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Annotation of 43BSD/contrib/apl/doc/man.0, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .ds a "\s-2APL\s0
        !             2: .ds a2 "\s-2APL2\s0
        !             3: .ds f "\s-2FORTRAN\s0
        !             4: .ds u "\s-2UNIX\s0
        !             5: .ds qd "[\h'-12u']
        !             6: .DA
        !             7: .TL
        !             8: UNIX* \*a\\\\11
        !             9: User's Manual
        !            10: .AU
        !            11: John D. Bruner
        !            12: A. P. Reeves
        !            13: .AI
        !            14: School of Electrical Engineering
        !            15: .br
        !            16: Purdue University
        !            17: .br
        !            18: West Lafayette, IN  47907
        !            19: .PP
        !            20: .hy 14
        !            21: This manual is intended to
        !            22: serve as a guide to the use
        !            23: of \*u \*a.
        !            24: .FS
        !            25: *\*u is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
        !            26: .FE
        !            27: It is not intended to be
        !            28: a reference manual on
        !            29: the \*a language;
        !            30: rather,
        !            31: it describes the local
        !            32: implementation of \*a.
        !            33: .PP
        !            34: Portions of this manual are intended for
        !            35: the new \*a user;
        !            36: persons who have used other \*a
        !            37: systems will probably want to skim most
        !            38: sections,
        !            39: and concentrate on the sections
        !            40: concerning error messages,
        !            41: the state indicator,
        !            42: editing functions,
        !            43: and the appendices.
        !            44: For these users,
        !            45: differences between \*u \*a
        !            46: and standard \*a are noted
        !            47: where appropriate.
        !            48: .NH 1
        !            49: What's a Workspace?
        !            50: .PP
        !            51: One of the most important
        !            52: concepts pertaining to the
        !            53: use of \*a is the idea of
        !            54: a
        !            55: ``workspace''.
        !            56: Simply stated,
        !            57: a
        !            58: workspace
        !            59: is a collection of
        !            60: information
        !            61: (including both
        !            62: functions and data)
        !            63: to be processed.
        !            64: Programmers accustomed
        !            65: to compiler languages
        !            66: such as \*f may
        !            67: find this concept somewhat
        !            68: unusual 
        !            69: so let's explore it
        !            70: a bit further.
        !            71: .PP
        !            72: Perhaps the best way
        !            73: to start describing a
        !            74: workspace is to define
        !            75: another term \(em
        !            76: ``file''.
        !            77: A file is also a
        !            78: collection of
        !            79: information.
        !            80: On \*u,
        !            81: however,
        !            82: a file
        !            83: .I usually
        !            84: contains only one
        !            85: type of information;
        !            86: e.g. a C program or
        !            87: data for a \*f program.
        !            88: A standard program,
        !            89: perhaps written in \*f,
        !            90: may access data in the file
        !            91: by ``opening''
        !            92: the file
        !            93: and reading it.
        !            94: The file may also
        !            95: be ``created'',
        !            96: written,
        !            97: or removed.
        !            98: .PP
        !            99: \*a differs from \*f
        !           100: in that, while it is running,
        !           101: all of the information it
        !           102: needs is internal to itself.
        !           103: That is,
        !           104: all of the variables that the
        !           105: functions will require are
        !           106: already available.
        !           107: As functions are written,
        !           108: they are added to this internal
        !           109: storehouse of information.
        !           110: As the functions are run,
        !           111: and data is generated,
        !           112: the data is added to this
        !           113: internal storehouse.
        !           114: \*a provides the facility
        !           115: to save part or all of this
        !           116: information in a special
        !           117: format
        !           118: (``workspace'' or "load" format)
        !           119: in a \*u file.
        !           120: This file can only be
        !           121: used by \*a in later runs
        !           122: (it should not,
        !           123: for instance,
        !           124: be printed on the line-printer).
        !           125: .PP
        !           126: In addition,
        !           127: \*a is capable of working with
        !           128: more conventional files,
        !           129: which are in character format
        !           130: and can be edited and displayed
        !           131: outside of \*a.
        !           132: These files are in
        !           133: ``ASCII''
        !           134: format.
        !           135: .NH 1
        !           136: Getting Into and Out of \*a
        !           137: .NH 2
        !           138: Getting on \*u
        !           139: .PP
        !           140: In order to use \*u \*a
        !           141: you must first obtain a \*u account.
        !           142: Your account will have a
        !           143: ``login name''
        !           144: and also a 
        !           145: ``password''.
        !           146: Your
        !           147: login name
        !           148: is your user
        !           149: identifier.
        !           150: Find an unused \*u
        !           151: terminal and turn it on.
        !           152: Hold down the Control key
        !           153: and type a D.
        !           154: The terminal should erase
        !           155: the screen,
        !           156: print a message identifying
        !           157: the \*u system,
        !           158: and ask:
        !           159: .sp
        !           160: login:
        !           161: .sp
        !           162: Type your
        !           163: ``login name''
        !           164: followed by a carriage return.
        !           165: The system will respond with:
        !           166: .sp
        !           167: Password:
        !           168: .sp
        !           169: Type your password.
        !           170: \*u will not display
        !           171: what you type
        !           172: so someone cannot look
        !           173: over your shoulder at the
        !           174: terminal and steal your account.
        !           175: .PP
        !           176: When \*u is satisfied that you
        !           177: can login
        !           178: it will print the
        !           179: ``message of the day'',
        !           180: which is comprised of any
        !           181: important news about the system,
        !           182: and then it will type out a
        !           183: dollar sign*:
        !           184: .FS
        !           185: *The dollar-sign prompt is used by the
        !           186: ``standard'' shell
        !           187: ``/bin/sh''.
        !           188: If you are using the C-shell
        !           189: (``/bin/csh'')
        !           190: the prompt will be a percent sign.
        !           191: The command interpreter which is used
        !           192: is of little importance for the
        !           193: examples in this manual.
        !           194: .FE
        !           195: .sp
        !           196: $
        !           197: .sp
        !           198: This is the standard \*u prompt,
        !           199: which means that it is waiting for
        !           200: you to enter a command.
        !           201: .NH 2
        !           202: How do I start \*a?
        !           203: .PP
        !           204: The answer in this case is
        !           205: extremely simple \(em
        !           206: type the command:
        !           207: .sp
        !           208: $ apl
        !           209: .sp
        !           210: \*a will print a title
        !           211: identifying itself and the
        !           212: date of the current version,
        !           213: will print ``clear ws'',
        !           214: and will then tab 8 spaces
        !           215: to the right.
        !           216: This is \*a's prompt,
        !           217: which means that it is
        !           218: expecting you to type something.
        !           219: The ``clear ws''
        !           220: message means that
        !           221: you do not have anything
        !           222: in your workspace
        !           223: (no functions or variables
        !           224: have been defined).
        !           225: .PP
        !           226: Equally important to getting
        !           227: into \*a is getting out.
        !           228: To terminate \*a,
        !           229: use the ``)off''
        !           230: \*a system command.
        !           231: You will once again get the
        !           232: dollar-sign as a prompt.

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