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1.1 root 1: #print
2: There is a big file "federal" in this directory.
3: It contains the following mistyped words:
4: Typed as Should be
5: cotnend contend
6: aalarm alarm
7: exedient expedient
8: drabel durable
9: ugdes judges
10: trame trample
11: viws views
12:
13: Fix things up, rewrite the file, and then type "ready".
14: #create Ref
15: Among the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed
16: Union, none deserves to be more accurately
17: developed than its tendency to break and control the violence
18: of faction.
19: The friend of popular governments never finds himself
20: so much alarmed for their character and fate as when he
21: contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice.
22: He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on
23: any plan which, without violating the principles to which
24: he is attached, provides a proper cure for it.
25: The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public
26: councils have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under
27: which popular governments have everywhere perished, as
28: they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from
29: which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious
30: declamations.
31: The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions
32: on the popular models, both ancient
33: and modern, cannot certainly be too much admired;
34: but it would be an unwarrantable partiality to contend
35: that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this
36: side, as was wished and expected.
37: Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous
38: citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith
39: and of public and personal liberty, that out governments
40: are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in
41: the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too
42: often decided, not according to the rules of justice and
43: the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force
44: of an interested and overbearing majority.
45: However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no
46: foundation, the evidence of known facts will not permit
47: us to deny that they are in some degree true.
48: It will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation, that
49: some of the distresses under which we labor have been
50: erroneously charged on the operation of our governments;
51: but it will be found, at the same time, that other
52: causes will not alone account for many of our heaviest
53: misfortunes; and, particularly, for that prevailing and increasing
54: distrust of public engagements and alarm for
55: private rights which are echoed from one end of the
56: continent to the other.
57: These must be chiefly, if not wholly,
58: effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with
59: which a factious spirit has tainted out public administration.
60: By a faction I understand a number of citizens,
61: whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,
62: who are united and actuated by some common impulse
63: of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other
64: citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of
65: the community.
66: There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of
67: faction: The one,
68: by removing its causes; the other, by controlling
69: its effects.
70: There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:
71: The one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;
72: The other, by giving to every
73: citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the
74: same interests.
75: It could never be more truly said than of the first
76: remedy that it was worse than the disease.
77: Liberty is to
78: faction what air is to fire, an ailment without which it
79: instantly expires.
80: But it could not be less folly to
81: abolish liberty, which is essential to political life,
82: because it nourishes faction than it would be to wish the
83: annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life,
84: because it imparts to dire its destructive agency.
85: The second expedient is as impracticable as the first
86: would be unwise.
87: As long as the reason of man continues
88: fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different
89: opinions will be formed.
90: As long as the connection subsists
91: between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his
92: passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;
93: and the former will be objects to which the latter will
94: attach themselves.
95: The diversity in the faculties of men,
96: from which the rights of property originate, is not less an
97: insuperable obstacle to the uniformity of interests.
98: The protection of these faculties is the first object of
99: government.
100: From the protection of different and unequal
101: faculties of acquiring property, the possession of
102: different degrees and kinds of property immediately results;
103: and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views
104: of the respective proprietors ensues a division of the
105: society into different interests and parties.
106: The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the
107: nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought
108: into different degrees of activity, according to the
109: different circumstances of civil society.
110: A zeal for different opinions
111: concerning religion, concerning government, and
112: many other points, as well of speculation as of practice;
113: an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending
114: for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other
115: descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the
116: human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into
117: parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and
118: rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each
119: other than to co-operate for their common goal.
120: So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual
121: animosities that where no substantial occasion presents
122: itself the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have
123: been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and
124: excite their most violent conflicts.
125: But the most common and durable
126: source of factions has been the verious
127: and unequal distribution of property.
128: Those who hold and those who are without
129: property have ever formed distinct
130: interests in society.
131: Those who are creditors, and those
132: who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination.
133: A landed interest, a manufacturing interest,
134: a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest,
135: with many lesser interests, grow up of
136: necessity in civilized nations, and divided them into
137: different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views.
138: The regulation of these various and interfering interests
139: involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary
140: and ordinary operations of government.
141: No man is allowed to be a judge in has own cause,
142: because his interest would certainly bias his judgement,
143: and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity.
