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1.1 ! root 1: Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman. See end for copying conditions. ! 2: ! 3: You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. ! 4: ! 5: Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled ! 6: CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labelled EDIT). Rather than ! 7: write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character, ! 8: we'll use the following abbreviations: ! 9: ! 10: C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> ! 11: Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. ! 12: M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT key down while typing <chr>. ! 13: If there is no META or EDIT key, type <ESC>, release it, ! 14: then type the character <chr>. "<ESC>" stands for the ! 15: key labelled "ALT" or "ESC". ! 16: ! 17: Important note: if you must exit at some point, type C-z. ! 18: The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to ! 19: try using a command. For instance: ! 20: <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of teach-emacs>> ! 21: >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. ! 22: (go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together). ! 23: From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish ! 24: reading the screen. ! 25: ! 26: Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this ! 27: provides some continuity when moving through the file. ! 28: ! 29: The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from ! 30: place to place in the file. You already know how to move forward a ! 31: screen, with C-v. To move backwards a screen, type M-v (depress the ! 32: META key and type v, or type <ESC>v if you don't have a META or EDIT ! 33: key). ! 34: ! 35: >> Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times. ! 36: ! 37: ! 38: SUMMARY ! 39: ------- ! 40: ! 41: The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: ! 42: ! 43: C-v Move forward one screenful ! 44: M-v Move backward one screenful ! 45: C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything ! 46: putting the text near the cursor at the center. ! 47: (That's control-L, not control-1. ! 48: There is no such character as control-1.) ! 49: ! 50: >> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it. ! 51: Then type a C-l. ! 52: Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now. ! 53: ! 54: ! 55: BASIC CURSOR CONTROL ! 56: -------------------- ! 57: ! 58: Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you ! 59: reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place? ! 60: There are several ways you can do this. One way (not the best, but ! 61: the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward ! 62: and next. As you can imagine these commands (which are given to ! 63: Emacs as C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n respectively) move the cursor from ! 64: where it currently is to a new place in the given direction. Here, ! 65: in a more graphical form are the commands: ! 66: ! 67: Previous line, C-p ! 68: : ! 69: : ! 70: Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f ! 71: : ! 72: : ! 73: Next line, C-n ! 74: ! 75: >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram ! 76: and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen. ! 77: ! 78: You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter. P for ! 79: previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are ! 80: the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL ! 81: the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now. ! 82: ! 83: >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line. ! 84: ! 85: >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. ! 86: See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line. ! 87: ! 88: Lines are separated by Newline characters. For most applications ! 89: there should normally be a Newline character at the end of the text, ! 90: as well, but it is up to you to make sure of this. A file can ! 91: validly exist without a Newline at the end. ! 92: ! 93: >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. Do a few more C-b's. ! 94: Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond. ! 95: ! 96: When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond ! 97: the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can ! 98: be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen. ! 99: ! 100: >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and ! 101: see what happens. ! 102: ! 103: If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f ! 104: (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word. ! 105: ! 106: >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's. ! 107: ! 108: Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and ! 109: M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for ! 110: operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate ! 111: on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are ! 112: editing (characters, lines, etc). There is a similar parallel between ! 113: lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to the beginning or end of a ! 114: line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning or end of a sentence. ! 115: ! 116: >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. ! 117: Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's. ! 118: ! 119: See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving ! 120: farther. Do you think that this is right? ! 121: ! 122: Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than), ! 123: which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than), ! 124: which moves to the end of the file. You probably don't need to try ! 125: them, since finding this spot again will be boring. On most terminals ! 126: the "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it. ! 127: On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also; ! 128: without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma. ! 129: ! 130: The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To ! 131: paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in ! 132: the text. ! 133: ! 134: Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and ! 135: sentence moving commands: ! 136: ! 137: C-f Move forward a character ! 