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BSD 4.2
CHAPTER 5
Input/Output
The following functions are used to read from and write
to external devices (e.g. files) and programs (through
pipes). All I/O goes through the lisp data type called the
port. A port may be open for either reading or writing, but
usually not both simultaneously (see _f_i_l_e_o_p_e_n ). There are
only a limited number of ports (20) and they will not be
reclaimed unless they are _c_l_o_s_ed. All ports are reclaimed
by a _r_e_s_e_t_i_o call, but this drastic step won't be necessary
if the program closes what it uses.
If a port argument is not supplied to a function which
requires one or if a bad port argument (such as nil) is
given, then FRANZ LISP will use the default port according
to this scheme: If input is being done then the default port
is the value of the symbol piport and if output is being
done then the default port is the value of the symbol
poport. Furthermore, if the value of piport or poport is
not a valid port, then the standard input or standard output
will be used, respectively.
The standard input and standard output are usually the
keyboard and terminal display unless your job is running in
the background and its input or output is connected to a
pipe. All output which goes to the standard output will
also go to the port ptport if it is a valid port. Output
destined for the standard output will not reach the standard
output if the symbol ^w is non nil (although it will still
go to ptport if ptport is a valid port).
Some of the functions listed below reference files
directly. FRANZ LISP has borrowed a convenient shorthand
notation from /_b_i_n/_c_s_h, concerning naming files. If a file
name begins with ~ (tilde), and the symbol tilde-expansion
is bound to something other than nil, then FRANZ LISP
expands the file name. It takes the string of characters
between the leading tilde, and the first slash as a user-
name. Then, that initial segment of the filename is
replaced by the home directory of the user. The null user-
name is taken to be the current user.
Having gone to the effort of searching the password
file, FRANZ LISP remembers the user directory, in case it
gets asked to do so again. Tilde-expansion is performed in
the following functions: _c_f_a_s_l, _c_h_d_i_r, _f_a_s_l, _f_f_a_s_l,
Input/Output 5-1
Input/Output 5-2
_f_i_l_e_o_p_e_n, _i_n_f_i_l_e, _l_o_a_d, _o_u_t_f_i_l_e, _p_r_o_b_e_f, _s_y_s:_a_c_c_e_s_s,
_s_y_s:_u_n_l_i_n_k.
(cfasl 'st_file 'st_entry 'st_funcname ['st_disc
['st_library]])
RETURNS: t
SIDE EFFECT: This is used to load in a foreign function
(see 8.4). The object file st_file is
loaded into the lisp system. St_entry
should be an entry point in the file just
loaded. The function binding of the sym-
bol s_funcname will be set to point to
st_entry, so that when the lisp function
s_funcname is called, st_entry will be
run. st_disc is the discipline to be
given to s_funcname. st_disc defaults to
"subroutine" if it is not given or if it
is given as nil. If st_library is non-
null, then after st_file is loaded, the
libraries given in st_library will be
searched to resolve external references.
The form of st_library should be something
like "-lS -lm". The C library (" -lc " )
is always searched so when loading in a C
file you probably won't need to specify a
library. For Fortran files, you should
specify "-lF77" and if you are doing any
I/O, the library entry should be "-lI77
-lF77". For Pascal files "-lpc" is
required.
NOTE: This function may be used to load the output of
the assembler, C compiler, Fortran compiler, and
Pascal compiler but NOT the lisp compiler (use
_f_a_s_l for that). If a file has more than one
entry point, then use _g_e_t_a_d_d_r_e_s_s to locate and
setup other foreign functions.
It is an error to load in a file which has a glo-
bal entry point of the same name as a global
entry point in the running lisp. As soon as you
load in a file with _c_f_a_s_l, its global entry
points become part of the lisp's entry points.
Thus you cannot _c_f_a_s_l in the same file twice
unless you use _r_e_m_o_v_e_a_d_d_r_e_s_s to change certain
global entry points to local entry points.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-3
(close 'p_port)
RETURNS: t
SIDE EFFECT: the specified port is drained and closed,
releasing the port.
