:        }
                    411:        j = sblock.fs_ncg - 1;
                    412:        if ((i = fssize - j * sblock.fs_fpg) < sblock.fs_fpg &&
                    413:            cgdmin(&sblock, j) - cgbase(&sblock, j) > i) {
                    414:                printf("Warning: inode blocks/cyl group (%d) >= data blocks (%d) in last\n",
                    415:                    (cgdmin(&sblock, j) - cgbase(&sblock, j)) / sblock.fs_frag,
                    416:                    i / sblock.fs_frag);
                    417:                printf("    cylinder group. This implies %d sector(s) cannot be allocated.\n",
                    418:                    i * NSPF(&sblock));
                    419:                sblock.fs_ncg--;
                    420:                sblock.fs_ncyl -= sblock.fs_ncyl % sblock.fs_cpg;
                    421:                sblock.fs_size = fssize = sblock.fs_ncyl * sblock.fs_spc /
                    422:                    NSPF(&sblock);
                    423:                warn = 0;
                    424:        }
                    425:        if (warn) {
                    426:                printf("Warning: %d sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated\n",
                    427:                    sblock.fs_spc -
                    428:                    (fssize * NSPF(&sblock) - (sblock.fs_ncyl - 1)
                    429:                    * sblock.fs_spc));
                    430:        }
                    431:        /*
                    432:         * fill in remaining fields of the super block
                    433:         */
                    434:        sblock.fs_csaddr = cgdmin(&sblock, 0);
                    435:        sblock.fs_cssize =
                    436:            fragroundup(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(struct csum));
                    437:        i = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct csum);
                    438:        sblock.fs_csmask = ~(i - 1);
                    439:        for (sblock.fs_csshift = 0; i > 1; i >>= 1)
                    440:                sblock.fs_csshift++;
                    441:        i = sizeof(struct fs) +
                    442:                howmany(sblock.fs_spc * sblock.fs_cpc, NSPB(&sblock));
                    443:        sblock.fs_sbsize = fragroundup(&sblock, i);
                    444:        fscs = (struct csum *)calloc(1, sblock.fs_cssize);
                    445:        sblock.fs_magic = FS_MAGIC;
                    446:        sblock.fs_rotdelay = ROTDELAY;
                    447:        if (argc > 7) {
                    448:                sblock.fs_minfree = atoi(argv[7]);
                    449:                if (sblock.fs_minfree < 0 || sblock.fs_minfree > 99) {
                    450:                        printf("%s: bogus minfree reset to %d%%\n", argv[7],
                    451:                                MINFREE);
                    452:                        sblock.fs_minfree = MINFREE;
                    453:                }
                    454:        } else
                    455:                sblock.fs_minfree = MINFREE;
                    456:        sblock.fs_maxcontig = MAXCONTIG;
                    457:        sblock.fs_maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(&sblock);
                    458:        if (argc > 8)
                    459:                sblock.fs_rps = atoi(argv[8]);
                    460:        else
                    461:                sblock.fs_rps = DEFHZ;
                    462:        sblock.fs_cgrotor = 0;
                    463:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
                    464:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree = 0;
                    465:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = 0;
                    466:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree = 0;
                    467:        sblock.fs_fmod = 0;
                    468:        sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
                    469:        /*
                    470:         * Dump out summary information about file system.
                    471:         */
                    472:        printf("%s:\t%d sectors in %d cylinders of %d tracks, %d sectors\n",
                    473:            fsys, sblock.fs_size * NSPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_ncyl,
                    474:            sblock.fs_ntrak, sblock.fs_nsect);
                    475:        printf("\t%.1fMb in %d cyl groups (%d c/g, %.2fMb/g, %d i/g)\n",
                    476:            (float)sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize * 1e-6, sblock.fs_ncg,
                    477:            sblock.fs_cpg, (float)sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_fsize * 1e-6,
                    478:            sblock.fs_ipg);
                    479:        /*
                    480:         * Now build the cylinders group blocks and
                    481:         * then print out indices of cylinder groups.
                    482:         */
                    483:        printf("super-block backups (for fsck -b#) at:");
                    484:        for (cylno = 0; cylno < sblock.fs_ncg; cylno++) {
                    485:                initcg(cylno);
                    486:                if (cylno % 10 == 0)
                    487:                        printf("\n");
                    488:                printf(" %d,", fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)));
                    489:        }
                    490:        printf("\n");
                    491:        /*
                    492:         * Now construct the initial file system,
                    493:         * then write out the super-block.
