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1.1 ! root 1: .th QUEL QUEL 2/23/79 ! 2: .ds QU \s-2QUEL\s0 ! 3: .sh NAME ! 4: quel \- \fBQUE\fPry \fBL\fPanguage for \*(II ! 5: .sh DESCRIPTION ! 6: The following is a description of the general syntax ! 7: of ! 8: .nh ! 9: \*(QU. ! 10: .hy ! 11: Individual ! 12: \*(QU ! 13: statements and commands ! 14: are treated separately in the document; ! 15: this section describes the syntactic classes from which the constituent ! 16: parts of ! 17: \*(QU ! 18: statements are drawn. ! 19: .s1 ! 20: 1. Comments ! 21: .s2 ! 22: A comment is an arbitrary sequence of characters ! 23: bounded on the left by ! 24: ``/\*(**'' ! 25: and on the right by ! 26: ``\*(**/'': ! 27: .s3 ! 28: /\*(** This is a comment \*(**/ ! 29: .s1 ! 30: 2. Names ! 31: .s2 ! 32: Names in ! 33: \*(QU ! 34: are sequences of no more than 12 alphanumeric ! 35: characters, starting with an alphabetic. Underscore (_) is considered ! 36: an alphabetic. ! 37: All upper-case alphabetics ! 38: appearing anywhere except in strings are automatically ! 39: and silently mapped into their ! 40: lower-case counterparts. ! 41: .s1 ! 42: 3. Keywords ! 43: .s2 ! 44: The following identifiers are reserved for use as keywords and ! 45: may not be used otherwise: ! 46: .s3 ! 47: .ft B ! 48: .if n .ta 5 25 45 ! 49: .if t .ta 0.5i 2.5i 4.5i ! 50: .de xx ! 51: \t\\$1\t\\$2\t\\$3 ! 52: .br ! 53: .. ! 54: .xx abs all and ! 55: .xx any append ascii ! 56: .xx at atan avg ! 57: .xx avgu by concat ! 58: .xx copy cos count ! 59: .xx countu create define ! 60: .xx delete destroy exp ! 61: .xx float4 float8 from ! 62: .xx gamma help in ! 63: .xx index int1 int2 ! 64: .xx int4 integrity into ! 65: .xx is log max ! 66: .xx min mod modify ! 67: .xx not of on ! 68: .xx onto or permit ! 69: .xx print range replace ! 70: .xx retrieve save sin ! 71: .xx sqrt sum sumu ! 72: .xx to unique until ! 73: .xx view where ! 74: .ft ! 75: .dt ! 76: .s1 ! 77: 4. Constants ! 78: .s2 ! 79: There are three types of constants, ! 80: corresponding to the three data types available in ! 81: \*(QU ! 82: for data storage. ! 83: .s1 ! 84: 4.1. String constants ! 85: .s2 ! 86: Strings in ! 87: \*(QU ! 88: are sequences of no more than 255 arbitrary ! 89: ASCII characters bounded by ! 90: double quotes ( " " ). Upper case alphabetics within strings ! 91: are accepted literally. ! 92: Also, in order to imbed quotes ! 93: within strings, it is necessary to prefix them with `\e' . ! 94: The same convention applies to `\e' itself. ! 95: .s3 ! 96: Only printing characters are allowed within strings. ! 97: Non-printing characters (i.e. control characters) ! 98: are converted to blanks. ! 99: .s1 ! 100: 4.2. Integer constants ! 101: .s2 ! 102: .br ! 103: Integer constants in ! 104: \*(QU ! 105: range from \*-2,147,483,647 ! 106: to +2,147,483,647. ! 107: Integer constants beyond that range will be converted to floating point. ! 108: If the integer is greater than 32,767 or less than \*-32,767 ! 109: then it will be left as a two byte integer. ! 110: Otherwise it is converted to a four byte integer. ! 111: .s1 ! 112: 4.3. Floating point constants ! 113: .s2 ! 114: Floating constants consist of an integer part, a decimal point, and ! 115: a fraction part or scientific notation ! 116: of the following format: ! 117: .s3 ! 118: {<dig>} [.<dig>] [e\*vE [+\*v\*-] {<dig>}] ! 119: .s3 ! 120: Where <dig> is a digit, [] represents zero or one, ! 121: {} represents zero or more, and | represents alternation. ! 122: An exponent with a missing mantissa has a mantissa ! 123: of 1 inserted. ! 124: There may be no extra characters embedded in the string. ! 125: Floating constants ! 