NOTE: The standard defaults are not used in this case
since you probably never want to close the stan-
dard output or standard input.
(cprintf 'st_format 'xfst_val ['p_port])
RETURNS: xfst_val
SIDE EFFECT: The UNIX formatted output function printf
is called with arguments st_format and
xfst_val. If xfst_val is a symbol then
its print name is passed to printf. The
format string may contain characters which
are just printed literally and it may con-
tain special formatting commands preceded
by a percent sign. The complete set of
formatting characters is described in the
UNIX manual. Some useful ones are %d for
printing a fixnum in decimal, %f or %e for
printing a flonum, and %s for printing a
character string (or print name of a sym-
bol).
EXAMPLE: (_c_p_r_i_n_t_f "_P_i _e_q_u_a_l_s %_f" _3._1_4_1_5_9) prints `Pi
equals 3.14159'
(drain ['p_port])
RETURNS: nil
SIDE EFFECT: If this is an output port then the charac-
ters in the output buffer are all sent to
the device. If this is an input port then
all pending characters are flushed. The
default port for this function is the
default output port.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-4
(ex [s_filename])
(vi [s_filename])
(exl [s_filename])
(vil [s_filename])
RETURNS:
SIDE EFFECT: The lisp system starts up an editor on the
file named as the argument. It will try
appending .l to the file if it can't find
it. The functions _e_x_l and _v_i_l will load
the file after you finish editing it.
These functions will also remember the
name of the file so that on subsequent
invocations, you don't need to provide the
argument.
NOTE: These functions do not evaluate their argument.
(fasl 'st_name ['st_mapf ['g_warn]])
WHERE: st_mapf and g_warn default to nil.
RETURNS: t if the function succeeded, nil otherwise.
SIDE EFFECT: this function is designed to load in an
object file generated by the lisp compiler
Liszt. File names for object files usu-
ally end in `.o', so _f_a_s_l will append `.o'
to st_name (if it is not already present).
If st_mapf is non nil, then it is the name
of the map file to create. _F_a_s_l writes in
the map file the names and addresses of
the functions it loads and defines. Nor-
mally the map file is created (i.e. trun-
cated if it exists), but if
(_s_s_t_a_t_u_s _a_p_p_e_n_d_m_a_p _t) is done then the map
file will be appended. If g_warn is non
nil and if a function is loaded from the
file which is already defined, then a
warning message will be printed.
NOTE: _f_a_s_l only looks in the current directory for the
file to load. The function _l_o_a_d looks through a
user-supplied search path and will call _f_a_s_l if
it finds a file with the same root name and a
`.o' extension. In most cases the user would be
better off using the function _l_o_a_d rather than
calling _f_a_s_l directly.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-5
(ffasl 'st_file 'st_entry 'st_funcname ['st_discipline
['st_library]])
RETURNS: the binary object created.
SIDE EFFECT: the Fortran object file st_file is loaded
into the lisp system. St_entry should be
an entry point in the file just loaded. A
binary object will be created and its
entry field will be set to point to
st_entry. The discipline field of the
binary will be set to st_discipline or
"subroutine" by default. If st_library is
present and non-null, then after st_file
is loaded, the libraries given in
st_library will be searched to resolve
external references. The form of
st_library should be something like "-lS
-ltermcap". In any case, the standard
Fortran libraries will be searched also to
resolve external references.
NOTE: in F77 on Unix, the entry point for the fortran
function foo is named `_foo_'.
(filepos 'p_port ['x_pos])
RETURNS: the current position in the file if x_pos is
not given or else x_pos if x_pos is given.
SIDE EFFECT: If x_pos is given, the next byte to be
read or written to the port will be at
position x_pos.
(filestat 'st_filename)
RETURNS: a vector containing various numbers which the
UNIX operating system assigns to files. if
the file doesn't exist, an error is invoked.
