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1.1     ! root        1: % -*- LaTeX -*-                (really SLiTeX)
        !             2: 
        !             3: \documentstyle[blackandwhite,landscape,oval,pagenumbers,small]{NRslides}
        !             4: 
        !             5: \font\xx=cmbx10
        !             6: \font\yy=cmbx7
        !             7: 
        !             8: \raggedright
        !             9: 
        !            10: \input trademark
        !            11: \let\tradeNAMfont=\relax
        !            12: \let\tradeORGfont=\relax
        !            13: 
        !            14: \begin{document}
        !            15: 
        !            16: \title {ISODE:\\ Past, Present, and Future\\[0.25in] and\\[0.25in]
        !            17:         Strategies for\\ Transition and Coexistence}
        !            18: \author        {Marshall T.~Rose\\ The Wollongong Group, Inc.}
        !            19: \date  {March 24, 1988}
        !            20: \maketitlepage
        !            21: 
        !            22: 
        !            23: \begin{bwslide}
        !            24: \part* {AGENDA}\bf
        !            25: 
        !            26: \begin{description}
        !            27: \item[PART I:]         MOTIVATION (WHY ISODE?)
        !            28: 
        !            29: \item[PART II:]                STRATEGIES FOR TRANSITION/COEXISTENCE 
        !            30: 
        !            31: \item[PART III:]       CURRENT STATUS OF ISODE
        !            32: 
        !            33: \item[PART IV:]                FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR ISODE
        !            34: \end{description}
        !            35: \end{bwslide}
        !            36: 
        !            37: 
        !            38: \begin{bwslide}
        !            39: \ctitle        {WHAT IS ISODE?}
        !            40: 
        !            41: \begin{nrtc}
        !            42: \item  THE ISO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
        !            43: 
        !            44: \item  AN OPENLY AVAILABLE IMPLEMENATION OF THE UPPER LAYERS OF OSI?
        !            45: 
        !            46: \item  A BASIS FOR THE TRANSITION TO OSI?
        !            47: 
        !            48: \item  AN EXERCISE IN MEGA-CODING?
        !            49: 
        !            50: \item  A PLAYGROUND FOR ``THE PIED-PIPER OF OSI''?
        !            51: \end{nrtc}
        !            52: \end{bwslide}
        !            53: 
        !            54: 
        !            55: \begin{bwslide}
        !            56: \part  {MOTIVATION\\ (WHY ISODE?)}\bf
        !            57: 
        !            58: \begin{nrtc}
        !            59: \item  EXPERIMENT WITH OSI UPPER LAYERS
        !            60: 
        !            61: \item  EXPLORE PROTOCOL TRANSITION ISSUES
        !            62: \end{nrtc}
        !            63: \end{bwslide}
        !            64: 
        !            65: 
        !            66: \begin{bwslide}
        !            67: \ctitle        {NORTHROP RESEARCH AND\\ TECHNOLOGY CENTER:\\ JANUARY, 1986}
        !            68: 
        !            69: \begin{nrtc}
        !            70: \item  THE AUTOMATION SCIENCES LABORATORY WAS INTERESTED IN SOLVING CERTAIN
        !            71:        PROBLEMS IN THE FACTORY AUTOMATION AREA
        !            72: 
        !            73: \item  AN ``AFTER-HOURS'' PROJECT WAS STARTED TO LOOK INTO THE APPLICABILITY
        !            74:        OF MIXING OSI AND TCP/IP TECHNOLOGIES
        !            75: \end{nrtc}
        !            76: \end{bwslide}
        !            77: 
        !            78: 
        !            79: \begin{bwslide}
        !            80: \part* {EXPERIMENT WITH OSI UPPER LAYERS}\bf
        !            81: 
        !            82: \begin{nrtc}
        !            83: \item  THE UPPER LAYERS OF OSI APPEARED TO BE A RICH PLAYGROUND
        !            84: 
        !            85: \item  WE WANTED TO SEE HOW USEFUL THE UPPER LAYERS REALLY WERE
        !            86: \end{nrtc}
        !            87: \end{bwslide}
        !            88: 
        !            89: 