                    494:         */
                    495:        fsinit();
                    496:        sblock.fs_time = utime;
                    497:        wtfs(SBLOCK, SBSIZE, (char *)&sblock);
                    498:        for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_cssize; i += sblock.fs_bsize)
                    499:                wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_csaddr + numfrags(&sblock, i)),
                    500:                        sblock.fs_cssize - i < sblock.fs_bsize ?
                    501:                            sblock.fs_cssize - i : sblock.fs_bsize,
                    502:                        ((char *)fscs) + i);
                    503:        /* 
                    504:         * Write out the duplicate super blocks
                    505:         */
                    506:        for (cylno = 0; cylno < sblock.fs_ncg; cylno++)
                    507:                wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)),
                    508:                    SBSIZE, (char *)&sblock);
                    509: #ifndef STANDALONE
                    510:        exit(0);
                    511: #endif
                    512: }
                    513: 
                    514: /*
                    515:  * Initialize a cylinder group.
                    516:  */
                    517: initcg(cylno)
                    518:        int cylno;
                    519: {
                    520:        daddr_t cbase, d, dlower, dupper, dmax;
                    521:        long i, j, s;
                    522:        register struct csum *cs;
                    523: 
                    524:        /*
                    525:         * Determine block bounds for cylinder group.
                    526:         * Allow space for super block summary information in first
                    527:         * cylinder group.
                    528:         */
                    529:        cbase = cgbase(&sblock, cylno);
                    530:        dmax = cbase + sblock.fs_fpg;
                    531:        if (dmax > sblock.fs_size)
                    532:                dmax = sblock.fs_size;
                    533:        dlower = cgsblock(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
                    534:        dupper = cgdmin(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
                    535:        cs = fscs + cylno;
                    536:        acg.cg_time = utime;
                    537:        acg.cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
                    538:        acg.cg_cgx = cylno;
                    539:        if (cylno == sblock.fs_ncg - 1)
                    540:                acg.cg_ncyl = sblock.fs_ncyl % sblock.fs_cpg;
                    541:        else
                    542:                acg.cg_ncyl = sblock.fs_cpg;
                    543:        acg.cg_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
                    544:        acg.cg_ndblk = dmax - cbase;
                    545:        acg.cg_cs.cs_ndir = 0;
                    546:        acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree = 0;
                    547:        acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree = 0;
                    548:        acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree = 0;
                    549:        acg.cg_rotor = 0;
                    550:        acg.cg_frotor = 0;
                    551:        acg.cg_irotor = 0;
                    552:        for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_frag; i++) {
                    553:                acg.cg_frsum[i] = 0;
                    554:        }
                    555:        for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_ipg; ) {
                    556:                for (j = INOPB(&sblock); j > 0; j--) {
                    557:                        clrbit(acg.cg_iused, i);
                    558:                        i++;
                    559:                }
                    560:                acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree += INOPB(&sblock);
                    561:        }
                    562:        if (cylno == 0)
                    563:                for (i = 0; i < ROOTINO; i++) {
                    564:                        setbit(acg.cg_iused, i);
                    565:                        acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
                    566:                }
                    567:        while (i < MAXIPG) {
                    568:                clrbit(acg.cg_iused, i);
                    569:                i++;
                    570:        }
                    571:        lseek(fso, fsbtodb(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno)) * DEV_BSIZE, 0);
                    572:        if (write(fso, (char *)zino, sblock.fs_ipg * sizeof (struct dinode)) !=
                    573:            sblock.fs_ipg * sizeof (struct dinode))
                    574:                printf("write error %D\n", numfrags(&sblock, tell(fso)));
                    575:        for (i = 0; i < MAXCPG; i++) {
                    576:                acg.cg_btot[i] = 0;
                    577:                for (j = 0; j < NRPOS; j++)
                    578:                        acg.cg_b[i][j] = 0;
                    579:        }
                    580:        if (cylno == 0) {
                    581:                /*
                    582:                 * reserve space for summary info and Boot block
                    583:                 */
                    584:                dupper += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
                    585:                for (d = 0; d < dlower; d += sblock.fs_frag)
                    586:                        clrblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d/sblock.fs_frag);
                    587:        } else {
                    588:                for (d = 0; d < dlower; d += sblock.fs_frag) {
                    589:                        setblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d/sblock.fs_frag);
                    590:                        acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
                    591:                        acg.cg_btot[cbtocylno(&sblock, d)]++;