138: C-b Move backward a character ! 139: ! 140: M-f Move forward a word ! 141: M-b Move backward a word ! 142: ! 143: c-n Move to next line ! 144: C-p Move to previous line ! 145: ! 146: C-a Move to beginning of line ! 147: C-e Move to end of line ! 148: ! 149: M-a Move back to beginning of sentence ! 150: M-e Move forward to end of sentence ! 151: ! 152: M-< Go to beginning of file ! 153: M-> Go to end of file ! 154: ! 155: >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. ! 156: Since the last two will take you away from this screen, ! 157: you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's. These are ! 158: the most often used commands. ! 159: ! 160: Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be given ! 161: arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly. The way you ! 162: give a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digits ! 163: before you type the command. If you have a META or EDIT key, you can ! 164: omit the C-u if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type the ! 165: digits. This is easier, but we recommend the C-u method because it ! 166: works on any terminal. ! 167: ! 168: For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters. ! 169: ! 170: >> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close ! 171: as you can to this line in one jump. ! 172: ! 173: The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands, ! 174: C-v and M-v. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or ! 175: down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls. This proves to be ! 176: much more useful. ! 177: ! 178: >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. ! 179: ! 180: Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines? If you would like to ! 181: scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v. ! 182: ! 183: ! 184: WHEN EMACS IS HUNG ! 185: ----------------- ! 186: ! 187: If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which ! 188: you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g. ! 189: You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of ! 190: a command that you don't want to finish. ! 191: ! 192: >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. ! 193: Now type C-f. How many characters does it move? ! 194: If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it ! 195: with a C-g. ! 196: ! 197: If you type <ESC> <ESC>, you get a new window appearing on ! 198: the screen, telling you that M-ESC is a "disabled command" ! 199: and asking whether you really want to execute it. The command ! 200: M-ESC is marked as disabled because you probably don't want to ! 201: use it until you know more about Emacs, and we expect it would ! 202: confuse you if it were allowed to go ahead and run. If you really ! 203: want to try the M-ESC command, you could type a Space in answer ! 204: to the question and M-ESC would go ahead. Normally, if you do ! 205: not want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question. ! 206: ! 207: >> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n. ! 208: ! 209: ! 210: WINDOWS ! 211: ------- ! 212: ! 213: Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. ! 214: At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of ! 215: using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get ! 216: rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or ! 217: output from certain commands. It is simple: ! 218: ! 219: C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). ! 220: ! 221: That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. ! 222: C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in become ! 223: the full screen, by getting rid of any other windows. ! 224: ! 225: >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. ! 226: >> Type Control-h k Control-f. ! 227: See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears ! 228: to display documentation on the Control-f command. ! 229: ! 230: >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. ! 231: ! 232: ! 233: INSERTING AND DELETING ! 234: ---------------------- ! 235: ! 236: If you want to insert text, just type it. Characters which you can ! 237: see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted ! 238: immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a ! 239: Newline character. ! 240: ! 241: You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Rubout>. ! 242: <Rubout> is a key on the keyboard, which might be labelled "Delete" ! 243: instead of "Rubout" on some terminals. More generally, <Rubout> ! 244: deletes the character immediately before the current cursor position. ! 245: ! 246: >> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them ! 247: by typing <Rubout> a few times. Don't worry about this file ! 248: being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial. This is just ! 249: a copy of it. ! 250: ! 251: >> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep ! 252: typing. When a line of text gets too big for one line on the ! 253: screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. ! 254: The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has ! 255: been continued. ! 256: >> Use <Rubout>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen ! 257: line again. The continuation line goes away. ! 258: ! 259: >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Rubout>. This ! 260: deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto ! 261: the previous line. The resulting line may be too long to fit, in ! 262: which case it has a continuation line. ! 263: >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted. ! 264: ! 265: Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count; ! 266: this includes characters which insert themselves. ! 267: ! 268: >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens. ! 269: ! 270: You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in ! 271: Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines ! 272: as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: ! 273: ! 274: <Rubout> delete the character just before the cursor ! 275: C-d delete the next character after the cursor ! 276: ! 277: M-<Rubout> kill the word immediately before the cursor ! 278: M-d kill the next word after the cursor ! 279: ! 280: C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line ! 