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1.1 root 1: % run this through SLiTeX
2:
3: \documentstyle
4: [blackandwhite,landscape,oval,pagenumbers,small]{NRslides}
5:
6: \input trademark
7:
8: \def\tradeORGfont{\rm}
9: \def\tradeNAMfont{\rm}
10:
11: \def\tcptpgw/{TCP $\Longleftrightarrow$ TP MAGIC-BOX}
12:
13: \raggedright
14:
15: \begin{document}
16:
17: \title {RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN\\ MIGRATING TOWARD ISO}
18: \author {Marshall T.~Rose\\
19: Computer Science Laboratory\\
20: Northrop Research and Technology Center}
21: \date {October 20, 1986}
22: \maketitlepage
23:
24:
25: \begin{bwslide}
26: \part* {OUTLINE}\bf
27:
28: \begin{nrtc}
29: \item BACKGROUND
30: \item TOWARD A SOLUTION
31: \item A DIGRESSION ON THE INTEROPERABILITY OF APPLICATIONS
32: \item A MIGRATION STRATEGY
33: \item THE FIRST STEP: ISODE
34: \end{nrtc}
35: \end{bwslide}
36:
37:
38: \begin{note}\em
39: i've given a few variants of this talk in the past,
40: so may cover it too quickly!
41: \end{note}
42:
43:
44: \begin{bwslide}
45: \part {BACKGROUND}\bf
46: \begin{nrtc}
47: \item THE ISO INTERPRETATION OF OSI IS GAINING POPULARITY
48: \begin{nrtc}
49: \item VENDORS (e.g., COS)
50: \item USER GROUPS (e.g., MAP/TOP)
51: \item INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
52: \end{nrtc}
53: \end{nrtc}
54: \end{bwslide}
55:
56:
57: \begin{bwslide}
58: \ctitle {INFORMAL DEFINITION OF TERMS}
59:
60: \begin{nrtc}
61: \item OSI
62:
63: \item DDN, ARPA, ISO
64:
65: \item SUITE, STACK, WORLD
66:
67: \item BLACK-BOX
68:
69: \item GATEWAY, MAGIC-BOX
70: \end{nrtc}
71: \end{bwslide}
72:
73:
74: \begin{bwslide}
75: \ctitle {$\ \ \ \ \ \ $ A BIG PROBLEM}
76: \vskip-0.5in
77: \diagram[p]{figure1}
78: \end{bwslide}
79:
80:
81:
82: \begin{note}\em
83: note that ``development'' means design and implementation
84: \end{note}
85:
86:
87: \begin{bwslide}
88: \ctitle {MORE PROBLEMS}
89:
90: \begin{nrtc}
91: \item NEED ISO EXPERTISE AND MATURITY (AT ALL LEVELS)
92: \begin{nrtc}
93: \item BUT CAN'T WAIT~---~HAVE REQUIREMENTS NOW!
94:
95: \item AS USUAL, DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS LAG BEHIND OTHER LAYERS
96: \end{nrtc}
97:
98: \item MIGRATION PREFERABLE TO STARTING FROM SCRATCH
99: \begin{nrtc}
100: \item MANY NEW, MAJOR INVESTMENTS BEING MADE IN CURRENT\\
101: TECHNOLOGY (e.g., NSFnet, NASA's PROPOSED INTERNET, etc.)
102:
103: \item MANY EXISTING SYSTEMS WORK ACCEPTABLY AND/OR HAVE A HEAVY
104: RE-IMPLEMENTATION COST
105: \end{nrtc}
106: \end{nrtc}
107: \end{bwslide}
108:
109:
110: \begin{bwslide}
111: \ctitle {OBSERVATIONS}
112:
113: \begin{nrtc}
114: \item MANY OF THESE PROBLEMS HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN SOLVED, IN\\ DIFFERENT
115: SETTINGS, WITHOUT LOSS OF GENERALITY
116: \begin{nrtc}
117: \item SOME OF THESE SOLUTIONS ARE QUITE MATURE\\
118: (STABLE, ROBUST, AND ENJOY A HIGH DEGREE OF VENDOR SUPPORT)
119: \end{nrtc}
120:
121: \item THE ISO STACK IS A STRONGLY LAYERED ARCHITECTURE, WHICH\\ FACILITATES
122: APPLICATION-INDEPENDENCE OF UNDERLYING\\ PROTOCOLS
123: \begin{nrtc}
124: \item SERVICES ARE IMPORTANT,\\ IMPLEMENTATIONS ARE NOT
125: \end{nrtc}
126: \end{nrtc}
127: \end{bwslide}
128:
129:
130: \begin{bwslide}
131: \part {TOWARD A SOLUTION}\bf
132:
133: \begin{nrtc}
134: \item USE A VENDOR-PROPRIETARY SOLUTION?