        !            90: \begin{bwslide}
        !            91: \ctitle        {(OBLIGATORY SLIDE SHOWING)\\ THE 7--LAYER STACK}
        !            92: 
        !            93: \vskip.5in
        !            94: \diagram[p]{figure1}
        !            95: \end{bwslide}
        !            96: 
        !            97: 
        !            98: \begin{bwslide}
        !            99: \part* {THE UPPER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE}\bf
        !           100: 
        !           101: \begin{nrtc}
        !           102: \item  BY ``UPPER-LAYER'' WE MEAN EVERYTHING ABOVE TRANSPORT:
        !           103:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           104:     \item      THE APPLICATION-SPECIFICS OF HOW THE NETWORK IS USED
        !           105:     \end{nrtc}
        !           106: 
        !           107: \item  UNLIKE OTHER ARCHITECTURES, THE SAME UPPER-LAYERS ARE USED
        !           108:        REGARDLESS OF THE APPLICATION
        !           109: 
        !           110: \item  WHAT DIFFERS IS THE ACTUAL FUNCTIONALITY USED BY THE APPLICATION
        !           111: \end{nrtc}
        !           112: \end{bwslide}
        !           113: 
        !           114: 
        !           115: \begin{bwslide}
        !           116: \ctitle        {THE UPPER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE (cont.)}
        !           117: 
        !           118: \vskip.15in
        !           119: \diagram[p]{figure2}
        !           120: \end{bwslide}
        !           121: 
        !           122: 
        !           123: \begin{bwslide}
        !           124: \ctitle        {THE OSI APPLICATION LAYER}
        !           125: 
        !           126: \begin{nrtc}
        !           127: \item  MANY STANDARD SERVICE ELEMENTS
        !           128:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           129:     \item      ASSOCIATION CONTROL
        !           130: 
        !           131:     \item      REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !           132: 
        !           133:     \item      RELIABLE TRANSFER
        !           134: 
        !           135:     \item      COMMITMENT, CONCURRENCY AND RECOVERY
        !           136: 
        !           137:     \item      DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !           138:     \end{nrtc}
        !           139: 
        !           140: \item  ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)
        !           141: \end{nrtc}
        !           142: \end{bwslide}
        !           143: 
        !           144: 
        !           145: \begin{bwslide}
        !           146: \ctitle        {APPLICATION USE OF UPPER-LAYER SERVICES}
        !           147: 
        !           148: \vskip.5in
        !           149: \diagram[p]{figure3}
        !           150: \end{bwslide}
        !           151: 
        !           152: 
        !           153: \begin{bwslide}
        !           154: \ctitle        {APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS}
        !           155: 
        !           156: \begin{nrtc}
        !           157: \item  A USEFUL MECHANISM FOR DIVIDING RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ``TOTAL''
        !           158:        APPLICATION PROTOCOL
        !           159: 
        !           160: \item  PROMOTES ``REUSE'' OF APPLICATION LAYER FACILITIES
        !           161: \end{nrtc}
        !           162: \end{bwslide}
        !           163: 
        !           164: 
        !           165: \begin{bwslide}
        !           166: \ctitle        {ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)}
        !           167: 
        !           168: \begin{nrtc}
        !           169: \item  UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE DATA WITH STRONG TYPING
        !           170: 
        !           171: \item  (TOO) RICH, EXTENSIBLE SYNTAX
        !           172: 
        !           173: \item  USEFUL FOR SPECIFICATION OF NEW PROTOCOLS
        !           174:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           175:     \item      ``CLEAR-TO-READ'' SPECIFICATIONS (ha!)