281: M-k kill to the end of the current sentence ! 282: ! 283: Notice that <Rubout> and C-d vs M-<Rubout> and M-d extend the parallel ! 284: started by C-f and M-f (well, <Rubout> isn't really a control ! 285: character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e ! 286: and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences. ! 287: ! 288: Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to ! 289: get it back? Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a ! 290: character, Emacs saves it for you. To yank it back, use C-y. You ! 291: can kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this is ! 292: a good way to move text around. Note that the difference ! 293: between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things ! 294: can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot. Generally, the ! 295: commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that ! 296: attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do ! 297: not save. ! 298: ! 299: For instance, type C-n a couple times to postion the cursor ! 300: at some line on this screen. ! 301: ! 302: >> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k. ! 303: ! 304: Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second ! 305: C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. If ! 306: you give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their ! 307: contents. ! 308: ! 309: The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can ! 310: retrieve it. To retrieve the last killed text and put it where ! 311: the cursor currently is, type C-y. ! 312: ! 313: >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back. ! 314: ! 315: Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone ! 316: took away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row ! 317: the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y will ! 318: yank all of the lines. ! 319: ! 320: >> Do this now, type C-k several times. ! 321: ! 322: Now to retrieve that killed text: ! 323: ! 324: >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y ! 325: again. You now see how to copy some text. ! 326: ! 327: What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then ! 328: you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But ! 329: the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y ! 330: command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing ! 331: M-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y ! 332: again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you ! 333: have reached the text you are looking for, you can just go away and ! 334: leave it there. If you M-y enough times, you come back to the ! 335: starting point (the most recent kill). ! 336: ! 337: >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. ! 338: Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. ! 339: Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. ! 340: Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until ! 341: the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. ! 342: If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative ! 343: arguments. ! 344: ! 345: ! 346: UNDO ! 347: ---- ! 348: ! 349: Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so, ! 350: you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state) ! 351: with the undo command, C-x u. Normally, C-x u undoes one command's ! 352: worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row, ! 353: each time undoes one more command. There are two exceptions: ! 354: commands that made no change (just moved the cursor) do not count, ! 355: and self-inserting characters are often lumped together in groups ! 356: of up to 20. This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to type. ! 357: ! 358: >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear. ! 359: ! 360: C-_ is another command for undoing; it is just the same as C-x u ! 361: but easier to type several times in a row. The problem with C-_ is ! 362: that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That is ! 363: why C-x u is provided as well. On some DEC terminals, you can type ! 364: C-_ by typing / while holding down CTRL. Illogical, but what can ! 365: you expect from DEC? ! 366: ! 367: Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating ! 368: it as many times as the argument says. ! 369: ! 370: ! 371: FILES ! 372: ----- ! 373: ! 374: In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a ! 375: file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes ! 376: away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. What ! 377: finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs; ! 378: and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself. ! 379: However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the ! 380: file. This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed ! 381: file around when you don't want to. Even then, Emacs leaves the ! 382: original file under a changed name in case your changes turn out ! 383: to be a mistake. ! 384: ! 385: If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that ! 386: begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs: TUTORIAL". ! 387: Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL". Whatever ! 388: file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise ! 389: spot. ! 390: ! 391: The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other ! 392: commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters. ! 393: They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series ! 394: of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with ! 395: files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of ! 396: Control-x followed by some other character. ! 397: ! 398: Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have ! 399: to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument ! 400: from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the ! 401: file). After you type the command ! 402: ! 403: C-x C-f Find a file ! 404: ! 405: Emacs asks you to type the file name. It echoes on the bottom ! 406: line of the screen. You are using the minibuffer now! this is ! 407: what the minibuffer is for. When you type <Return> to end the ! 408: file name, the minibuffer is no longer needed, so it disappears. ! 