Use _p_r_o_b_e_f to determine if the file exists.
NOTE: The individual entries can be accesed by mnemonic
functions of the form filestat:_f_i_e_l_d, where field
may be any of atime, ctime, dev, gid, ino,
mode,mtime, nlink, rdev, size, type, uid. See
the UNIX programmers manual for a more detailed
description of these quantities.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-6
(flatc 'g_form ['x_max])
RETURNS: the number of characters required to print
g_form using _p_a_t_o_m. If x_max is given, and if
_f_l_a_t_c determines that it will return a value
greater than x_max, then it gives up and
returns the current value it has computed.
This is useful if you just want to see if an
expression is larger than a certain size.
(flatsize 'g_form ['x_max])
RETURNS: the number of characters required to print
g_form using _p_r_i_n_t. The meaning of x_max is
the same as for flatc.
NOTE: Currently this just _e_x_p_l_o_d_e's g_form and checks
its length.
(fileopen 'st_filename 'st_mode)
RETURNS: a port for reading or writing (depending on
st_mode) the file st_name.
SIDE EFFECT: the given file is opened (or created if
opened for writing and it doesn't yet
exist).
NOTE: this function call provides a direct interface to
the operating system's fopen function. The mode
may be more than just "r" for read, "w" for write
or "a" for append. The modes "r+", "w+" and "a+"
permit both reading and writing on a port pro-
vided that _f_s_e_e_k is done between changes in
direction. See the UNIX manual description of
fopen for more details. This routine does not
look through a search path for a given file.
(fseek 'p_port 'x_offset 'x_flag)
RETURNS: the position in the file after the function is
performed.
SIDE EFFECT: this function positions the read/write
pointer before a certain byte in the file.
If x_flag is 0 then the pointer is set to
x_offset bytes from the beginning of the
file. If x_flag is 1 then the pointer is
set to x_offset bytes from the current
location in the file. If x_flag is 2 then
the pointer is set to x_offset bytes from
the end of the file.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-7
(infile 's_filename)
RETURNS: a port ready to read s_filename.
SIDE EFFECT: this tries to open s_filename and if it
cannot or if there are no ports available
it gives an error message.
NOTE: to allow your program to continue on a file-not-
found error, you can use something like:
(_c_o_n_d ((_n_u_l_l (_s_e_t_q _m_y_p_o_r_t (_c_a_r (_e_r_r_s_e_t (_i_n_f_i_l_e
_n_a_m_e) _n_i_l))))
(_p_a_t_o_m '"_c_o_u_l_d_n'_t _o_p_e_n _t_h_e _f_i_l_e")))
which will set myport to the port to read from if
the file exists or will print a message if it
couldn't open it and also set myport to nil. To
simply determine if a file exists, there is a
function named _p_r_o_b_e_f.
(load 's_filename ['st_map ['g_warn]])
RETURNS: t
NOTE: The function of _l_o_a_d has changed since previous
releases of FRANZ LISP and the following descrip-
tion should be read carefully.
SIDE EFFECT: _l_o_a_d now serves the function of both _f_a_s_l
and the old _l_o_a_d. _L_o_a_d will search a user
defined search path for a lisp source or
object file with the filename s_filename
(with the extension .l or .o added as
appropriate). The search path which _l_o_a_d
uses is the value of (_s_t_a_t_u_s _l_o_a_d-_s_e_a_r_c_h-
_p_a_t_h). The default is (|.| /usr/lib/lisp)
which means look in the current directory
first and then /usr/lib/lisp. The file
which _l_o_a_d looks for depends on the last
two characters of s_filename. If
s_filename ends with ".l" then _l_o_a_d will
only look for a file name s_filename and
will assume that this is a FRANZ LISP
source file. If s_filename ends with ".o"
then _l_o_a_d will only look for a file named
s_filename and will assume that this is a
FRANZ LISP object file to be _f_a_s_led in.