        !           176: 
        !           177:     \item      NOT TIED TO MACHINE-ORIENTED STRUCTURES AND RESTRICTIONS
        !           178:     \end{nrtc}
        !           179: 
        !           180: \item  REPRESENTATION CURRENTLY USED BY ALL OSI APPLICATIONS
        !           181: \end{nrtc}
        !           182: \end{bwslide}
        !           183: 
        !           184: 
        !           185: \begin{bwslide}
        !           186: \ctitle        {EXAMPLE:\\ FTAM USE OF LOWER-LAYER SERVICES}
        !           187: 
        !           188: \vskip.5in
        !           189: \diagram[p]{figure4}
        !           190: \end{bwslide}
        !           191: 
        !           192: 
        !           193: \begin{bwslide}
        !           194: \ctitle        {ONLY ONE LITTLE PROBLEM$\ldots$}
        !           195: 
        !           196: \begin{nrtc}
        !           197: \item  HOW TO RUN THE OSI UPPER-LAYERS IN A TCP/IP-BASED NETWORK?
        !           198: 
        !           199: \item  A SOLUTION IS OFFERED BY LAYERING
        !           200:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           201:     \item      THE OSI TRANSPORT \underline{SERVICE} IS VERY SIMPLE
        !           202: 
        !           203:     \item      CAN WE PROVIDE AN EMULATION OF THAT SERVICE USING TCP?
        !           204:     \end{nrtc}
        !           205: \end{nrtc}
        !           206: \end{bwslide}
        !           207: 
        !           208: 
        !           209: \begin{bwslide}
        !           210: \ctitle        {SERVICE EMULATOR AT TRANSPORT}
        !           211: 
        !           212: \vskip.5in
        !           213: \diagram[p]{figure5}
        !           214: \end{bwslide}
        !           215: 
        !           216: 
        !           217: \begin{bwslide}
        !           218: \ctitle        {THE OSI TRANSPORT SERVICE}
        !           219: 
        !           220: \begin{nrtc}
        !           221: \item  ALTHOUGH THE SERVICE IS VERY SIMPLE, THERE ARE ACTUALLY FIVE DIFFERENT
        !           222:        ISO PROTOCOLS WHICH CAN BE USED (TP0$\ldots$TP4)
        !           223: 
        !           224: \item  PROTOCOLS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES, BASED ON THE UNDERLYING
        !           225:        NETWORK SERVICE
        !           226:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           227:     \item      A CONNECTION-ORIENTED NETWORK SERVICE (CONS), e.g., X.25
        !           228:                
        !           229: 
        !           230:     \item      A CONNECTIONLESS-MODE NETWORK SERVICE (CLNS), e.g., CLNP
        !           231:     \end{nrtc}
        !           232: \end{nrtc}
        !           233: \end{bwslide}
        !           234: 
        !           235: 
        !           236: \begin{bwslide}
        !           237: \ctitle        {ISO TRANSPORT SERVICES\\ ON TOP OF THE DoD TCP}
        !           238: 
        !           239: \begin{nrtc}
        !           240: \item  IDEA: TAKE THE SIMPLEST PROTOCOL (TP0) AND DEFINE A MAPPING ONTO
        !           241:        THE DoD TCP
        !           242: 
        !           243: \item{}        [RFC983], PUBLISHED IN APRIL OF 1986, WAS OUR FIRST ATTEMPT AT THIS
        !           244: 
        !           245: \item  TWO VERSIONS AND 13 MONTHS LATER, [RFC1006] GOT IT RIGHT, TELLING
        !           246:        ``HOW TO SPEAK TP0 OVER THE TCP''
        !           247: 
        !           248: \item  NOTE: THIS APPROACH IS NOT UNIQUE TO TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS!