409: ! 410: >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, ! 411: and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the ! 412: minibuffer. So you do not find any file. ! 413: ! 414: In a little while the file contents appear on the screen. You can ! 415: edit the contents. When you wish to make the changes permanent, ! 416: issue the command ! 417: ! 418: C-x C-s Save the file ! 419: ! 420: The contents of Emacs are written into the file. The first time you ! 421: do this, the original file is renamed to a new name so that it ! 422: is not lost. The new name is made by appending "~" to the end ! 423: of the original file's name. ! 424: ! 425: When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written. ! 426: You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much ! 427: work if the system should crash. ! 428: ! 429: >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. ! 430: This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen. ! 431: ! 432: To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed. Then ! 433: start typing in the text. When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs ! 434: will really create the file with the text that you have inserted. ! 435: From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already ! 436: existing file. ! 437: ! 438: ! 439: BUFFERS ! 440: ------- ! 441: ! 442: If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains ! 443: inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with ! 444: C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs. ! 445: ! 446: The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one file ! 447: is called a "buffer." Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. ! 448: To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type ! 449: ! 450: C-x C-b List buffers ! 451: ! 452: >> Try C-x C-b now. ! 453: ! 454: See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name ! 455: for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond ! 456: to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does ! 457: not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer ! 458: list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window ! 459: has to be in some buffer. ! 460: ! 461: >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list. ! 462: ! 463: If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file, ! 464: this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs, ! 465: in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's ! 466: buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful, ! 467: but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first ! 468: file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to ! 469: it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have ! 470: ! 471: C-x s Save some buffers ! 472: ! 473: C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have ! 474: and finds the ones that contain files you have changed. ! 475: For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it. ! 476: ! 477: ! 478: EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET ! 479: ------------------------- ! 480: ! 481: There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put ! 482: on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with ! 483: the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: ! 484: ! 485: C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. ! 486: M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name. ! 487: ! 488: These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the ! 489: commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two ! 490: of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. ! 491: Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop ! 492: editing and get rid of Emacs. The command to do this is C-x C-c. ! 493: (Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the ! 494: Emacs.) ! 495: ! 496: C-z is the usual way to exit Emacs, because it is always better ! 497: not to kill the Emacs if you are going to do any more editing. ! 498: On systems which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but ! 499: does not destroy the Emacs; you can resume it with the C-shell ! 500: command "%emacs". On systems where this is not possible, C-z creates ! 501: a subshell running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other ! 502: programs and return to Emacs afterward, but it does not truly ! 503: "exit" from Emacs. In this case, you must ask an expert on your ! 504: computer how to get back to Emacs from the subshell. ! 505: ! 506: You would use C-x C-c if you were about to log out. You would ! 507: also use it to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling programs ! 508: and other random utilities, since they may not believe you have ! 509: really finished using the Emacs if it continues to exist. ! 510: ! 511: There are many C-x commands. The ones you know are: ! 512: ! 513: C-x C-f Find file. ! 514: C-x C-s Save file. ! 515: C-x C-b List buffers. ! 516: C-x C-c Quit Emacs. ! 517: C-x u Undo. ! 518: ! 519: Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less ! 520: frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. These ! 521: commands are usually called "functions". An example is the function ! 522: replace-string, which globally replaces one string with another. When ! 523: you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen with ! 524: M-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in ! 525: this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and Emacs will ! 526: complete the name. End the command name with <Return>. ! 527: Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the string ! 528: to replace it with--each one ended with a Return. ! 529: ! 530: >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. ! 531: Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. ! 532: ! 533: Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced ! 534: the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occured ! 535: after the cursor. ! 536: ! 537: ! 538: MODE LINE ! 539: --------- ! 540: ! 541: If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you ! 542: at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo ! 543: area contains the bottom line of the screen. The line immediately above ! 