135: \begin{nrtc}
136: \item HOW MANY TIMES WILL SYSTEMS HAVE TO BE REWRITTEN?
137:
138: \item HOW MANY INTERIM SOLUTIONS WILL THE VENDORS SELL US?
139: \end{nrtc}
140:
141: \item DEVELOP A MIGRATION STRATEGY!
142: \begin{nrtc}
143: \item ENSURE THAT ANY WORK STARTED TODAY WILL EASILY MIGRATE TO
144: TOTAL ISO SOLUTIONS, AS THEY BECOME AVAILABLE
145:
146: \item ALLOW FOR THE CO-EXISTENCE OF CURRENTLY OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS
147: \end{nrtc}
148: \end{nrtc}
149: \end{bwslide}
150:
151:
152: \begin{bwslide}
153: \ctitle {A SOLUTION}
154:
155: \begin{nrtc}
156: \item USE TCP/IP AS THE MIGRATION VEHICLE
157: \begin{nrtc}
158: \item OFFER ISO SERVICES ON TOP OF THE DDN PROTOCOL SUITE
159:
160: \item DEVELOP ISO APPLICATIONS NOW IN A LARGE ENVIRONMENT
161:
162: \item NO (OR MINIMAL) RECODING LATER
163: \end{nrtc}
164:
165: \item A FEW ADVANTAGES OF TCP/IP
166: \begin{nrtc}
167: \item ROBUST, MATURE, ETC.
168:
169: \item VENDOR SUPPORT
170:
171: \item LARGE BODY OF EXPERTISE
172:
173: \item SIMILAR ARCHITECTURE
174: \end{nrtc}
175: \end{nrtc}
176: \end{bwslide}
177:
178:
179: \begin{note}\em
180: assume everyone already knows about tcp/ip here$\ldots$
181:
182: if not, we're in big trouble
183: \end{note}
184:
185:
186: \begin{bwslide}
187: \ctitle {PHILOSOPHY}
188:
189: \begin{nrtc}
190: \item COMPLEMENTARY CO-EXISTENCE:
191: \begin{nrtc}
192: \item UTILIZE TCP/IP FUNCTIONALITY NOT CURRENTLY IN ISO\\
193: (ROUTING, ETC.)
194:
195: \item GAIN EXPERIENCE IN THE NUMEROUS EXISTING TCP/IP WORLDS
196:
197: \item UTILIZE ISO FUNCTIONALITY AS IT BECOMES AVAILABLE
198: \end{nrtc}
199:
200: \item DEVELOP APPLICATIONS IN AN \underline{EVOLUTIONARY},
201: NOT \underline{REVOLUTIONARY}, FASHION
202:
203: \item WANT TO BE CONSISTENT WITH ISO'S DIRECTION,
204: BUT WANT TO GET WORK DONE NOW
205: \end{nrtc}
206: \end{bwslide}
207:
208:
209: \begin{note}\em
210: aside on arpa applications:
211:
212: \begin{nrtc}
213: \item most are 15+ years old (sans domains)
214: \item each application ``rolls its own'' syntax
215: \item the netascii legacy
216: \end{nrtc}
217: \end{note}
218:
219:
220: \begin{bwslide}
221: \ctitle {$\ \ \ \ \ \ $ WHERE TO JOIN THEM?}
222: \vskip-0.5in
223: \diagram[p]{figure2}
224: \end {bwslide}
225:
226:
227: \begin{bwslide}
228: \ctitle {COMPARISON OF THE TCP AND TP4}
229:
230: \begin{nrtc}
231: \item THE TCP IS STREAM-ORIENTED, THE TP4 IS PACKET-ORIENTED
232:
233: \item THE TCP COALESCES SIMULTANEOUS CONNECTIONS
234:
235: \item THE TCP HAS AN ``URGENCY'' CONCEPT, THE TP4 HAS ``EXPEDITED''
236:
237: \item THE TCP HAS A GRACEFUL CLOSE
238: \end{nrtc}
239: \end{bwslide}
240:
241:
242: \begin{bwslide}
243: \ctitle {APPROACH}
244:
245: \begin{nrtc}
246: \item USE \underline{INTERFACE TRANSLATION} ABOVE TCP/IP
247: \begin{nrtc}
248: \item USE A WRAPPER TO MAKE THE NATIVE TCP INTERFACE APPEAR TO BE
249: THE TP4 INTERFACE
250:
251: \item SAME SERVICE OFFERED TO USERS
252:
253: \item ENTIRELY DIFFERENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THOSE SERVICES