        !           249: \end{nrtc}
        !           250: \end{bwslide}
        !           251: 
        !           252: 
        !           253: \begin{bwslide}
        !           254: \ctitle        {ISO TRANSPORT SERVICES\\ ON TOP OF THE DoD TCP (cont.)}
        !           255: 
        !           256: \vskip.25in
        !           257: \diagram[p]{figure6}
        !           258: \end{bwslide}
        !           259: 
        !           260: 
        !           261: \begin{bwslide}
        !           262: \ctitle        {EXPLORE PROTOCOL TRANSITION ISSUES}
        !           263: 
        !           264: \begin{nrtc}
        !           265: \item  DOES THIS APPROACH MAKE TRANSITION OR COEXISTENCE EASIER?
        !           266: \end{nrtc}
        !           267: \end{bwslide}
        !           268: 
        !           269: 
        !           270: \begin{bwslide}
        !           271: \part  {STRATEGIES FOR TRANSITION/COEXISTENCE}\bf
        !           272: 
        !           273: \begin{nrtc}
        !           274: \item  THERE ARE MANY TCP/IP NETWORKS TODAY; THERE WILL BE MORE TOMORROW
        !           275: 
        !           276: \item  BY THE TIME OSI BECOMES A WORTHWHILE OPERATIONAL ALTERNATIVE,
        !           277:        THERE WILL BE MANY MORE TCP/IP NETWORKS THAN THERE ARE TODAY!
        !           278: 
        !           279: \item  PROBLEM: HOW TO PROTECT INSTALLED BASE?
        !           280: 
        !           281: \item  PROBLEM: HOW TO TRANSITION GRACEFULLY?
        !           282: \end{nrtc}
        !           283: \end{bwslide}
        !           284: 
        !           285: 
        !           286: \begin{bwslide}
        !           287: \ctitle        {METRICS FOR COMPARISON}
        !           288: 
        !           289: \begin{nrtc}
        !           290: \item  CAN JUDGE A TRANSITION/COEXISTENCE SCHEME USING DIFFERENT
        !           291:        CRITERIA
        !           292: 
        !           293: \item  HERE ARE A FEW
        !           294:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           295:     \item      PERFORMANCE:
        !           296:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           297:        \item   THROUGHPUT
        !           298: 
        !           299:        \item   RESPONSE
        !           300:        \end{nrtc}
        !           301: 
        !           302:     \item      FLEXIBILITY:
        !           303:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           304:        \item   RANGE OF APPLICABILITY
        !           305:        \end{nrtc}
        !           306: 
        !           307:     \item      TRANSPARENCY:
        !           308:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           309:        \item   USAGE CONTINUITY
        !           310: 
        !           311:        \item   SEAMLESS USER INTERFACE
        !           312:        \end{nrtc}
        !           313: 
        !           314:     \item      PERVASIVENESS:
        !           315:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           316:        \item   MANAGEABILITY
        !           317:        \end{nrtc}
        !           318:     \end{nrtc}
        !           319: \end{nrtc}
        !           320: \end{bwslide}
        !           321: 
        !           322: 
        !           323: \begin{bwslide}
        !           324: \ctitle        {FOUR CANDIDATES}
        !           325: 
        !           326: \begin{nrtc}
        !           327: \item  DUAL STACK
        !           328: 
        !           329: \item  APPLICATION GATEWAYS
        !           330: 
        !           331: \item  TRANSPORT-SERVICE BRIDGES
        !           332: 
        !           333: \item  NETWORK-SERVICE BRIDGES
        !           334: \end{nrtc}
        !           335: \end{bwslide}
        !           336: 
        !           337: 
        !           338: \begin{bwslide}
        !           339: \part* {DUAL STACK}\bf
        !           340: 
        !           341: \begin{nrtc}
        !           342: \item  PUT BOTH PROTOCOL SUITES IN ALL HOSTS
        !           343: 
        !           344: \item  NICE WORK, IF YOU CAN GET IT