126: are taken to be double-precision quantities with a range of ! 127: approximately ! 128: .if n -10**38 to +10**38 ! 129: .if t \*-10\x'-0.2v'\u\s-3\&38\s0\d to 10\u\x'-0.2v'\s-3\&38\s0\d ! 130: and a precision of 17 decimal digits. ! 131: .s1 ! 132: 5. Attributes ! 133: .s2 ! 134: An attribute is a construction of the form: ! 135: .s3 ! 136: variable.domain ! 137: .s3 ! 138: .it Variable ! 139: identifies a particular relation and can be thought of ! 140: as standing for the rows or tuples of that relation. ! 141: A variable is associated with a relation by means of a ! 142: .it range ! 143: statement. ! 144: .it Domain ! 145: is the name of one of the columns of the relation ! 146: over which the variable ranges. ! 147: Together they make up an attribute, which represents ! 148: values of the named domain. ! 149: .s1 ! 150: 6. Arithmetic operators ! 151: .s2 ! 152: Arithmetic operators take numeric type expressions as operands. ! 153: Unary operators group right to left; binary operators group ! 154: left to right. The operators (in order of descending ! 155: precedence) are: ! 156: .s3 ! 157: .nf ! 158: +,\*- (unary) plus, minus ! 159: \*(**\*(** exponentiation ! 160: \*(**,/ multiplication, division ! 161: +,\*- (binary) addition, subtraction ! 162: .dt ! 163: .fi ! 164: .i0 ! 165: .s3 ! 166: Parentheses may be used for arbitrary grouping. ! 167: Arithmetic overflow and divide by zero are ! 168: not checked on integer operations. ! 169: Floating point operations are checked for ! 170: overflow, underflow, and divide by zero only ! 171: if the appropriate machine hardware exists ! 172: and has been enabled. ! 173: .s1 ! 174: 7. Expressions (a_expr) ! 175: .s2 ! 176: An expression is one of the following: ! 177: .s3 ! 178: .nf ! 179: .if t .in +0.5i ! 180: .if n .in +5 ! 181: constant ! 182: attribute ! 183: functional expression ! 184: aggregate or aggregate function ! 185: a combination of numeric expressions and arithmetic operators ! 186: .i0 ! 187: .fi ! 188: .s3 ! 189: For the purposes of this document, ! 190: an arbitrary expression will be ! 191: refered to by the name ! 192: .it a_expr. ! 193: .s1 ! 194: 8. Formats ! 195: .s2 ! 196: Every ! 197: .it a_expr ! 198: has a format ! 199: denoted by ! 200: a letter (\c ! 201: .bd c, ! 202: .bd i, ! 203: or ! 204: .bd f, ! 205: for character, integer, or floating data ! 206: types respectively) and a number indicating the number of bytes ! 207: of storage occupied. ! 208: Formats currently supported are listed below. ! 209: The ranges of numeric types are indicated in parentheses. ! 210: .s3 ! 211: .lp +20 15 ! 212: c1 \- c255 character data of length 1\-255 characters ! 213: .lp +20 15 ! 214: i1 1-byte integer (\*-128 to +127) ! 215: .lp +20 15 ! 216: i2 2-byte integer (\*-32768 to +32767) ! 217: .lp +20 15 ! 218: i4 4-byte integer (\*-2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647) ! 219: .lp +20 15 ! 220: .if n f4 4-byte floating (\*-10**38 to +10**38, ! 221: .if t f4 4-byte floating (\*-10\x'-0.2v'\u\s-3\&38\s0\d to +10\x'-0.2v'\u\s-3\&38\s0\d, ! 222: 7 decimal digit precision) ! 223: .lp +20 15 ! 224: .if n f4 8-byte floating (\*-10**38 to +10**38, ! 225: .if t f4 8-byte floating (\*-10\u\x'-0.2v'\s-3\&38\s0\d to +10\u\x'-0.2v'\s-3\&38\s0\d, ! 226: 17 decimal digit precision) ! 227: .i0 ! 228: .s3 ! 229: One numeric format can be converted to ! 230: or substituted for any other numeric format. ! 231: .s1 ! 232: 9. Type Conversion. ! 233: .s2 ! 234: When operating on two numeric domains of ! 235: different types, ! 236: \*(II converts as necessary to make the ! 237: types identical. ! 238: .s3 ! 239: When operating on an integer and a floating ! 