                    592:                        acg.cg_b[cbtocylno(&sblock, d)][cbtorpos(&sblock, d)]++;
                    593:                }
                    594:                sblock.fs_dsize += dlower;
                    595:        }
                    596:        sblock.fs_dsize += acg.cg_ndblk - dupper;
                    597:        for (; d < dupper; d += sblock.fs_frag)
                    598:                clrblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d/sblock.fs_frag);
                    599:        if (d > dupper) {
                    600:                acg.cg_frsum[d - dupper]++;
                    601:                for (i = d - 1; i >= dupper; i--) {
                    602:                        setbit(acg.cg_free, i);
                    603:                        acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
                    604:                }
                    605:        }
                    606:        while ((d + sblock.fs_frag) <= dmax - cbase) {
                    607:                setblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d/sblock.fs_frag);
                    608:                acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
                    609:                acg.cg_btot[cbtocylno(&sblock, d)]++;
                    610:                acg.cg_b[cbtocylno(&sblock, d)][cbtorpos(&sblock, d)]++;
                    611:                d += sblock.fs_frag;
                    612:        }
                    613:        if (d < dmax - cbase) {
                    614:                acg.cg_frsum[dmax - cbase - d]++;
                    615:                for (; d < dmax - cbase; d++) {
                    616:                        setbit(acg.cg_free, d);
                    617:                        acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
                    618:                }
                    619:                for (; d % sblock.fs_frag != 0; d++)
                    620:                        clrbit(acg.cg_free, d);
                    621:        }
                    622:        for (d /= sblock.fs_frag; d < MAXBPG(&sblock); d ++)
                    623:                clrblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d);
                    624:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir += acg.cg_cs.cs_ndir;
                    625:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree;
                    626:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree += acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree;
                    627:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree += acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree;
                    628:        *cs = acg.cg_cs;
                    629:        wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, cylno)),
                    630:                sblock.fs_bsize, (char *)&acg);
                    631: }
                    632: 
                    633: /*
                    634:  * initialize the file system
                    635:  */
                    636: struct inode node;
                    637: #define PREDEFDIR 3
                    638: struct direct root_dir[] = {
                    639:        { ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), 1, "." },
                    640:        { ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), 2, ".." },
                    641:        { LOSTFOUNDINO, sizeof(struct direct), 10, "lost+found" },
                    642: };
                    643: struct direct lost_found_dir[] = {
                    644:        { LOSTFOUNDINO, sizeof(struct direct), 1, "." },
                    645:        { ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), 2, ".." },
                    646:        { 0, DIRBLKSIZ, 0, 0 },
                    647: };
                    648: char buf[MAXBSIZE];
                    649: 
                    650: fsinit()
                    651: {
                    652:        int i;
                    653: 
                    654:        /*
                    655:         * initialize the node
                    656:         */
                    657:        node.i_atime = utime;
                    658:        node.i_mtime = utime;
                    659:        node.i_ctime = utime;
                    660:        /*
                    661:         * create the lost+found directory
                    662:         */
                    663:        (void)makedir(lost_found_dir, 2);
                    664:        for (i = DIRBLKSIZ; i < sblock.fs_bsize; i += DIRBLKSIZ)
                    665:                bcopy(&lost_found_dir[2], &buf[i], DIRSIZ(&lost_found_dir[2]));
                    666:        node.i_number = LOSTFOUNDINO;
                    667:        node.i_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
                    668:        node.i_nlink = 2;
                    669:        node.i_size = sblock.fs_bsize;
                    670:        node.i_db[0] = alloc(node.i_size, node.i_mode);
                    671:        node.i_blocks = btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.i_size));
                    672:        wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.i_db[0]), node.i_size, buf);
                    673:        iput(&node);
                    674:        /*
                    675:         * create the root directory
                    676:         */
                    677:        node.i_number = ROOTINO;
                    678:        node.i_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
                    679:        node.i_nlink = PREDEFDIR;
                    680:        node.i_size = makedir(root_dir, PREDEFDIR);
                    681:        node.i_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.i_mode);
                    682:        node.i_blocks = btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.i_size));
                    683:        wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.i_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize, buf);
                    684:        iput(&node);
                    685: }
                    686: 
                    687: /*
                    688:  * construct a set of directory entries in "buf".