        !           345: \end{nrtc}
        !           346: \end{bwslide}
        !           347: 
        !           348: 
        !           349: \begin{bwslide}
        !           350: \ctitle        {DUAL STACK (cont.)}
        !           351: 
        !           352: \vskip.5in
        !           353: \diagram[p]{figure16}
        !           354: \end{bwslide}
        !           355: 
        !           356: 
        !           357: \begin{bwslide}
        !           358: \ctitle        {CHARACTERISTICS}
        !           359: 
        !           360: \begin{nrtc}
        !           361: \item  PERFORMANCE: NO DEGRADATION
        !           362: 
        !           363: \item  FLEXIBILITY: NOT REALLY; HAVE TO ADD EACH APPLICATION TO EACH HOST
        !           364: 
        !           365: \item  TRANSPARENCY:
        !           366:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           367:     \item      ASSUMING REMOTE SYSTEM SUPPORTS AT LEAST ONE OF THE PROTOCOL
        !           368:                STACKS, THEN HIGH TRANSPARENCY BY USING COMMON SERVICE
        !           369:                INTERFACE
        !           370:     \end{nrtc}
        !           371: 
        !           372: \item  PERVASIVENESS:
        !           373:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           374:     \item      BOTH END- AND INTERMEDIATE-SYSTEMS MUST RUN BOTH PROTOCOLS
        !           375: 
        !           376:     \item      INTRODUCES ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS AS THERE ARE NOW TWO
        !           377:                LOGICAL NETWORKS
        !           378:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           379:        \item   MANAGEMENT OF BOTH \underline{PLUS} CONTENTION BETWEEN THEM
        !           380:        \end{nrtc}
        !           381:     \end{nrtc}
        !           382: \end{nrtc}
        !           383: \end{bwslide}
        !           384: 
        !           385: 
        !           386: \begin{bwslide}
        !           387: \part* {APPLICATION GATEWAYS}\bf
        !           388: 
        !           389: \begin{nrtc}
        !           390: \item  A WELL-KNOWN, BUT LITTLE-UNDERSTOOD TECHNOLOGY
        !           391:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           392:     \item      USED IN MESSAGE HANDLING QUITE A BIT\\
        !           393:                (AND MOST ARE QUITE TERRIBLE) 
        !           394: 
        !           395:     \item      NOT REALLY USED OTHERWISE    
        !           396:     \end{nrtc}
        !           397: 
        !           398: \item  THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF A-GWY's:
        !           399:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           400:     \item      SAME APPLICATION PROTOCOL,\\
        !           401:                BUT DIFFERENT UNDERLYING LAYERS
        !           402: 
        !           403:     \item      DIFFERENT APPLICATION PROTOCOLS,\\
        !           404:                UNDERLYING LAYERS UNIMPORTANT
        !           405:     \end{nrtc}
        !           406: 
        !           407: \item  WE'LL CONSIDER ONLY THE LATTER TYPE
        !           408: \end{nrtc}
        !           409: \end{bwslide}
        !           410: 
        !           411: 
        !           412: \begin{bwslide}
        !           413: \ctitle        {APPLICATION GATEWAYS (cont.)}
        !           414: 
        !           415: \vskip.5in
        !           416: \diagram[p]{figure7}
        !           417: \end{bwslide}
        !           418: 
        !           419: 
        !           420: \begin{bwslide}
        !           421: \ctitle        {CHARACTERISTICS}
        !           422: 
        !           423: \begin{nrtc}
        !           424: \item  PERFORMANCE: USUALLY POOR, BUT ACCEPTABLE FOR STORE-AND-FORWARD
        !           425:        APPLICATIONS
        !           426:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           427:     \item      TYPICALLY ALSO INTRODUCES ADDITIONAL NETWORK TRAFFIC
        !           428:     \end{nrtc}
        !           429: 
        !           430: \item  FLEXIBILITY: NONE; EACH A-GWY IS A SPECIAL-PURPOSE SOFTWARE BOX
