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1.1 ! root 1: .TH X 1 "25 January 1986" "X Version 10" ! 2: .SH NAME ! 3: X - A network transparent window system for Unix ! 4: .SH DESCRIPTION ! 5: .PP ! 6: X is a network transparent windowing system developed at MIT which ! 7: runs under Ultrix-32 Version 1.2 and 4.3BSD Unix. ! 8: .PP ! 9: X display servers run on computers with bitmap terminals. ! 10: The server ! 11: distributes user input to, and accepts output requests from various ! 12: client programs located either on the same machine or elsewhere in the ! 13: Internet. ! 14: While ! 15: a client normally runs on the same machine as the X server it is talking ! 16: to, this need not be the case. ! 17: .PP ! 18: X supports overlapping windows, fully recursive subwindows, text and ! 19: graphics operations within windows. ! 20: For a full explanation of functions, see ! 21: ``Xlib - C Language X Interface'' document. ! 22: .PP ! 23: When you first log in on a display running X, you are ! 24: using the \fIxterm(1)\fP terminal emulator program. ! 25: You need not learn anything extra to use a display running X as ! 26: a terminal beyond moving the mouse cursor into the login window to ! 27: log in normally. ! 28: .PP ! 29: X attempts to provide hooks for your favorite style of user interface; ! 30: feel free to write your own if you don't like the style provided by ! 31: existing window managers (see \fIxwm(1)\fP, \fIxnwm(1)\fP, or \fIuwm(1)\fP). ! 32: These programs are used to manipulate existing top level windows, ! 33: including moving, resizing, and iconifying existing windows. ! 34: You should start your favorite window manager when you log in ! 35: on a display running X. ! 36: .PP ! 37: Current client programs of X include a terminal emulator (\fIxterm(1)\fP), ! 38: window managers (\fIxwm(1)\fP, \fIxnwm(1)\fP and \fIuwm(1)\fP), ! 39: bitmap editor (\fIbitmap(1)\fP), ! 40: access control program (\fIxhost(1)\fP), ! 41: user preference setting program (\fIxset(1)\fP), ! 42: load monitor (\fIxload(1)\fP), clock (\fIxclock(1)\fP), ! 43: impress previewer (\fIximpv(1)\fP), ! 44: font displayer (\fIxfd(1)\fP), demos (\fIxdemo(1)\fP), ! 45: and editors (e.g., \fIxted\fP). ! 46: On some systems, mail notification has been integrated (\fIbiff(1)\fP). ! 47: .SH OPTIONS ! 48: The following options can be given on the command line to the X server, usually ! 49: started by \fIinit(1)\fP using information stored in the file \fI/etc/ttys\fP. ! 50: (see \fIttys(5)\fP, \fIX(8c)\fP for details): ! 51: .ta \w'-0 color 'u ! 52: .br ! 53: \fB-a\fP # sets mouse acceleration (pixels) ! 54: .br ! 55: \fB-c\fP turns off key-click ! 56: .br ! 57: \fBc\fP # sets key-click volume (0-8) ! 58: .br ! 59: \fB-f\fP # sets feep(bell) volume (0-7) ! 60: .br ! 61: \fB-l\fP sets LockUpDownMode ! 62: .br ! 63: \fBl\fP sets LockToggleMode ! 64: .br ! 65: \fBm\fP forces "monochrome" mode on a color display ! 66: .br ! 67: \fB-p\fP # sets screen-saver pattern cycle time (minutes) ! 68: .br ! 69: \fB-r\fP turns off auto-repeat ! 70: .br ! 71: \fBr\fP turns on auto-repeat ! 72: .br ! 73: \fB-s\fP # sets screen-saver timeout (minutes) ! 74: .br ! 75: \fB-t\fP # sets mouse threshold (pixels) ! 76: .br ! 77: \fBv\fP sets video-on screen-saver preference ! 78: .br ! 79: \fB-v\fP sets video-off screen-saver preference ! 80: .br ! 81: \fB-0\fP \fIcolor\fP sets color map entry 0 (BlackPixel) ! 82: .br ! 83: \fB-1\fP \fIcolor\fP sets color map entry 1 (WhitePixel) ! 84: .br ! 85: \fB-D\fP \fIrgbdb\fP sets RGB database file ! 86: .sp ! 87: The defaults are ! 88: ``-a 4 c 6 -f 3 l -p 60 r -s 10 -t 2 -0 #008 -1 #ffffff -D /usr/lib/rgb''. ! 89: .sp 2 ! 90: .SH X DEFAULTS ! 91: .PP ! 92: Many X programs follow the convention of using a file called \fI.Xdefaults\fP ! 93: in your home directory to allow tailoring the default values of many ! 94: items on the display (default font, border width, icon behavior, and so ! 95: on). ! 