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1.1 ! root 1: .NH 2 ! 2: What are all of those funny characters? ! 3: .PP ! 4: Part of the power of ! 5: \*a ! 6: comes from the fact that it has so ! 7: many primitive operators, ! 8: usually referred to as ``functions'' ! 9: in the \*a literature. ! 10: That is, ! 11: many common functions, ! 12: from addition and subtraction, ! 13: to trigonometric functions, ! 14: and to matrix operations, ! 15: can be specified with a couple of characters. ! 16: As a result, ! 17: the character set for ! 18: \*a ! 19: does look a little strange. ! 20: Basically, ! 21: there are two major types of primitive ! 22: functions. ! 23: The most common functions, ! 24: such as the arithmetic operators, ! 25: etc., ! 26: are represented by a single character. ! 27: For example, ! 28: the symbol ``+'' represents addition. ! 29: Because there are only so many keys ! 30: on the keyboard, ! 31: the other operators in \*a, ! 32: for example, matrix inversion, ! 33: are called ``overstrike'' characters. ! 34: An overstrike character is treated ! 35: as one symbol by \*a, ! 36: but requires three keystrokes on the ! 37: terminal. ! 38: One common example is the ``comment'' ! 39: symbol. ! 40: This symbol is composed of the ! 41: three characters: ! 42: C <backspace> J. ! 43: (The is also the same thing as ! 44: J <backspace> C.) ! 45: On an \*a terminal, ! 46: the equivalent characters are ! 47: ``intersection'' and ``jot''. ! 48: .PP ! 49: This brings up another point. ! 50: \*u \*a is capable of ! 51: operating with one of two character ! 52: sets. ! 53: By default, ! 54: the ASCII character set is used, ! 55: since most computer terminals implement ! 56: at least this set. ! 57: When this character set is in use, ! 58: lowercase letters are used to ! 59: form variable and function names. ! 60: Special symbols, ! 61: such as ``+'', ! 62: and the uppercase letters ! 63: are used to form the \*a operators. ! 64: To run \*a from an ASCII terminal, ! 65: the command is simply: ! 66: .sp ! 67: $ apl ! 68: .sp ! 69: .PP ! 70: \*a may also be instructed to use ! 71: the \*a character set. ! 72: This is useful only on an \*a ! 73: terminal. ! 74: ASCII is always used internally, ! 75: so work may be done interchangeably ! 76: on both \*a and ASCII terminals. ! 77: If you wish to use the \*a ! 78: character set rather than the ASCII ! 79: character set, use the command: ! 80: .sp ! 81: $ apl -m ! 82: .sp ! 83: A list of the character set for \*u ! 84: \*a appears in Appendix A. ! 85: .so purdue
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