240: point number, ! 241: the integer is converted to a floating point ! 242: number before the operation. ! 243: When operating on two integers of different ! 244: sizes, the smaller is converted to ! 245: the size of the larger. ! 246: When operating on two floating point number ! 247: of different size, ! 248: the larger is converted to the smaller. ! 249: .s3 ! 250: The following table summarizes the possible combinations: ! 251: .s3 ! 252: .dt ! 253: .if n .in +4 ! 254: .if t .in +1i ! 255: .nf ! 256: i1 i2 i4 f4 f8 ! 257: .s3 ! 258: i1 \- i1 i2 i4 f4 f8 ! 259: i2 \- i2 i2 i4 f4 f8 ! 260: i4 \- i4 i4 i4 f4 f8 ! 261: f4 \- f4 f4 f4 f4 f4 ! 262: f8 \- f8 f8 f8 f4 f8 ! 263: .dt ! 264: .i0 ! 265: .fi ! 266: .s3 ! 267: \*(II provides five type conversion ! 268: operators specifically for ! 269: overriding the default actions. ! 270: The operators are: ! 271: .s3 ! 272: .nf ! 273: .in +4 ! 274: .if n .ta 18 ! 275: .if t .ta 1.4i ! 276: int1(a_expr) result type i1 ! 277: int2(a_expr) result type i2 ! 278: int4(a_expr) result type i4 ! 279: float4(a_expr) result type f4 ! 280: float8(a_expr) result type f8 ! 281: .dt ! 282: .fi ! 283: .i0 ! 284: .s3 ! 285: The type conversion operators convert their argument ! 286: a_expr to the requested type. ! 287: .it A_expr ! 288: can be anything including character. ! 289: If a character value cannot be converted, ! 290: an error occures and processing is halted. ! 291: This can happen only if the syntax of the ! 292: character value is incorrect. ! 293: .s3 ! 294: Overflow is not checked on conversion. ! 295: .s1 ! 296: 10. Target_list ! 297: .s2 ! 298: .br ! 299: A target list is a parenthesized, comma separated list of one ! 300: or more elements , each of which must be of one of the following ! 301: forms: ! 302: .s3 ! 303: a) ! 304: .it result_attname ! 305: .bd is ! 306: .it a_expr ! 307: .s3 ! 308: .it Result_attname ! 309: is the name of the attribute to be created (or an ! 310: already existing attribute name in the case of update statements.) ! 311: The equal sign (``='') may be used ! 312: interchangeably with ! 313: .bd is. ! 314: In the case where ! 315: .it a_expr ! 316: is anything other than ! 317: a single attribute, this form ! 318: must be used to assign a result ! 319: name to the expression. ! 320: .s3 ! 321: b) ! 322: .it attribute ! 323: .s3 ! 324: In the case of a ! 325: .it retrieve, ! 326: the resultant domain ! 327: will acquire the same name as that of the attribute being retrieved. ! 328: In the case of update statements ! 329: (\c ! 330: .it "append, replace\c" ! 331: ), ! 332: the relation being updated must have ! 333: a domain with exactly that name. ! 334: .s3 ! 335: Inside the target list the keyword ! 336: .bd all ! 337: can be used to represent all domains. ! 338: For example: ! 339: .if n .in +5 ! 340: .if t .in +0.5i ! 341: .s3 ! 342: range of e is employee ! 343: .br ! 344: retrieve (e.all) where e.salary > 10000 ! 345: .i0 ! 346: .s3 ! 347: will retrieve all domains of employee for ! 348: those tuples which satisfy the qualification. ! 349: .bd All ! 350: can be used in the target list of ! 351: a ! 352: .it retrieve ! 353: or an ! 354: .bd append. ! 355: The domains will be inserted in their ! 356: ``create'' order, that is, ! 357: the same order they were listed in the ! 358: .it create ! 359: statement. ! 360: .s1 ! 361: 11. Comparison operators ! 362: .s2 ! 363: Comparison operators take arbitrary expressions as operands. ! 364: .s3 ! 365: .dt ! 366: .nf ! 367: < (less than) ! 368: <= (less than or equal) ! 369: > (greater than) ! 370: >= (greater than or equal) ! 371: = (equal to) ! 372: != (not equal to) ! 373: .fi ! 