96: The format of this file is ``programname.keyword:value'', ! 97: where the default value for each keyword is set to the specified string. ! 98: If the program name is missing, the default ``keyword'' value is set to the ! 99: value for all programs. ! 100: Case is not significant in keywords. ! 101: Any whitespace before the value is ignored. ! 102: Any global defaults should precede program defaults in the file. ! 103: See the manual pages for a list of what defaults can be set in a given program. ! 104: Here is an overblown example \fI~/.Xdefaults\fP file. ! 105: .PP ! 106: .nf ! 107: .TA .5i 2.5i ! 108: .ta .5i 2.5i ! 109: \# this is a comment ! 110: .BorderWidth: 2 ! 111: .BitmapIcon: on ! 112: .MakeWindow.Background: #8e8 ! 113: .MakeWindow.Border: #f26 ! 114: .MakeWindow.BodyFont: cor ! 115: .MakeWindow.Foreground: medium slate blue ! 116: .MakeWindow.Freeze: on ! 117: .MakeWindow.Mouse: #e6f ! 118: .MakeWindow.MouseMask: black ! 119: .MakeWindow.ClipToScreen: on ! 120: .Menufreeze: on ! 121: .Menubackground: maroon ! 122: .Panefont: 8x13 ! 123: .SelectionFont: 8x13 ! 124: .SelectionBorder: black ! 125: .Paneborderwidth: 1 ! 126: xterm.Panespread: .25 ! 127: biff.Background: violet red ! 128: biff.BodyFont: 9x15 ! 129: biff.Border: black ! 130: biff.Foreground: green yellow ! 131: biff.Mouse: coral ! 132: bitmap.Background: forest green ! 133: bitmap.Border: salmon ! 134: bitmap.Foreground: white ! 135: bitmap.Highlight: red ! 136: bitmap.Mouse: black ! 137: xclock.Background: plum ! 138: xclock.Border: black ! 139: xclock.Foreground: red ! 140: xclock.Highlight: blue ! 141: xclock.Mode: analog ! 142: xshell.action.LeftButton: xterm =80x65-0+0 -fn 6x10 ! 143: xshell.action.MiddleButton: xted =80x65+0-0 ! 144: xshell.action.RightButton: xterm =20x20-0-0 -fn 6x10 -e dc ! 145: xshell.action.$: xterm =80x65+0+0 -fn 6x10 -e sh ! 146: xshell.action.#: xterm =80x65+0+0 -fn 6x10 -e su ! 147: xshell.ReverseVideo: on ! 148: xshell.WindowGeometry: =-0-0 ! 149: xshell.Quiet: on ! 150: xdemo.Background: white ! 151: xdemo.Border: black ! 152: xdemo.balls.Background: maroon ! 153: xdemo.balls.Foreground: white ! 154: xdemo.circles.Foreground: khaki ! 155: xdemo.draw.Background: light gray ! 156: xdemo.draw.BodyFont: oldeng ! 157: xdemo.draw.Foreground: midnight blue ! 158: xdemo.draw.Mouse: white ! 159: xdemo.menulife.Background: medium turquoise ! 160: xdemo.menulife.Foreground: orange red ! 161: xdemo.menulife.MenuBackground: light blue ! 162: xdemo.menulife.MenuFont: oldeng ! 163: xdemo.menulife.MenuForeground: dark orchid ! 164: xdemo.menulife.MenuMouse: orange ! 165: xdemo.menulife.Mouse: salmon ! 166: xdemo.plaid.Foreground: red ! 167: xdemo.qix.Foreground: violet red ! 168: xdemo.slide.Foreground: forest green ! 169: xdemo.wallpaper.Foreground: medium turquoise ! 170: xdemo.xor.Foreground: blue violet ! 171: ximpv.Background: dark green ! 172: ximpv.Border: red ! 173: ximpv.Foreground: cyan ! 174: ximpv.Mouse: white ! 175: xload.Background: #ff0068 ! 176: xload.Border: black ! 177: xload.Foreground: slate blue ! 178: xload.Highlight: yellow ! 179: xload.ReverseVideo: on ! 180: xted.Background: firebrick ! 181: xted.BodyFont: kiltercrn ! 182: xted.Border: tan ! 183: xted.Cursor: yellow ! 184: xted.Foreground: white ! 185: xted.Highlight: goldenrod ! 186: xted.Mouse: cyan ! 187: xterm.Background: #355 ! 188: xterm.BodyFont: 6x13p ! 189: xterm.Cursor: green ! 190: xterm.Foreground: white ! 191: xfax.Background: white ! 192: xfax.Border: green ! 193: xfax.Foreground: red ! 194: xfax.Mouse: blue ! 195: .fi ! 196: .PP ! 197: By default when you log in, ! 198: only programs running on your local computer will be allowed to ! 199: interact with your display. ! 200: If someone else on a different machine wants to show you something, ! 201: you can use the \fIxhost(1)\fP program to allow access to your display. ! 202: .SH "SIZING WINDOWS" ! 203: .PP ! 204: Many programs ask you to manually size their top-level window. When started, ! 