Otherwise, _l_o_a_d will first look for
s_filename.o, then s_filename.l and
finally s_filename itself. If it finds
s_filename.o it will assume that this is
an object file, otherwise it will assume
that it is a source file. An object file
is loaded using _f_a_s_l and a source file is
Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-8
loaded by reading and evaluating each form
in the file. The optional arguments
st_map and g_warn are passed to _f_a_s_l
should _f_a_s_l be called.
NOTE: _l_o_a_d requires a port to open the file s_filename.
It then lambda binds the symbol piport to this
port and reads and evaluates the forms.
(makereadtable ['s_flag])
WHERE: if s_flag is not present it is assumed to be
nil.
RETURNS: a readtable equal to the original readtable if
s_flag is non-null, or else equal to the
current readtable. See chapter 7 for a
description of readtables and their uses.
(msg [l_option ...] ['g_msg ...])
NOTE: This function is intended for printing short mes-
sages. Any of the arguments or options presented
can be used any number of times, in any order.
The messages themselves (g_msg) are evaluated,
and then they are transmitted to _p_a_t_o_m. Typi-
cally, they are strings, which evaluate to them-
selves. The options are interpreted specially:
____________________________________________________
_m_s_g _O_p_t_i_o_n _S_u_m_m_a_r_y
(_P _p__p_o_r_t_n_a_m_e) causes subsequent output to go to the port p_portname
(port should be opened previously)
_B print a single blank.
(_B '_n__b) evaluate n_b and print that many blanks.
_N print a single by calling _t_e_r_p_r.
(_N '_n__n) evaluate n_n and transmit
that many newlines to the stream.
_D _d_r_a_i_n the current port.
____________________________________________________
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-9
(nwritn ['p_port])
RETURNS: the number of characters in the buffer of the
given port but not yet written out to the file
or device. The buffer is flushed automati-
cally when filled, or when _t_e_r_p_r is called.
(outfile 's_filename ['st_type])
RETURNS: a port or nil
SIDE EFFECT: this opens a port to write s_filename. If
st_type is given and if it is a symbol or
string whose name begins with `a', then
the file will be opened in append mode,
that is the current contents will not be
lost and the next data will be written at
the end of the file. Otherwise, the file
opened is truncated by _o_u_t_f_i_l_e if it
existed beforehand. If there are no free
ports, outfile returns nil. If one cannot
write on s_filename, an error is sig-
nalled.
(patom 'g_exp ['p_port])
RETURNS: g_exp
SIDE EFFECT: g_exp is printed to the given port or the
default port. If g_exp is a symbol or
string, the print name is printed without
any escape characters around special char-
acters in the print name. If g_exp is a
list then _p_a_t_o_m has the same effect as
_p_r_i_n_t.
(pntlen 'xfs_arg)
RETURNS: the number of characters needed to print
xfs_arg.
(portp 'g_arg)
RETURNS: t iff g_arg is a port.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-10
(pp [l_option] s_name1 ...)
RETURNS: t
SIDE EFFECT: If s_name_i has a function binding, it is
pretty-printed, otherwise if s_name_i has a
value then that is pretty-printed. Nor-
mally the output of the pretty-printer
goes to the standard output port poport.
The options allow you to redirect it.
____________________________________________________
_P_P _O_p_t_i_o_n _S_u_m_m_a_r_y
(_F _s__f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e) direct future printing to s_filename
(_P _p__p_o_r_t_n_a_m_e) causes output to go to the port p_portname
(port should be opened previously)
(_E _g__e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n) evaluate g_expression and don't print
____________________________________________________
(princ 'g_arg ['p_port])
EQUIVALENT TO: patom.
(print 'g_arg ['p_port])
RETURNS: nil
SIDE EFFECT: prints g_arg on the port p_port or the
default port.
(probef 'st_file)
RETURNS: t iff the file st_file exists.
NOTE: Just because it exists doesn't mean you can read
it.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-11
(pp-form 'g_form ['p_port])
RETURNS: t
SIDE EFFECT: g_form is pretty-printed to the port
p_port (or poport if p_port is not given).