144: With equal, nay with greater reason, a body
145: of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time;
146: yet what are many of the most important acts of
147: legislation but so many judicial determinations,
148: not indeed concerning the
149: rights of single person, but concerning the rights of large
150: bodies of citizens?
151: And what are the different classes of legislators but
152: advocates and parties to the causes which
153: they determine?
154: Is a law proposed concerning private
155: debts?
156: It is a question to which the creditors are parties
157: one one side and the debtors on the other.
158: Justice ought to hold the balance
159: between them.
160: Yet the parties are, and must be,
161: themselves the judges; and the most numerous
162: party, or in other words, the most powerful faction must
163: be expected to prevail.
164: Shall domestic manufacturers be
165: encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign
166: manufacturers?
167: are questions which would be differently
168: decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and
169: probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the
170: public good.
171: The apportionment of taxes on the various
172: descriptions of property is an act which seems to require
173: the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no
174: legislative act in which greater opportunity and
175: temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the
176: rules of justice.
177: Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior
178: number is a shilling saved to their own pockets.
179: It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be
180: able to adjust these clashing interests and render them
181: all subservient to the public good.
182: Enlightened statesmen will not
183: always be at the helm.
184: Nor, in many cases, can
185: such an adjustment be made at all without taking into
186: view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely
187: prevail over the immediate interest which one party may
188: find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of
189: the whole.
190: The inference to which we are brought is that the causes
191: of faction cannot be removed and that relief is only to be
192: sought in the means of controlling its effects.
193: If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is
194: supplied by the republican principle, which enables the
195: majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote.
196: It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society;
197: But it will be unable to execute and mask its violence
198: under the forms of the Constitution.
199: When a majority is included in a faction,
200: The form of popular government, on
201: the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion
202: or interest both the public good and the rights of other
203: citizens.
204: To secure the public good and private rights
205: against the danger of such a faction, and at the same
206: time to preserve the spirit and form of popular
207: government, is than the great object to which our inquiries
208: are directed.
209: Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which
210: alone this form of government can be rescued from
211: the opprobrium under which it has so long labored and
212: be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind.
213: #create federal
214: Among the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed
215: Union, none deserves to be more accurately
216: developed than its tendency to break and control the violence
217: of faction.
218: The friend of popular governments never finds himself
219: so much alarmed for their character and fate as when he
220: contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice.
221: He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on
222: any plan which, without violating the principles to which
223: he is attached, provides a proper cure for it.
224: The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public
225: councils have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under
226: which popular governments have everywhere perished, as
227: they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from
228: which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious
229: declamations.
230: The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions
231: on the popular models, both ancient
232: and modern, cannot certainly be too much admired;
233: but it would be an unwarrantable partiality to cotnend
234: that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this
235: side, as was wished and expected.
236: Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous
237: citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith
238: and of public and personal liberty, that out governments
239: are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in
240: the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too
241: often decided, not according to the rules of justice and
242: the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force
243: of an interested and overbearing majority.
244: However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no
245: foundation, the evidence of known facts will not permit
246: us to deny that they are in some degree true.
247: It will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation, that
248: some of the distresses under which we labor have been
249: erroneously charged on the operation of our governments;
250: but it will be found, at the same time, that other
251: causes will not alone account for many of our heaviest
252: misfortunes; and, particularly, for that prevailing and increasing
253: distrust of public engagements and aalarm for
254: private rights which are echoed from one end of the
255: continent to the other.
256: These must be chiefly, if not wholly,
257: effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with
258: which a factious spirit has tainted out public administration.
259: By a faction I understand a number of citizens,
260: whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,
261: who are united and actuated by some common impulse
262: of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other
263: citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of
264: the community.
265: There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of
266: faction: The one,
267: by removing its causes; the other, by controlling
268: its effects.
269: There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:
270: The one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;
271: The other, by giving to every
272: citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the
273: same interests.
274: It could never be more truly said than of the first
275: remedy that it was worse than the disease.
276: Liberty is to
277: faction what air is to fire, an ailment without which it
278: instantly expires.