254: \end{nrtc}
255: \end{nrtc}
256: \end{bwslide}
257:
258:
259: \begin{bwslide}
260: \ctitle {ISO TRANSPORT SERVICES ON TOP OF THE TCP}
261:
262: \diagram[p]{figure5}
263: \end{bwslide}
264:
265:
266: \begin{bwslide}
267: \ctitle {SUMMARY OF THE MAGIC-BOX PROTOCOL}
268:
269: \begin{nrtc}
270: \item OBSERVATIONS
271: \begin{nrtc}
272: \item ALL THE REALLY HARD PARTS ARE ALREADY DONE BY THE\\ TCP
273: (i.e., THE MAJORITY OF THE TRANSPORT PROTOCOL\\ FUNCTIONALITY)
274:
275: \item THE TRANSPORT INTERFACING REMAINS TO BE DONE
276: \end{nrtc}
277:
278: \item USES AN EFFICIENT PACKETIZATION PROTOCOL\\
279: (GOING THE OTHER WAY IS A LOT HARDER)
280:
281: \item QUALITY OF SERVICE~---~FOR FURTHER STUDY
282: \end{nrtc}
283: \end{bwslide}
284:
285:
286: \begin{bwslide}
287: \ctitle {ISSUE: MANAGEMENT OF THE ADDRESS SPACE}
288:
289: THE CLEVER APPROACH:
290: \begin{small}
291: \[\begin{tabular}{rlc}
292: $<$NSAP ID$>$& $\longleftrightarrow$& $<$IP address$>$\\
293: $<$TSAP selector, SSAP selector, PSAP selector$>$&
294: $\longleftrightarrow$& $<$TCP port$>$
295: \end{tabular}\]
296: \end{small}
297:
298: \begin{nrtc}
299: \item SUGGESTS THAT THE TP CAN BE RUN DIRECTLY ABOVE THE DDN IP PROTOCOL
300: \end{nrtc}
301: \end{bwslide}
302:
303:
304:
305: \begin{bwslide}
306: \ctitle {MANAGEMENT OF THE ADDRESS SPACE (cont.)}
307:
308: \begin{nrtc}
309: \item THE TCP PORT SPACE IS TOO LIMITED
310:
311: \item THE SIMPLE SOLUTION:\\
312: USE A SINGLE HARD-WIRED MAGIC-BOX PORT FOR THE TCP
313: \end{nrtc}
314: \end{bwslide}
315:
316:
317: \begin{bwslide}
318: \ctitle {ISSUE: EXPEDITED DATA}
319:
320: THREE WAYS TO TRY IT:
321: \begin{nrtc}
322: \item ONE TCP CONNECTION\\
323: BORDERLINE COMPLIANCE
324:
325: \item ONE TCP CONNECTION WITH URGENCY TO SIGNAL EXPEDITED DATA
326:
327: \item TWO TCP CONNECTIONS, ONE WITH BETTER IP QOS\\
328: COMPLICATED PROTOCOL NEEDED TO GUARANTEE COMPLIANCE
329: \end{nrtc}
330: \end{bwslide}
331:
332:
333: \begin{bwslide}
334: \ctitle {EXPEDITED DATA (cont.)}
335:
336: \begin{nrtc}
337: \item NOT ALL TCP IMPLEMENTATIONS CORRECTLY HANDLE URGENCY IN THE
338: DEGENERATE CASES
339:
340: \item NOT ALL IP IMPLEMENTATIONS ACTUALLY IMPLEMENT QOS
341:
342: \item THE SIMPLE SOLUTION:\\
343: USE A SINGLE CONNECTION SINCE THIS IS THE LEAST COMPLEX CHOICE
344: \end{nrtc}
345: \end{bwslide}
346:
347:
348: \begin{bwslide}
349: \ctitle {COMPARISON TO OTHER APPROACHES}
350:
351: \begin{nrtc}
352: \item THE ARCHIVAL REFERENCE: [PGREE86]
353:
354: \item PROTOCOL TRANSLATION: \tcptpgw/ [IGROE86]
355: \begin{nrtc}
356: \item ANALYZE ESMs FOR EACH
357: \item IDENTIFY SUBSET OF COMMON SERVICES
358: \item BUILD ESM FOR MAGIC-BOX
359: \end{nrtc}
360: \end{nrtc}
361: \end{bwslide}
362:
363:
364: \begin{bwslide}
365: \ctitle {WHAT IS THE PRACTICAL VALUE?}
366:
367: \begin{nrtc}
368: \item STILL NO COMMONALITY FOR APPLICATIONS
369: \begin{nrtc}
370: \item DDN APPLICATIONS STILL WANT TCP SERVICES\\
371: SO CAN'T RUN DDN STUFF IN THE ISO WORLD