374: .s3 ! 375: They are all of equal precedence. ! 376: When comparisons are made on ! 377: character attributes, all blanks are ignored. ! 378: .s1 ! 379: 12. Logical operators ! 380: .s2 ! 381: Logical operators take clauses as operands and ! 382: group left-to-right: ! 383: .s3 ! 384: .nf ! 385: not (logical not; negation) ! 386: and (logical and; conjunction) ! 387: or (logical or; disjunction) ! 388: .fi ! 389: .i0 ! 390: .dt ! 391: .s3 ! 392: .bd Not ! 393: has the highest precedence of the three. ! 394: .bd And ! 395: and ! 396: .bd or ! 397: have equal precedence. ! 398: Parentheses may be used for arbitrary grouping. ! 399: .s1 ! 400: 13. Qualification (qual) ! 401: .s2 ! 402: A ! 403: .it qualification ! 404: consists of any number of clauses connected ! 405: by logical operators. ! 406: A clause is a pair of expressions connected by a comparison operator: ! 407: .s3 ! 408: .dt ! 409: a_expr comparison_operator a_expr ! 410: .s3 ! 411: Parentheses may be used for arbitrary ! 412: grouping. ! 413: A qualification may thus be: ! 414: .s3 ! 415: .in +4 ! 416: .it clause ! 417: .br ! 418: .bd not ! 419: .it qual ! 420: .br ! 421: .it qual ! 422: .bd or ! 423: .it qual ! 424: .br ! 425: .it qual ! 426: .bd and ! 427: .it qual ! 428: .br ! 429: ( ! 430: .it qual ! 431: ) ! 432: .i0 ! 433: .s1 ! 434: 14. Functional expressions ! 435: .s2 ! 436: A ! 437: .it "functional expression" ! 438: consists of a function name followed ! 439: by a parenthesized (list of) operand(s). ! 440: Functional expressions can be nested to any level. ! 441: In the following list of functions supported (\c ! 442: .it n\c ! 443: ) ! 444: represents an arbitrary numeric type expression. ! 445: The format of the result is indicated on the right. ! 446: .s3 ! 447: .if n .ta 10 25 ! 448: .if n .in 24 ! 449: .if t .ta 1.0i 2.5i ! 450: .if t .in 2.5i ! 451: .de xx ! 452: .lp +20 15 ! 453: \fB\\$1(\fI\\$2\fB)\fR \-\t\c ! 454: .. ! 455: .xx abs n ! 456: same as ! 457: .it n ! 458: (absolute value) ! 459: .xx ascii n ! 460: character string (converts numeric to character) ! 461: .xx atan n ! 462: f8 (arctangent) ! 463: .xx concat a,b ! 464: character (character concatenation. See 16.2) ! 465: .xx cos n ! 466: f8 (cosine) ! 467: .xx exp n ! 468: f8 (exponential of ! 469: .it n\c ! 470: ) ! 471: .xx gamma n ! 472: f8 (log gamma) ! 473: .xx log n ! 474: f8 (natural logarithm) ! 475: .xx mod n,b ! 476: same as ! 477: .it b ! 478: (\c ! 479: .it n ! 480: modulo ! 481: .it "b. n" ! 482: and ! 483: .it b ! 484: must be i1, i2, or i4) ! 485: .xx sin n ! 486: f8 (sine) ! 487: .xx sqrt n ! 488: f8 (square root) ! 489: .dt ! 490: .i0 ! 491: .s1 ! 492: 15. Aggregate expressions ! 493: .s2 ! 494: Aggregate expressions provide a way to aggregate a computed expression ! 495: over a set of tuples. ! 496: .s1 ! 497: 15.1. Aggregation operators ! 498: .s2 ! 499: The definitions ! 500: of the aggregates are listed below. ! 501: .s3 ! 502: .de xx ! 503: .lp +20 15 ! 504: \fB\\$1\fP \-\t\c ! 505: .. ! 506: .xx count ! 507: (i4) count of occurrences ! 508: .xx countu ! 509: (i4) count of unique occurrences ! 510: .xx sum ! 511: summation ! 512: .xx sumu ! 513: summation of unique values ! 514: .xx avg ! 515: (f8) average (sum/count) ! 516: .xx avgu ! 517: (f8) unique average (sumu/countu) ! 518: .xx max ! 519: maximum ! 520: .xx min ! 521: minimum ! 522: .xx any ! 523: (i2) value is 1 if any tuples satisfy ! 524: the qualification, else it is 0 ! 525: .dt ! 526: .i0 ! 527: .s1 ! 528: 15.2. Simple aggregate ! 529: .s2 ! 530: .it "\taggregation_operator" ! 531: (\c ! 532: .it a_expr ! 533: [ ! 534: .bd where ! 535: .it qual ! 536: ] ) ! 537: .dt ! 538: .s3 ! 