205: such a program will typically popup an identification window in the upper left ! 206: corner of the display. The window can be created with the center button: ! 207: press the button to define one corner of the window, ! 208: move the cursor to where the opposite corner of the window should be ! 209: and release the button. For text applications, the left and right buttons ! 210: can also be used. Pressing the left button typically produces an 80 by 24 ! 211: window, which can then be moved around, and placed by releasing the button. ! 212: Similarly, the right button typically produces an 80 by full screen window. ! 213: For graphics applications, the left button typically creates a default size ! 214: window in a default location, while the right button creates a default size ! 215: window at the position of the cursor. ! 216: .PP ! 217: Most applications (e.g., \fIxted\fP, ! 218: \fIxdemo\fP, and \fIxfax\fP) read options to control sizing ! 219: of initial windows. ! 220: The ``MakeWindow.BodyFont'' option controls the font for the ! 221: popup window. ! 222: The ``MakeWindow.BorderWidth'' and ``MakeWindow.InternalBorder'' ! 223: options control the outer and inner borders. ! 224: The ``MakeWindow.ReverseVideo'' ! 225: option can be set to ``on'' to reverse colors. On color displays, the ! 226: ``MakeWindow.Foreground'', ``MakeWindow.Background'', and ``MakeWindow.Border'' ! 227: options control the color of the popup window, and the ``MakeWindow.Mouse'' and ! 228: ``MakeWindow.MouseMask'' options control the color of the mouse cursor. The ! 229: ``MakeWindow.Freeze'' option, ! 230: when set to ``on'', will stop all other output while ! 231: the window is sized, and use a steady outline instead of continuously flashing ! 232: the window outline. ! 233: The ``MakeWindow.ClipToScreen'' option will clip the resulting window to ! 234: fit on the screen. ! 235: (Currently only implemented in programs using ! 236: the \fIXCreateTerm\fP subroutine.) ! 237: .SH "GEOMETRY SPECIFICATION" ! 238: Most programs accept a geometry specification. ! 239: This allows automatic creation and placement of windows on the screen ! 240: at login and other convenient times. ! 241: .B \=\[WIDTH\]\[xHEIGHT\]\[{\+\-}XOFF\[{\+\-}YOFF\]\] ! 242: The []'s denote optional parameters, the {}'s surround alternatives. ! 243: WIDTH and HEIGHT are in number of characters for text ! 244: oriented applications, ! 245: and usually in pixels for graphics oriented applications. ! 246: XOFF and YOFF are in ! 247: pixels. ! 248: If you don't ! 249: give XOFF and/or YOFF, then you must use the mouse to create the window. ! 250: If you give XOFF and/or YOFF, then a WIDTHxHEIGHT window will ! 251: automatically be creating without intervention. ! 252: XOFF and YOFF specify deltas ! 253: from a corner of the screen to the corresponding corner of the window, as ! 254: follows: ! 255: .nf ! 256: .ta .5i 2.5i ! 257: .br ! 258: \+XOFF+YOFF upper left to upper left ! 259: .br ! 260: \-XOFF+YOFF upper right to upper right ! 261: .br ! 262: \+XOFF-YOFF lower left to lower left ! 263: .br ! 264: \-XOFF-YOFF lower right to lower right ! 265: .fi ! 266: .SH KEYBOARD ! 267: .PP ! 268: If you don't like the standard keyboard layout or the default definitions ! 269: of keymap and function keys, the keyboards on most displays can be remapped to ! 270: suit your taste. Many programs look for a file called \fI.Xkeymap\fP in your ! 271: home directory. This is a binary file, produced from a source map with ! 272: the \fIkeycomp(1)\fP program. ! 273: .SH COLORS ! 274: .PP ! 275: Many programs allow you to specify colors for background, border, text, etc. ! 276: A color specification can be given either as an english name (see ! 277: \fI/usr/lib/rgb.txt\fP for defined names), or three hexadecimal values for the ! 278: red, green, and blue components, in one of the following formats: ! 279: .PP ! 280: .nf ! 281: #RGB ! 282: #RRGGBB ! 283: #RRRGGGBBB ! 