372:
373: \item ISO APPLICATIONS STILL WANT ISO SERVICES\\
374: SO CAN'T RUN ISO STUFF IN THE DDN WORLD
375: \end{nrtc}
376:
377: \item ONE WORLD HAS TO IMPLEMENT THE OTHER WORLD'S STACK
378: \end{nrtc}
379: \end{bwslide}
380:
381:
382: \begin{note}\em
383: but, isn't this criticism also true of our work?
384:
385: yes.
386: \end{note}
387:
388:
389: \begin{bwslide}
390: \part {A DIGRESSION ON THE INTEROPERABILITY OF APPLICATIONS}\bf
391:
392: CAN WE DO EITHER OF THESE?
393: \begin{nrtc}
394: \item ACHIEVE INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN SIMILAR APPLICATIONS\\ (e.g., MAIL)
395:
396: \item MOVE AN APPLICATION FROM ONE PROTOCOL SUITE TO ANOTHER
397: \end{nrtc}
398: \end{bwslide}
399:
400:
401: \begin{bwslide}
402: \ctitle {ABSTRACT VIEW OF AN ENTITY}
403:
404: \diagram[p]{figure7}
405: \end{bwslide}
406:
407:
408: \begin{bwslide}
409: \ctitle {APPROACH \#1: BUILD AN APPLICATION MAGIC-BOX}
410:
411: PROBLEM: SERVICES OFFERED USUALLY VARY DRAMATICALLY
412:
413: \vspace{0.25in}
414: \diagram[p]{figure3}
415: \vspace{0.25in}
416:
417: E.G., MAIL, CONSIDER [SKILL86]
418: \end{bwslide}
419:
420:
421: \begin{note}\em
422: The acid test is moving data through the magic-box and back again w/o loss
423: of information
424:
425: padlipsky: ``sometimes when you try to turn an apple into an orange you get
426: back a lemon''
427: \end{note}
428:
429:
430: \begin{bwslide}
431: \ctitle {APPROACH \#2: MIGRATE THE APPLICATION}
432:
433: PROBLEM: SERVICES REQUIRED USUALLY VARY DRAMATICALLY
434:
435: \vspace{0.25in}
436: \diagram[p]{figure4}
437: \end{bwslide}
438:
439:
440: \begin{bwslide}
441: \ctitle {THE RECURRING THEME}
442:
443: GENERAL UTILITY REQUIRES THAT PROTOCOL CONVERSION OCCUR AT EVERY LAYER
444: IN WHICH THE SUITES CAN BE CONNECTED
445: \end{bwslide}
446:
447:
448: \begin{bwslide}
449: \ctitle {THE RECURRING THEME (cont.)}
450:
451: SO TO INTEROPERATE MAIL (FOR EXAMPLE), WE NEED ONE OF:
452: \begin{nrtc}
453: \item SMTP IN BOTH WORLDS
454:
455: \item P1 IN BOTH WORLDS
456:
457: \item SMTP AND P1 RUNNING IN THE \tcptpgw/\\
458: (REALLY AN APPLICATION RELAY)
459: \end{nrtc}
460: IN ADDITION TO THE \tcptpgw/
461: \end{bwslide}
462:
463:
464: \begin{note}\em
465: all three choices are hard from above (services offered)
466:
467: all three choices are hard from below (services required)
468: \end{note}
469:
470:
471: \begin{bwslide}
472: \ctitle {DOES INTERFACE TRANSLATION HELP?}
473:
474: \begin{nrtc}
475: \item BOTH GIVE THE SAME END-RESULT
476:
477: \item \underline{INTERFACE} TRANSLATION REQUIRES SIMILAR FUNCTIONALITY
478: BETWEEN THE TWO \underline{SERVICES} IN QUESTION
479:
480: \item \underline{PROTOCOL} TRANSLATION REQUIRES SIMILAR FUNCTIONALITY\\
481: BETWEEN THE TWO \underline{PROTOCOLS} IN QUESTION
482:
483: \item HENCE, OPTIMALITY DEPENDS ON CONTEXT
484: \end{nrtc}
485: \end{bwslide}
486:
487:
488: \begin{note}\em
489: in other words,
490: neither approach makes applications interoperate
491:
492: there is no free lunch!