539: A simple aggregate evaluates to a single scalar value. ! 540: .it A_expr ! 541: is aggregated over the set of tuples satisfying ! 542: the qualification (or all tuples in the range of the expression if ! 543: no qualification is present). ! 544: Operators ! 545: .it sum ! 546: and ! 547: .it avg ! 548: require numeric type ! 549: .it a_expr; ! 550: .it "count, any, max" ! 551: and ! 552: .it min ! 553: permit a character type attribute as well as ! 554: numeric type ! 555: .it a_expr. ! 556: .s3 ! 557: .ul 1 ! 558: Simple aggregates are completely local. ! 559: That is, they are logically removed from the ! 560: query, processed separately, and replaced ! 561: by their scalar value. ! 562: .s1 ! 563: 15.3. ``\c ! 564: .bd any\c ! 565: \&'' ! 566: aggregate ! 567: .s2 ! 568: It is sometimes useful to know if any tuples satisfy a ! 569: particular qualification. ! 570: One way of doing this is by using the aggregate ! 571: .it count ! 572: and checking whether the return is zero or non-zero. ! 573: Using ! 574: .it any ! 575: instead of ! 576: .it count ! 577: is more efficient since ! 578: processing is stopped, if possible, the first time a tuple ! 579: satisfies a qualification. ! 580: .s3 ! 581: .it Any ! 582: returns 1 if the qualification is true ! 583: and 0 otherwise. ! 584: .s1 ! 585: 15.4. Aggregate functions ! 586: .s2 ! 587: .it "\taggregation_operator" ! 588: (\c ! 589: .it a_expr ! 590: .bd by ! 591: .it by_domain ! 592: .br ! 593: .it "\t\t{, by_domain}" ! 594: [ ! 595: .bd where ! 596: .it qual ! 597: ] ) ! 598: .s3 ! 599: Aggregate functions are extensions of simple aggregates. ! 600: The ! 601: .it by ! 602: operator groups (i.e. partitions) the set of qualifying tuples by ! 603: .it by_domain ! 604: values. ! 605: For more than one ! 606: .it by_domain, ! 607: the values which are grouped by are the concatenation ! 608: of individual ! 609: .it by_domain ! 610: values. ! 611: .it A_expr ! 612: is as in simple aggregates. ! 613: The aggregate function evaluates to a set of aggregate results, ! 614: one for each partition into which the set of qualifying ! 615: tuples has been grouped. ! 616: The aggregate value used during evaluation of the query is the ! 617: value associated with the partition into which ! 618: the tuple currently being processed would fall. ! 619: .s3 ! 620: Unlike simple aggregates, aggregate functions ! 621: are not completely local. ! 622: The ! 623: .it by_list, ! 624: which differentiates ! 625: aggregate functions from simple aggregates, ! 626: is global ! 627: to the query. ! 628: Domains in the ! 629: .it by_list ! 630: are automatically linked to the ! 631: other domains in the query which are ! 632: in the same relation. ! 633: .s3 ! 634: Example: ! 635: .ft B ! 636: .nf ! 637: /\*(** retrieve the average salary for the employees ! 638: working for each manager \*(**/ ! 639: range of e is employee ! 640: retrieve (e.manager, avesal=avg(e.salary by e.manager)) ! 641: .fi ! 642: .i0 ! 643: .ft ! 644: .s1 ! 645: 15.5 Aggregates on Unique Values. ! 646: .s2 ! 647: It is occasionally necessary to aggregate on ! 648: unique values of an expression. ! 649: The ! 650: .it avgu\c ! 651: , ! 652: .it sumu\c ! 653: , and ! 654: .it countu ! 655: aggregates ! 656: all remove duplicate values before ! 657: performing the aggregation. ! 658: For example: ! 659: .s3 ! 660: count(e.manager) ! 661: .s3 ! 662: would tell you how many occurrences of ! 663: .it "e.manager" ! 664: exist. ! 665: But ! 666: .s3 ! 667: countu(e.manager) ! 668: .s3 ! 669: would tell you how many unique values of ! 670: .it "e.manager" ! 671: exist. ! 672: .s1 ! 673: 16. Special character operators ! 674: .s2 ! 