                    689:  * return size of directory.
                    690:  */
                    691: makedir(protodir, entries)
                    692:        register struct direct *protodir;
                    693:        int entries;
                    694: {
                    695:        char *cp;
                    696:        int i, spcleft;
                    697: 
                    698:        spcleft = DIRBLKSIZ;
                    699:        for (cp = buf, i = 0; i < entries - 1; i++) {
                    700:                protodir[i].d_reclen = DIRSIZ(&protodir[i]);
                    701:                bcopy(&protodir[i], cp, protodir[i].d_reclen);
                    702:                cp += protodir[i].d_reclen;
                    703:                spcleft -= protodir[i].d_reclen;
                    704:        }
                    705:        protodir[i].d_reclen = spcleft;
                    706:        bcopy(&protodir[i], cp, DIRSIZ(&protodir[i]));
                    707:        cp += DIRSIZ(&protodir[i]);
                    708:        return (cp - buf);
                    709: }
                    710: 
                    711: /*
                    712:  * allocate a block or frag
                    713:  */
                    714: daddr_t
                    715: alloc(size, mode)
                    716:        int size;
                    717:        int mode;
                    718: {
                    719:        int i, frag;
                    720:        daddr_t d;
                    721: 
                    722:        rdfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize,
                    723:            (char *)&acg);
                    724:        if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
                    725:                printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
                    726:                return (0);
                    727:        }
                    728:        if (acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree == 0) {
                    729:                printf("first cylinder group ran out of space\n");
                    730:                return (0);
                    731:        }
                    732:        for (d = 0; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d += sblock.fs_frag)
                    733:                if (isblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d / sblock.fs_frag))
                    734:                        goto goth;
                    735:        printf("internal error: can't find block in cyl 0\n");
                    736:        return (0);
                    737: goth:
                    738:        clrblock(&sblock, acg.cg_free, d / sblock.fs_frag);
                    739:        acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree--;
                    740:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree--;
                    741:        fscs[0].cs_nbfree--;
                    742:        if (mode & IFDIR) {
                    743:                acg.cg_cs.cs_ndir++;
                    744:                sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
                    745:                fscs[0].cs_ndir++;
                    746:        }
                    747:        acg.cg_btot[cbtocylno(&sblock, d)]--;
                    748:        acg.cg_b[cbtocylno(&sblock, d)][cbtorpos(&sblock, d)]--;
                    749:        if (size != sblock.fs_bsize) {
                    750:                frag = howmany(size, sblock.fs_fsize);
                    751:                fscs[0].cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
                    752:                sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
                    753:                acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
                    754:                acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - frag]++;
                    755:                for (i = frag; i < sblock.fs_frag; i++)
                    756:                        setbit(acg.cg_free, d + i);
                    757:        }
                    758:        wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize,
                    759:            (char *)&acg);
                    760:        return (d);
                    761: }
                    762: 
                    763: /*
                    764:  * Allocate an inode on the disk
                    765:  */
                    766: iput(ip)
                    767:        register struct inode *ip;
                    768: {
                    769:        struct dinode buf[MAXINOPB];
                    770:        daddr_t d;
                    771:        int c;
                    772: 
                    773:        c = itog(&sblock, ip->i_number);
                    774:        rdfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize,
                    775:            (char *)&acg);
                    776:        if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
                    777:                printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
                    778:                exit(1);
                    779:        }
                    780:        acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
                    781:        setbit(acg.cg_iused, ip->i_number);
                    782:        wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize,
                    783:            (char *)&acg);
                    784:        sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
                    785:        fscs[0].cs_nifree--;
                    786:        if(ip->i_number >= sblock.fs_ipg * sblock.fs_ncg) {
                    787:                printf("fsinit: inode value out of range (%d).\n",
                    788:                    ip->i_number);
                    789:                exit(1);
                    790:        }
                    791:        d = fsbtodb(&sblock, itod(&sblock, ip->i_number));
                    792:        rdfs(d, sblock.fs_bsize, buf);
                    793:        buf[itoo(&sblock, ip->i_number)].di_ic = ip->i_ic;
                    794:        wtfs(d, sblock.fs_bsize, buf);
                    795: }
                    796: 
                    797: /*
                    798:  * read a block from the file system
                    799:  */
                    800: rdfs(bno, size, bf)
                    801:        daddr_t bno;
                    802:        int size;