        !           431: 
        !           432: 
        !           433: \item  TRANSPARENCY: 
        !           434:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           435:     \item      TO SERVICE: OFTEN LOSES SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONALITY
        !           436: 
        !           437:     \item      TO USERS: POSSIBLE, BUT NOT LIKELY (e.g., IN AN FTAM/FTP A-GWY,
        !           438:                USERS EMBED HOSTNAMES IN FILENAMES)
        !           439:     \end{nrtc}
        !           440: 
        !           441: \item  PERVASIVENESS:
        !           442:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           443:     \item      REQUIRES NO END-SYSTEM MODIFICATION
        !           444: 
        !           445:     \item      MAY INTRODUCE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
        !           446:     \end{nrtc}
        !           447: \end{nrtc}
        !           448: \end{bwslide}
        !           449: 
        !           450: 
        !           451: \begin{bwslide}
        !           452: \part* {A NEW APPROACH}\bf
        !           453: 
        !           454: \begin{nrtc}
        !           455: \item  PREDICTION: BY THE TIME OSI IS A WORTHWHILE ALTERNATIVE,
        !           456:        TCP/IP WILL ALREADY OFFER A MIX OF SERVICES:
        !           457:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           458:     \item      SUCH AS FTAM AND MHS, IN ADDITION TO FTP AND SMTP
        !           459:     \end{nrtc}
        !           460: 
        !           461: \item  OBVIOUSLY, ONE METHOD OF DOING THIS IS TO USE THE [RFC1006] APPROACH
        !           462: \end{nrtc}
        !           463: \end{bwslide}
        !           464: 
        !           465: 
        !           466: \begin{bwslide}
        !           467: \ctitle        {OBSERVATION}
        !           468: 
        !           469: \begin{nrtc}
        !           470: \item  GIVEN THE ABOVE ASSUMPTION, IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT:
        !           471:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           472:     \item      THE TWO COMMUNITIES WILL BE USING THE SAME APPLICATIONS (OSI),
        !           473:                AND
        !           474: 
        !           475:     \item      ONLY THE UNDERLYING ``TS-STACK'' WILL DIFFER BETWEEN THE TWO:
        !           476:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           477:        \item   IN THE ISO COMMUNITY: TP4/CLNP/$\ldots$
        !           478: 
        !           479:        \item   IN THE TCP COMMUNITY: [RFC1006]/TCP/IP/$\ldots$
        !           480:        \end{nrtc}
        !           481:     \end{nrtc}
        !           482: 
        !           483: \item  THIS LEADS US TO POSTULATE AN INTERESTING COEXISTENCE
        !           484:        STRATEGY:
        !           485:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           486:     \item      LET'S RUN OSI APPLICATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COMMUNITIES
        !           487:     \end{nrtc}
        !           488: 
        !           489: \item  IN A SENSE, THIS IS A HYBRID OF THE TWO PREVIOUS APPROACHES,
        !           490:        INTENDED TO MINIMIZE THE DISADVANTAGES OF EACH
        !           491: \end{nrtc}
        !           492: \end{bwslide}
        !           493: 
        !           494: 
        !           495: \begin{bwslide}
        !           496: \ctitle        {TRANSPORT-SERVICE BRIDGES}
        !           497: 
        !           498: \begin{nrtc}
        !           499: \item  IDEA: OFFER THE SAME TRANSPORT SERVICE INTERFACE IN BOTH
        !           500:        COMMUNITIES (THE ISO TRANSPORT SERVICE)
        !           501:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           502:     \item      USE [RFC1006] TO OFFER THE ISO TRANSPORT SERVICE ON TOP OF
        !           503:                THE DoD TCP
        !           504:     \end{nrtc}
        !           505: 
        !           506: \item  INTRODUCE A TRANSPORT ENTITY CALLED THE ``TS-BRIDGE''
        !           507: 
        !           508: \item  THE TS-BRIDGE ``COPIES'' SERVICE PRIMITIVES FROM ONE COMMUNITY TO THE