675: There are three special features which are particular ! 676: to character domains. ! 677: .s1 ! 678: 16.1 Pattern matching characters ! 679: .s2 ! 680: There are four characters which take ! 681: on special meaning when used in character constants ! 682: (strings): ! 683: .s3 ! 684: .de xx ! 685: .lp +10 6 ! 686: \\$1\t\c ! 687: .. ! 688: .xx \*(** ! 689: matches any string of zero or more characters. ! 690: .xx ? ! 691: matches any single character. ! 692: .xx [..] ! 693: matches any of characters in the brackets. ! 694: .i0 ! 695: .s3 ! 696: These characters can be used in any combination to ! 697: form a variety of tests. ! 698: For example: ! 699: .s3 ! 700: .lp +25 20 ! 701: where e.name = "\*(**" \- matches any name. ! 702: .lp +25 20 ! 703: where e.name = "E\*(**" \- matches any name starting with "E". ! 704: .lp +25 20 ! 705: where e.name = "\*(**ein" \- matches all names ending with "ein" ! 706: .lp +25 20 ! 707: where e.name = "\*(**[aeiou]\*(**" \- matches any name with at least one vowel. ! 708: .lp +25 20 ! 709: where e.name = "Allman?" \- matches any seven character name starting with "Allman". ! 710: .lp +25 20 ! 711: where e.name = "[A\-J]\*(**" \- matches any name starting with A,B,..,J. ! 712: .i0 ! 713: .s3 ! 714: The special meaning of the pattern matching characters ! 715: can be disabled by preceding them with a `\e'. ! 716: Thus ``\e\*(**'' refers to the character ``\*(**''. ! 717: When the special characters appear in the target ! 718: list they must be escaped. ! 719: For example: ! 720: .s3 ! 721: .dt ! 722: title = "\e\*(**\e\*(**\e\*(** ingres \e\*(**\e\*(**\e\*(**" ! 723: .s3 ! 724: is the correct way to assign the string ! 725: ``\*(**\*(**\*(** ingres \*(**\*(**\*(**'' to the domain ``title''. ! 726: .s1 ! 727: 16.2 Concatenation ! 728: .s2 ! 729: There is a concatenation operator which can ! 730: form one character string from two. ! 731: Its syntax is ``concat(field1, field2)''. ! 732: The size of the new character string is the ! 733: sum of the sizes of the original two. ! 734: Trailing blanks are trimmed from the first ! 735: field, the second field is concatenated ! 736: and the remainder is blank padded. The result is never ! 737: trimmed to 0 length, however. ! 738: Concat can be arbitrarily nested inside other ! 739: concats. For example: ! 740: .s3 ! 741: .dt ! 742: name = concat(concat(x.lastname, ","), x.firstname) ! 743: .s3 ! 744: will concatenate ! 745: x.lastname with a comma and ! 746: then concatenate x.firstname to that. ! 747: .s1 ! 748: 16.3 Ascii (numeric to character translation) ! 749: .s2 ! 750: The ! 751: .it ascii ! 752: function can be used to convert a ! 753: numeric field to its character representation. ! 754: This can be useful when it is desired to compare ! 755: a numeric value with a character value. ! 756: For example: ! 757: .nf ! 758: .s3 ! 759: .dt ! 760: retrieve ( ... ) ! 761: where x.chardomain = ascii(x.numdomain) ! 762: .fi ! 763: .s3 ! 764: .it Ascii ! 765: can be applied to a character value. ! 766: The result is simply the character value unchanged. ! 767: The numeric conversion formats are determined by ! 768: the printing formats (see ingres(unix)). ! 769: .sh "SEE ALSO" ! 770: append(quel), ! 771: delete(quel), ! 772: range(quel), ! 773: replace(quel), ! 774: retrieve(quel), ! 775: ingres(unix) ! 776: .sh BUGS ! 777: The maximum number of variables which can ! 778: appear in one query is 10. ! 779: .s3 ! 780: Numeric overflow, underflow, and divide by zero ! 781: are not detected. ! 782: .s3 ! 783: When converting between numeric types, overflow is ! 784: not checked.
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