                    803:        char *bf;
                    804: {
                    805:        int n;
                    806: 
                    807:        if (lseek(fsi, bno * DEV_BSIZE, 0) < 0) {
                    808:                printf("seek error: %ld\n", bno);
                    809:                perror("rdfs");
                    810:                exit(1);
                    811:        }
                    812:        n = read(fsi, bf, size);
                    813:        if(n != size) {
                    814:                printf("read error: %ld\n", bno);
                    815:                perror("rdfs");
                    816:                exit(1);
                    817:        }
                    818: }
                    819: 
                    820: /*
                    821:  * write a block to the file system
                    822:  */
                    823: wtfs(bno, size, bf)
                    824:        daddr_t bno;
                    825:        int size;
                    826:        char *bf;
                    827: {
                    828:        int n;
                    829: 
                    830:        if (lseek(fso, bno * DEV_BSIZE, 0) < 0) {
                    831:                printf("seek error: %ld\n", bno);
                    832:                perror("wtfs");
                    833:                exit(1);
                    834:        }
                    835:        n = write(fso, bf, size);
                    836:        if(n != size) {
                    837:                printf("write error: %D\n", bno);
                    838:                perror("wtfs");
                    839:                exit(1);
                    840:        }
                    841: }
                    842: 
                    843: /*
                    844:  * check if a block is available
                    845:  */
                    846: isblock(fs, cp, h)
                    847:        struct fs *fs;
                    848:        unsigned char *cp;
                    849:        int h;
                    850: {
                    851:        unsigned char mask;
                    852: 
                    853:        switch (fs->fs_frag) {
                    854:        case 8:
                    855:                return (cp[h] == 0xff);
                    856:        case 4:
                    857:                mask = 0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2);
                    858:                return ((cp[h >> 1] & mask) == mask);
                    859:        case 2:
                    860:                mask = 0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1);
                    861:                return ((cp[h >> 2] & mask) == mask);
                    862:        case 1:
                    863:                mask = 0x01 << (h & 0x7);
                    864:                return ((cp[h >> 3] & mask) == mask);
                    865:        default:
                    866: #ifdef STANDALONE
                    867:                printf("isblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
                    868: #else
                    869:                fprintf(stderr, "isblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
                    870: #endif
                    871:                return;
                    872:        }
                    873: }
                    874: 
                    875: /*
                    876:  * take a block out of the map
                    877:  */
                    878: clrblock(fs, cp, h)
                    879:        struct fs *fs;
                    880:        unsigned char *cp;
                    881:        int h;
                    882: {
                    883:        switch ((fs)->fs_frag) {
                    884:        case 8:
                    885:                cp[h] = 0;
                    886:                return;
                    887:        case 4:
                    888:                cp[h >> 1] &= ~(0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
                    889:                return;
                    890:        case 2:
                    891:                cp[h >> 2] &= ~(0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
                    892:                return;
                    893:        case 1:
                    894:                cp[h >> 3] &= ~(0x01 << (h & 0x7));
                    895:                return;
                    896:        default:
                    897: #ifdef STANDALONE
                    898:                printf("clrblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
                    899: #else
                    900:                fprintf(stderr, "clrblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
                    901: #endif
                    902:                return;
                    903:        }
                    904: }
                    905: 
                    906: /*
                    907:  * put a block into the map
                    908:  */
                    909: setblock(fs, cp, h)
                    910:        struct fs *fs;
                    911:        unsigned char *cp;
                    912:        int h;
                    913: {
                    914:        switch (fs->fs_frag) {
                    915:        case 8:
                    916:                cp[h] = 0xff;
                    917:                return;
                    918:        case 4:
                    919:                cp[h >> 1] |= (0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
                    920:                return;
                    921:        case 2:
                    922:                cp[h >> 2] |= (0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
                    923:                return;
                    924:        case 1:
                    925:                cp[h >> 3] |= (0x01 << (h & 0x7));
                    926:                return;
                    927:        default:
                    928: #ifdef STANDALONE
                    929:                printf("setblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
                    930: #else
                    931:                fprintf(stderr, "setblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
                    932: #endif
                    933:                return;
                    934:        }
                    935: }

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