284: #RRRRGGGGBBBB ! 285: .fi ! 286: .PP ! 287: .SH "DISPLAY SPECIFICATION" ! 288: .PP ! 289: When you first log in, the environment variable ``DISPLAY'' will be ! 290: set to a string ``machine:display'' (for example, ``mit-athena:0'') which ! 291: will determine which display an X application will talk to by default. ! 292: .PP ! 293: Most applications will also interpret an argument with a ``:'' in it ! 294: to be the display to use. ! 295: .PP ! 296: When using DECnet, the format ``node::display'' should be used. ! 297: .SH "MENU DEFAULTS" ! 298: .PP ! 299: As there is now a standard menu package for X (\fIXMenu(3x)\fP), ! 300: you can tune the behavior of menus in programs using this package ! 301: with a set of \fIXdefaults\fP. ! 302: \fIXterm\fP's `Mode Menu' is controlled by these defaults for ! 303: example. ! 304: .PP ! 305: .TP 8 ! 306: .B MenuFreeze ! 307: Determines whether or not to grab the ! 308: .I X ! 309: server while a menu is posted. ! 310: One of: on, off. ! 311: The default value is off. ! 312: .PP ! 313: .TP 8 ! 314: .B MenuStyle ! 315: Determines the menu display style. ! 316: One of: left_hand, right_hand, center. ! 317: The default value is right_hand. ! 318: .PP ! 319: .TP 8 ! 320: .B MenuMode ! 321: Determines the menu selection high light mode. ! 322: One of: box, invert. ! 323: If box mode is chosen then the SelectionBorderWidth and SelectionBorderColor ! 324: parameters effect the box line width and color respectively. ! 325: If invert mode is chose then the SelectionForeground and MenuBackground ! 326: colors are used for the inversion. ! 327: The default value is invert. ! 328: .PP ! 329: .TP 8 ! 330: .B MenuMouse ! 331: Determines the color of the mouse cursor while it is within ! 332: the menu. ! 333: Any valid ! 334: .I X ! 335: color may be used. ! 336: The default value is black. ! 337: .PP ! 338: .TP 8 ! 339: .B MenuBackground ! 340: Determines the menu background color. ! 341: Any valid ! 342: .I X ! 343: color may be used. ! 344: The default value is white. ! 345: .PP ! 346: .TP 8 ! 347: .B MenuInactivePattern ! 348: Determines which of the five possible bitmap patterns will be used to tile ! 349: inactive panes. ! 350: One of: dimple1, dimple3, gray1, gray3, cross_weave. ! 351: The default value is gray3. ! 352: .PP ! 353: .TP 8 ! 354: .B PaneStyle ! 355: Determines the display style of all menu panes. ! 356: One of: flush_left, flush_right, center. ! 357: The default value is center. ! 358: .PP ! 359: .TP 8 ! 360: .B PaneFont ! 361: Determines the font used for the label (heading text) of each pane. ! 362: Any valid ! 363: .I X ! 364: font may be used. ! 365: The default value is 8x13. ! 366: .PP ! 367: .TP 8 ! 368: .B PaneForeground ! 369: Determines the pane foreground color. ! 370: This is the color used for the label (heading text) in each pane. ! 371: Any valid ! 372: .I X ! 373: color may be used. ! 374: The default value is black. ! 375: .PP ! 376: .TP 8 ! 377: .B PaneBorder ! 378: Determines the color of all menu pane borders. ! 379: Any valid ! 380: .I X ! 381: color may be used. ! 382: The default value is black. ! 383: .PP ! 384: .TP 8 ! 385: .B PaneBorderWidth ! 386: Determines the width (in pixels) of all menu pane borders. ! 387: Any integer greater than or equal to 0 may be used. ! 388: The default value is 2. ! 389: .PP ! 390: .TP 8 ! 391: .B PaneSpread ! 392: Determines the horizontal spread of menu panes. ! 393: Any double greater than or equal to 0.0 may be used. ! 394: A value of 1.0 specifies a one to one ratio between horizontal spread and ! 395: vertical spread. ! 396: A value less than 1.0 will compress the menu panes inward and a value greater ! 397: than 1.0 will expand them outward. ! 398: The default value is 1.0. ! 399: .PP ! 400: .TP 8 ! 401: .B SelectionStyle ! 402: Determines the display style of all menu selections. ! 403: One of: flush_left, flush_right, center. ! 404: The default value is flush_left. ! 405: .PP ! 406: .TP 8 ! 