544: it is called the MODE LINE. The mode line says something like ! 545: ! 546: --**--Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)----58%------------- ! 547: ! 548: This is a very useful "information" line. ! 549: ! 550: You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have ! 551: found. What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is ! 552: above the top of the screen. If the top of the file is on the screen, ! 553: it will say --TOP-- instead of --00%--. If the bottom of the file is ! 554: on the screen, it will say --BOT--. If you are looking at a file so ! 555: small it all fits on the screen, it says --ALL--. ! 556: ! 557: The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text. ! 558: Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes. ! 559: ! 560: The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what ! 561: modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is what you ! 562: are in now. It is an example of a "major mode". There are several ! 563: major modes in Emacs for editing different languages and text, such as ! 564: Lisp mode, Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is ! 565: active, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where ! 566: "Fundamental" is now. Each major mode makes a few commands behave ! 567: differently. For example, there are commands for creating comments in ! 568: a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of ! 569: what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert ! 570: comments differently. Each major mode is the name of an extended ! 571: command, which is how you get into the mode. For example, ! 572: M-X fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode. ! 573: ! 574: If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you ! 575: should probably use Text Mode. ! 576: >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>. ! 577: ! 578: Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in ! 579: any great way. But you can now observe that periods are no longer ! 580: part of words when you do M-f or M-b! Major modes are usually like ! 581: that: commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they ! 582: work a little bit differently. ! 583: ! 584: To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m. ! 585: ! 586: >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen. ! 587: >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode. ! 588: >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen. ! 589: ! 590: Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes. ! 591: They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the major ! 592: modes, just minor modifications of them. Each minor mode can be ! 593: turned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in, ! 594: and regardless of the other minor modes. So you can use no minor ! 595: modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes. ! 596: ! 597: One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English ! 598: text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line ! 599: in between words automatically whenever the line gets too long. You ! 600: can turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. When the ! 601: mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. ! 602: If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on, ! 603: this function turns it off. This is called "toggling". ! 604: ! 605: >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " ! 606: over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in ! 607: spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces. ! 608: ! 609: The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it ! 610: with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want ! 611: as a numeric argument. ! 612: ! 613: >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). ! 614: Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 ! 615: characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using ! 616: C-x f again. ! 617: ! 618: If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode ! 619: does not re-fill it for you. ! 620: To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside ! 621: that paragraph. ! 622: ! 623: >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q. ! 624: ! 625: SEARCHING ! 626: --------- ! 627: ! 628: Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous ! 629: characters or words) either forward through the file or backward ! 630: through it. To search for the string means that you are trying to ! 631: locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the ! 632: occurrences of the string exist. This type of search is somewhat ! 633: different from what you may be familiar with. It is a search that is ! 634: performed as you type in the thing to search for. The command to ! 635: initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse ! 636: search. BUT WAIT! Don't do them now. When you type C-s you'll ! 637: notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo ! 638: area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental ! 639: search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for. ! 640: <ESC> terminates a search. ! 641: ! 642: >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, ! 643: type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each ! 644: character to notice what happens to the cursor. ! 645: >> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor". ! 646: >> Now type <Rubout> four times and see how the cursor moves. ! 647: >> Type <ESC> to terminate the search. ! 648: ! 649: Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to ! 650: go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To go ! 651: to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such ! 652: occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing ! 653: search. C-g would also terminate the search. ! 654: ! 655: If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Rubout>, ! 656: you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased ! 657: and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For ! 658: instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your ! 659: cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'. If you now type <Rubout>, ! 660: the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the ! 