        !           509:        OTHER, e.g.:
        !           510:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           511:     \item      UPON RECEIVING A T-CONNECT.INDICATION PRIMITIVE FROM ONE
        !           512:                TS-STACK,
        !           513: 
        !           514:     \item      IT ISSUES A T-CONNECT.REQUEST PRIMITIVE TO THE OTHER TS-STACK
        !           515:     \end{nrtc}
        !           516: 
        !           517: \item  POTENTIAL PROBLEMS:
        !           518:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           519:     \item      THE TS-BRIDGE MAINTAINS STATE AS TO THE EXISTING CONNECTIONS
        !           520: 
        !           521:     \item      TWO CHECKSUMS, AND NEITHER REALLY END-TO-END
        !           522:     \end{nrtc}
        !           523: \end{nrtc}
        !           524: \end{bwslide}
        !           525: 
        !           526: 
        !           527: \begin{bwslide}
        !           528: \ctitle        {TRANSPORT-SERVICE BRIDGES (cont.)}
        !           529: 
        !           530: \vskip.5in
        !           531: \diagram[p]{figure8}
        !           532: \end{bwslide}
        !           533: 
        !           534: 
        !           535: \begin{bwslide}
        !           536: \ctitle        {TRANSPARENT USE OF TS-BRIDGES}
        !           537: 
        !           538: \begin{nrtc}
        !           539: \item  BY JUDICIOUS USE OF DIRECTORY SERVICES, SELECTION OF THE
        !           540:        TS-BRIDGE CAN BE MADE TRANSPARENT ON BOTH ENDPOINTS
        !           541: 
        !           542: \item  CONSIDER A ``TYPICAL'' PRESENTATION ADDRESS:
        !           543: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           544: network address:&      CLNP 4700050017000008002000405301\\
        !           545: transport selector:&   1\\
        !           546: session selector:&     ``FTAM''\\
        !           547: presentation selector:&        null
        !           548: \end{tabular}\]
        !           549: 
        !           550: \item  A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ENTRY IS RETURNED FOR HOSTS IN THE
        !           551:        OPPOSITE COMMUNITY:
        !           552: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           553: network address:&      ts-bridge's network address\\
        !           554: transport selector:&   \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
        !           555:                        network address:&
        !           556:                                CLNP 47 $\ldots$\\
        !           557:                        transport selector:&     1
        !           558:                        \end{tabular}\\
        !           559: session selector:&     ``FTAM''\\
        !           560: presentation selector:&        null
        !           561: \end{tabular}\]
        !           562: \end{nrtc}
        !           563: \end{bwslide}
        !           564: 
        !           565: 
        !           566: \begin{bwslide}
        !           567: \ctitle        {ANOTHER PROBLEM SOLVED:\\ ISO CONS versus CLNS}
        !           568: 
        !           569: \begin{nrtc}
        !           570: \item  IN GENERAL, THE TS-BRIDGE SHOWS HOW TO PERFORM
        !           571:        ``IMPEDENCE MATCHING'' BETWEEN TWO PROTOCOLS WHICH OFFER THE
        !           572:        SAME SERVICE INTERFACE, e.g., OUR USE IS:
        !           573:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           574:     \item      PROTOCOLS: TP4/CLNP AND TP0/TCP
        !           575: 
        !           576:     \item      SERVICE: ISO TRANSPORT SERVICE
        !           577:     \end{nrtc}
        !           578: 
        !           579: \item  THIS IS SUSPICIOUSLY SIMILAR TO THE ISO TP4/CLNS vs. TP0/CONS PROBLEM:
        !           580:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           581:     \item      PROTOCOLS: TP4/CLNP AND TP0/X.25
        !           582: 
        !           583:     \item      SERVICE: ISO TRANSPORT SERVICE
        !           584:     \end{nrtc}
        !           585: 