493: \end{note}
494:
495:
496: \begin{bwslide}
497: \ctitle {BENEFITS IN OUR CONTEXT}
498:
499: \begin{nrtc}
500: \item SHORT-TERM: EASY TO IMPLEMENT
501:
502: \item MEDIUM-TERM:
503: \begin{nrtc}
504: \item ANY FUTURE WORK IS DONE IN ONE STACK, BUT WILL RUN IN BOTH
505: WORLDS
506:
507: \item APPLICATION DESIGNERS CAN USE AN ISO-APPLICATIONS\\ FRAMEWORK
508: IN THE NUMEROUS EXISTING TCP/IP WORLDS
509: \end{nrtc}
510:
511: \item LONG-TERM: PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A MIGRATION STRATEGY
512: \end{nrtc}
513: \end{bwslide}
514:
515:
516: \begin{bwslide}
517: \part {A MIGRATION STRATEGY}\bf
518:
519: \begin{nrtc}
520: \item THREE PHASES FROM THE DDN SUITE TO THE ISO SUITE
521:
522: \item ASSUMES AN EXISTING (AND HOPEFULLY) EXTENSIVE TCP/IP\\
523: INTERNET IN PLACE
524:
525: \item REQUIRES ALL NEW HOSTS TO SPEAK TCP/IP UNTIL PHASE THREE
526:
527: \end{nrtc}
528: \end{bwslide}
529:
530:
531: \begin{bwslide}
532: \ctitle {PHASE ONE:\\ BUILD ISO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT}
533:
534: \begin{nrtc}
535: \item BEGIN WORKING ON ISO APPLICATIONS
536:
537: \item MAGIC-BOX OFFERS TP4 SERVICE
538:
539: \item DEVELOP DDN/ISO USER AGENTS
540: \begin{nrtc}
541: \item COMMON USER-INTERFACE
542:
543: \item USE EITHER DDN OR ISO APPLICATION SERVICE, AS AVAILABLE
544:
545: \item NAME(DIRECTORY) SERVICE DETERMINES CHOICE OF STACK
546: \end{nrtc}
547: \end{nrtc}
548: \end{bwslide}
549:
550:
551: \begin{note}\em
552: for example, the symbolics filesystem interface
553: \end{note}
554:
555:
556: \begin{bwslide}
557: \ctitle {PHASE TWO:\\ EXPERIMENT WITH MIGRATION ENGINES}
558:
559: \begin{nrtc}
560: \item START USING HOSTS WITH BOTH ISO AND DDN STACKS
561:
562: \item TEST APPLICATIONS IN A ``PURE'' ISO ENVIRONMENT
563:
564: \item DO IP-LEVEL ROUTERS TO FORM TWO LOGICAL INTERNETS
565: \end{nrtc}
566: \end{bwslide}
567:
568:
569: \begin{bwslide}
570: \ctitle {PHASE THREE:\\ DEPLOY MIGRATION ENGINES}
571:
572: \begin{nrtc}
573: \item RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE (AT FIRST) TO KEEP SOME DDN-ONLY HOSTS
574:
575: \item USER AGENTS BEGIN TO SPEAK ISO ONLY
576:
577: \item NEW HOSTS CAN BE ISO ONLY
578: \end{nrtc}
579: \end{bwslide}
580:
581:
582: \begin{bwslide}
583: \ctitle {LAN--BASED MIGRATION TO NATIVE ISO}
584: \vskip-0.5in
585: \diagram[p]{figure6}
586: \end{bwslide}
587:
588:
589: \begin{note}\em
590: so, our plan is to attack things from the top,
591: while others attack from the bottom$\ldots$
592: \end{note}
593:
594:
595: \begin{bwslide}
596: \part {THE FIRST STEP:\\ ISODE}\bf
597:
598: \begin{nrtc}
599: \item AN OPENLY AVAILABLE ISO DEVELOPMENT
600: ENVIRONMENT HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED AT NRTC
601:
602: \item CODED ENTIRELY IN C
603: \end{nrtc}
604: \end{bwslide}