661: text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you ! 662: typed the 'u'. This provides a useful means for backing up while you ! 663: are searching. ! 664: ! 665: If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a control ! 666: character (other than a C-s or C-r, which tell Emacs to search for the ! 667: next occurrence of the string), the search is terminated. ! 668: ! 669: The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search ! 670: string AFTER the current cursor position. But what if you want to ! 671: search for something earlier in the text? To do this, type C-r for ! 672: Reverse search. Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except ! 673: that the direction of the search is reversed. ! 674: ! 675: ! 676: RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS ! 677: ------------------------ ! 678: ! 679: Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing ! 680: level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line, ! 681: surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For ! 682: example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental). ! 683: ! 684: To get out of the recursive editing level, type ! 685: M-x top-level<Return>. ! 686: ! 687: >> Try that now; it should display "Back to top level" ! 688: at the bottom of the screen. ! 689: ! 690: In fact, you were ALREADY at top level (not inside a recursive editing ! 691: level) if you have obeyed instructions. M-x top-level does not care; ! 692: it gets out of any number of recursive editing levels, perhaps zero, ! 693: to get back to top level. ! 694: ! 695: You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g ! 696: is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands ! 697: WITHIN the recursive editing level. ! 698: ! 699: ! 700: GETTING MORE HELP ! 701: ----------------- ! 702: ! 703: In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to ! 704: get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that ! 705: it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want ! 706: to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features ! 707: that you don't know about yet. Emacs has a great deal of internal ! 708: documentation. All of these commands can be accessed through ! 709: the character Control-h, which we call "the Help character" ! 710: or <HELP> because of the function it serves. ! 711: ! 712: To use the HELP features, type the <HELP> character, and then a ! 713: character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost, ! 714: type <HELP> ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give. ! 715: If you have typed <HELP> and decide you don't want any help, just ! 716: type C-G to cancel it. ! 717: ! 718: The most basic HELP feature is <HELP> c. Type <HELP>, a c, and a ! 719: command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief ! 720: description of the command. ! 721: ! 722: >> Type <HELP> c Control-p. ! 723: The message should be something like ! 724: ! 725: C-p runs the command previous-line ! 726: ! 727: This tells you the "name of the function". That is important in ! 728: writing Lisp code to extend Emacs; it also is enough to remind ! 729: you of what the command does if you have seen it before but did ! 730: not remember. ! 731: ! 732: Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or ! 733: EDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after <HELP> c. ! 734: ! 735: To get more information on the command, use <HELP> k instead of <HELP> c. ! 736: ! 737: >> Type <HELP> k Control-p. ! 738: ! 739: This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its name, ! 740: in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the output, type ! 741: C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have to do this right ! 742: away. You can do some editing based on the help text before you type ! 743: C-x 1. ! 744: ! 745: Here are some other useful <HELP> options: ! 746: ! 747: <HELP> f Describe a function. You type in the name of the ! 748: function. ! 749: ! 750: >> Try typing <HELP> f previous-line<Return>. ! 751: This prints all the information Emacs has about the ! 752: function which implements the C-P command. ! 753: ! 754: <HELP> a Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list ! 755: all the commands whose names contain that keyword. ! 756: These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x. ! 757: For some commands, Apropos will also list a one ! 758: or two character sequence which has the same effect. ! 759: ! 760: >> Type <HELP> a file<Return>. You will see a list of all M-x commands ! 761: with "file" in their names. You will also see commands ! 762: like C-x C-f and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names ! 763: find-file and write_file. ! 764: ! 765: ! 766: CONCLUSION ! 767: ---------- ! 768: ! 769: Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell ! 770: temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z. ! 771: ! 772: This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if ! 773: you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain! ! 774: ! 775: ! 776: COPYING ! 777: ------- ! 778: ! 779: This tutorial, like all of GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and comes with ! 780: permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: ! 781: ! 782: Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman ! 783: ! 784: Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies ! 785: of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the ! 786: copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, ! 787: and that the distributor grants the recipient permission ! 788: for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. ! 789: ! 790: Permission is granted to distribute modified versions ! 791: of this document, or of portions of it, ! 792: under the above conditions, provided also that they ! 793: carry prominent notices stating who last altered them. ! 794: ! 795: The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly different ! 796: but in the same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then ! 797: do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends. ! 798: Help stamp out ownership of software by using, writing, ! 799: and sharing free software!
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