This is the function which _p_p uses. _p_p-
_f_o_r_m does not look for function defini-
tions or values of variables, it just
prints out the form it is given.
NOTE: This is useful as a top-level-printer, c.f. _t_o_p-
_l_e_v_e_l in Chapter 6.
(ratom ['p_port ['g_eof]])
RETURNS: the next atom read from the given or default
port. On end of file, g_eof (default nil) is
returned.
(read ['p_port ['g_eof]])
RETURNS: the next lisp expression read from the given
or default port. On end of file, g_eof
(default nil) is returned.
NOTE: An error will occur if the reader is given an ill
formed expression. The most common error is too
many right parentheses (note that this is not
considered an error in Maclisp).
(readc ['p_port ['g_eof]])
RETURNS: the next character read from the given or
default port. On end of file, g_eof (default
nil) is returned.
(readlist 'l_arg)
RETURNS: the lisp expression read from the list of
characters in l_arg.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-12
(removeaddress 's_name1 ['s_name2 ...])
RETURNS: nil
SIDE EFFECT: the entries for the s_name_i in the Lisp
symbol table are removed. This is useful
if you wish to _c_f_a_s_l or _f_f_a_s_l in a file
twice, since it is illegal for a symbol in
the file you are loading to already exist
in the lisp symbol table.
(resetio)
RETURNS: nil
SIDE EFFECT: all ports except the standard input, out-
put and error are closed.
(setsyntax 's_symbol 's_synclass ['ls_func])
RETURNS: t
SIDE EFFECT: this sets the code for s_symbol to sx_code
in the current readtable. If s_synclass
is _m_a_c_r_o or _s_p_l_i_c_i_n_g then ls_func is the
associated function. See Chapter 7 on
the reader for more details.
(sload 's_file)
SIDE EFFECT: the file s_file (in the current directory)
is opened for reading and each form is
read, printed and evaluated. If the form
is recognizable as a function definition,
only its name will be printed, otherwise
the whole form is printed.
NOTE: This function is useful when a file refuses to
load because of a syntax error and you would like
to narrow down where the error is.
(tab 'x_col ['p_port])
SIDE EFFECT: enough spaces are printed to put the cur-
sor on column x_col. If the cursor is
beyond x_col to start with, a _t_e_r_p_r is
done first.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-13
(terpr ['p_port])
RETURNS: nil
SIDE EFFECT: a terminate line character sequence is
sent to the given port or the default
port. This will also drain the port.
(terpri ['p_port])
EQUIVALENT TO: terpr.
(tilde-expand 'st_filename)
RETURNS: a symbol whose pname is the tilde-expansion of
the argument, (as discussed at the beginning
of this chapter). If the argument does not
begin with a tilde, the argument itself is
returned.
(tyi ['p_port])
RETURNS: the fixnum representation of the next charac-
ter read. On end of file, -1 is returned.
(tyipeek ['p_port])
RETURNS: the fixnum representation of the next charac-
ter to be read.
NOTE: This does not actually read the character, it
just peeks at it.
(tyo 'x_char ['p_port])
RETURNS: x_char.
SIDE EFFECT: the character whose fixnum representation
is x_code, is printed as a on the given
output port or the default output port.
(untyi 'x_char ['p_port])
SIDE EFFECT: x_char is put back in the input buffer so
a subsequent _t_y_i or _r_e_a_d will read it
first.
NOTE: a maximum of one character may be put back.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
Input/Output 5-14
(username-to-dir 'st_name)
RETURNS: the home directory of the given user. The
result is stored, to avoid unnecessarily
searching the password file.
(zapline)
RETURNS: nil
SIDE EFFECT: all characters up to and including the
line termination character are read and
discarded from the last port used for
input.
NOTE: this is used as the macro function for the semi-
colon character when it acts as a comment charac-
ter.
9
9 Printed: July 25, 1983
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