407: .B SelectionFont ! 408: Determines the font used for the text in each selection. ! 409: Any valid X font may be used. ! 410: The default value is 6x10. ! 411: .PP ! 412: .TP 8 ! 413: .B SelectionForeground ! 414: Determines the selection foreground color. ! 415: This is the color used for the text in each selection. ! 416: Any valid ! 417: .I X ! 418: color may be used. ! 419: The default value is black. ! 420: .PP ! 421: .TP 8 ! 422: .B SelectionBorder ! 423: Determines the color of all menu selection borders. ! 424: Any valid ! 425: .I X ! 426: color ! 427: may be used. ! 428: The default value is black. ! 429: .PP ! 430: .TP 8 ! 431: .B SelectionBorderWidth ! 432: Determines the width (in pixels) of all menu selection borders. ! 433: Any integer greater than or equal to 0 may be used. ! 434: The default value is 1. ! 435: .PP ! 436: .TP 8 ! 437: .B SelectionSpread ! 438: Determines the inter-selection spread. ! 439: Any double greater than or equal to 0.0 may be used. ! 440: A value of 1.0 specifies that 1.0 times the height of the current selection ! 441: font will be used for padding ! 442: The default value is 0.25. ! 443: .SH "SEE ALSO" ! 444: .PP ! 445: X(8c), xterm(1), bitmap(1), xwm(1), xnwm(1), xhost(1), xclock(1), xload(1), xset(1), keycomp(1), xdemo(1), biff(1), qv(4), vs(4), init(8), ttys(5), uwm(1), ! 446: xrefresh(1), xwininfo(1), ximpv(1), xdvi(1), pikapix(1), xwd(1), xwud(1), ! 447: xinit(1), xted(1), xdemo(1), Xqvss(8c), Xvs100(8c), Xsun(8c), Xnest(8c) ! 448: .br ! 449: `Xlib - C Language X Interface' ! 450: .SH AUTHORS ! 451: .PP ! 452: It is no longer feasible to list all people who have contributed ! 453: something to X; below is a short list of people who have added significant ! 454: code to device independent parts of X. ! 455: .br ! 456: Bob Scheifler (MIT-LCS), ! 457: Jim Gettys (MIT-Project Athena, DEC), ! 458: Mark Vandevoorde (MIT-Project Athena, DEC), ! 459: Tony Della Fera (MIT-Project Athena, DEC), ! 460: Ron Newman (MIT-Project Athena, MIT), ! 461: Shane Hartman and Stuart Malone (MIT-LCS), ! 462: Doug Mink (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), ! 463: Bob McNamara (DEC-MAD), ! 464: and Stephen Sutphen (University of Alberta). ! 465: .sp ! 466: Special thanks must go to Paul Asente (of DECWRL and Stanford University), ! 467: who wrote "W" which saved us much time and energy early in this project, ! 468: and who is now an active X contributor as well, ! 469: and Chris Kent (of DECWRL and Purdue University) who both struggled mightily ! 470: (and won!) to turn the Vs100 into something useful under Unix. ! 471: .sp ! 472: We are very grateful for the interest shown by many groups in the country, ! 473: which has encouraged us to make X more than our personal toy. ! 474: Great thanks must go to Digital's Ultrix Engineering Group for the ! 475: QDSS implementation, and to Digital's Workstations Group for the QVSS ! 476: implementation. ! 477: .sp 2 ! 478: Copyright (c) 1984, 1985, 1986 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ! 479: .sp ! 480: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this ! 481: software and its documentation for any purpose and without ! 482: fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright ! 483: notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright ! 484: notice and this permission notice appear in supporting ! 485: documentation, and that the name of M.I.T. not be used in ! 486: advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the ! 487: software without specific, written prior permission. ! 488: M.I.T. makes no representations about the suitability of ! 489: this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" ! 490: without express or implied warranty. ! 491: .sp ! 492: This software is not subject to any license of the American ! 493: Telephone and Telegraph Company or of the Regents of the ! 494: University of California.
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