605:
606:
607: \begin{bwslide}
608: \ctitle {OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS}
609:
610: \begin{nrtc}
611: \item 4.2\bsd/ \unix/
612: \item SVR2 AT\&T \unix/ WITH AN EXCELAN \exos/~8044 TCP/IP PACKAGE
613: \item \vax//\vms/ RELEASE 4.4 WITH AN \exos/ CARD (UNDER DEVELOPMENT)
614: \item \pcdos/ WITH THE MIT PC-IP SOFTWARE (UNDER NEGOTIATION)
615: \end{nrtc}
616:
617: \end{bwslide}
618:
619:
620: \begin{bwslide}
621: \ctitle {SOFTWARE}
622:
623: \begin{nrtc}
624: \item TRANSPORT: IMPLEMENTS VERSION~2 OF THE MAGIC-BOX PROTOCOL
625:
626: \item SESSION: BCS, BAS, BSS, EXPEDITED
627:
628: \item PRESENTATION: ASN.1 ENCODING
629:
630:
631: \item APPLICATION:
632: \begin{nrtc}
633: \item ROS (REMOTE OPERATIONS)
634:
635: \item RTS (RELIABLE TRANSFER)
636:
637: \item ASN.1 SPECIFICATION PARSER FOR THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF
638: APDU PARSERS
639: \end{nrtc}
640:
641: \item PLANNED FOR THE NEXT RELEASE:
642: \begin{nrtc}
643: \item MAP/TOP VERSION~3.0 COMPATIBILITY\\
644: (WHEN THAT STABILIZES)
645:
646: \item APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS (ASE) SUPPORT
647:
648: \item ISO PRESENTATION PROTOCOL
649: \end{nrtc}
650: \end{nrtc}
651: \end{bwslide}
652:
653:
654: \begin{bwslide}
655: \ctitle {PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS}
656:
657: \begin{nrtc}
658: \item ALTHOUGH NOT PRODUCTION SOFTWARE,
659: CODED WITH AN EYE\\ TOWARD EFFICIENCY
660:
661: \item INITIAL BENCHMARKING SUGGESTS THROUGHPUT RATES VERY CLOSE TO RAW TCP
662: FOR BOTH TRANSPORT AND SESSION ECHO AND SINK ENTITIES
663:
664: \item AT THE APPLICATION INTERFACE,
665: PERFORMANCE IS ONLY 10\%-12\% WORSE THAN RAW TCP
666:
667: \item RESULTS PRIMARILY DUE TO MINIMIZED BYTE-COPYING BETWEEN\\
668: LAYERS
669: \end{nrtc}
670: \end{bwslide}
671:
672:
673: \begin{bwslide}
674: \ctitle {FOR FURTHER READING}
675:
676: \begin{nrtc}
677: \item REQUEST FOR COMMENTS 983 [DCASS86]
678:
679: \item ISO TRANSPORT SERVICES ON TOP OF THE TCP\\
680: COMPUTER NETWORKS AND ISDN SYSTEMS JOURNAL (TO APPEAR)
681:
682: \item REQUEST FOR COMMENTS 987 [SKILL86]\\
683: MAPPING BETWEEN X.400 AND RFC822
684:
685: \item PROTOCOL CONVERSION [PGREE86]\\
686: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATION\\
687: VOLUME 34, NUMBER 3, MARCH 1986
688:
689: \item CONVERSION BETWEEN THE TCP AND ISO TRANSPORT$\ldots$
690: [IGROE86]\\
691: IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS\\
692: VOLUME 4, NUMBER 2, MARCH 1986
693:
694: \item MOVING FROM DOD TO ISO PROTOCOLS: A FIRST STEP [MWITT86]\\
695: ACM COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW\\
696: VOLUME 16, NUMBER 2, APRIL/MAY 1986
697: \end{nrtc}
698: \end{bwslide}
699:
700:
701: \end{document}
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