279: But it could not be less folly to
280: abolish liberty, which is essential to political life,
281: because it nourishes faction than it would be to wish the
282: annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life,
283: because it imparts to dire its destructive agency.
284: The second exedient is as impracticable as the first
285: would be unwise.
286: As long as the reason of man continues
287: fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different
288: opinions will be formed.
289: As long as the connection subsists
290: between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his
291: passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;
292: and the former will be objects to which the latter will
293: attach themselves.
294: The diversity in the faculties of men,
295: from which the rights of property originate, is not less an
296: insuperable obstacle to the uniformity of interests.
297: The protection of these faculties is the first object of
298: government.
299: From the protection of different and unequal
300: faculties of acquiring property, the possession of
301: different degrees and kinds of property immediately results;
302: and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views
303: of the respective proprietors ensues a division of the
304: society into different interests and parties.
305: The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the
306: nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought
307: into different degrees of activity, according to the
308: different circumstances of civil society.
309: A zeal for different opinions
310: concerning religion, concerning government, and
311: many other points, as well of speculation as of practice;
312: an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending
313: for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other
314: descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the
315: human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into
316: parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and
317: rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each
318: other than to co-operate for their common goal.
319: So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual
320: animosities that where no substantial occasion presents
321: itself the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have
322: been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and
323: excite their most violent conflicts.
324: But the most common and drabel
325: source of factions has been the verious
326: and unequal distribution of property.
327: Those who hold and those who are without
328: property have ever formed distinct
329: interests in society.
330: Those who are creditors, and those
331: who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination.
332: A landed interest, a manufacturing interest,
333: a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest,
334: with many lesser interests, grow up of
335: necessity in civilized nations, and divided them into
336: different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views.
337: The regulation of these various and interfering interests
338: involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary
339: and ordinary operations of government.
340: No man is allowed to be a judge in has own cause,
341: because his interest would certainly bias his judgement,
342: and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity.
343: With equal, nay with greater reason, a body
344: of men are unfit to be both ugdes and parties at the same time;
345: yet what are many of the most important acts of
346: legislation but so many judicial determinations,
347: not indeed concerning the
348: rights of single person, but concerning the rights of large
349: bodies of citizens?
350: And what are the different classes of legislators but
351: advocates and parties to the causes which
352: they determine?
353: Is a law proposed concerning private
354: debts?
355: It is a question to which the creditors are parties
356: one one side and the debtors on the other.
357: Justice ought to hold the balance
358: between them.
359: Yet the parties are, and must be,
360: themselves the judges; and the most numerous
361: party, or in other words, the most powerful faction must
362: be expected to prevail.
363: Shall domestic manufacturers be
364: encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign
365: manufacturers?
366: are questions which would be differently
367: decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and
368: probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the
369: public good.
370: The apportionment of taxes on the various
371: descriptions of property is an act which seems to require
372: the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no
373: legislative act in which greater opportunity and
374: temptation are given to a predominant party to trame on the
375: rules of justice.
376: Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior
377: number is a shilling saved to their own pockets.
378: It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be
379: able to adjust these clashing interests and render them
380: all subservient to the public good.
381: Enlightened statesmen will not
382: always be at the helm.
383: Nor, in many cases, can
384: such an adjustment be made at all without taking into
385: view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely
386: prevail over the immediate interest which one party may
387: find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of
388: the whole.
389: The inference to which we are brought is that the causes
390: of faction cannot be removed and that relief is only to be
391: sought in the means of controlling its effects.
392: If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is
393: supplied by the republican principle, which enables the
394: majority to defeat its sinister viws by regular vote.
395: It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society;
396: But it will be unable to execute and mask its violence
397: under the forms of the Constitution.
398: When a majority is included in a faction,
399: The form of popular government, on
400: the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion
401: or interest both the public good and the rights of other
402: citizens.
403: To secure the public good and private rights
404: against the danger of such a faction, and at the same
405: time to preserve the spirit and form of popular
406: government, is than the great object to which our inquiries
407: are directed.
408: Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which
409: alone this form of government can be rescued from
410: the opprobrium under which it has so long labored and
411: be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind.
412: #user
413: #cmp federal Ref
414: #log
415: #next
416: 54.1a 10
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