        !           586: \item  THE TS-BRIDGE WILL ALSO WORK IN THIS ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT
        !           587:        MEANINGFUL LOSS OF GENERALITY:
        !           588:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           589:     \item      EXPEDITED DATA IS NEGOTIATED AWAY, AND
        !           590: 
        !           591:     \item      INITIAL USER DATA RESULTS IN DISCONNECT
        !           592:     \end{nrtc}
        !           593: \end{nrtc}
        !           594: \end{bwslide}
        !           595: 
        !           596: 
        !           597: \begin{bwslide}
        !           598: \ctitle        {AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TS-BRIDGE}
        !           599: 
        !           600: \begin{nrtc}
        !           601: \item  USING ISODE, WOLLONGONG HAS IMPLEMENTED A TS-BRIDGE
        !           602: 
        !           603: \item  AT UNIFORUM IN FEBRUARY, 1987, THE
        !           604:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           605:     \item      TP4/CLNP to TP0/TCP
        !           606:     \end{nrtc}
        !           607:     ``IMPEDENCE MATCHING'' WAS DEMONSTRATED
        !           608: 
        !           609: \item  CURRENTLY, ALL THREE TS-STACKS
        !           610:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           611:     \item      TP4/CLNP, TP0/X.25, TP0/TCP
        !           612:     \end{nrtc}
        !           613:     ARE BEING BRIDGED (ON A SINGLE HOST) AT WOLLONGONG
        !           614: \end{nrtc}
        !           615: \end{bwslide}
        !           616: 
        !           617: 
        !           618: \begin{bwslide}
        !           619: \ctitle        {CHARACTERISTICS}
        !           620: 
        !           621: \begin{nrtc}
        !           622: \item  PERFORMANCE: FAIR; WHEN TS-BRIDGE IS MADE INTO A KERNEL-RESIDENT
        !           623:        STREAMS MODULE IT SHOULD IMPROVE DRAMATICALLY
        !           624: 
        !           625: \item  FLEXIBILITY: HIGH; INDEPENDENT OF ANY APPLICATION
        !           626: 
        !           627: \item  TRANSPARENCY: TOTAL
        !           628: 
        !           629: \item  PERVASIVENESS:
        !           630:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           631:     \item      END-SYSTEMS MUST RUN ``NEW'' PROTOCOLS
        !           632: 
        !           633:     \item      MAY INTRODUCE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS (WHICH SHOULD BE SOLVED
        !           634:                DYNAMICALLY BY DIRECTORY SERVICES)
        !           635:     \end{nrtc}
        !           636: \end{nrtc}
        !           637: \end{bwslide}
        !           638: 
        !           639: 
        !           640: \begin{bwslide}
        !           641: \part* {NETWORK-SERVICE BRIDGES}\bf
        !           642: 
        !           643: \begin{nrtc}
        !           644: \item  IDEA: ENCAPSULATE CLNP INSIDE OF IP, TREATING IP AS SIMPLY A DATA LINK
        !           645:        PROTOCOL
        !           646: 
        !           647: \item  NS-BRIDGE PERFORMS AS A ROUTER, REMOVING ONE DATA LINK HEADER AND
        !           648:        ADDING ANOTHER
        !           649: 
        !           650: \item  REQUIRES COMMON HIGHER-LEVEL PROTOCOLS (TRANSPORT AND ABOVE) ON BOTH
        !           651:        END-SYSTEMS, BUT DOES NOT REQUIRE ALL INTERVENTING ROUTERS TO USE THE
        !           652:        SAME NETWORK PROTOCOL
        !           653: \end{nrtc}
        !           654: \end{bwslide}
        !           655: 
        !           656: 
        !           657: \begin{bwslide}
        !           658: \ctitle        {INTERESTING FEATURES}
        !           659: 
        !           660: \begin{nrtc}
        !           661: \item  NO STATE MAINTAINED BY NS-BRIDGE
        !           662: 
        !           663: \item  A TRUE END-TO-END CHECKSUM
        !           664: 
        !           665: \item  THE TCP END-SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION CHOICES ARE SIMILAR TO NETBIOS OVER
        !           666:        TCP [RFC1001/1002]
        !           667: \end{nrtc}
        !           668: \end{bwslide}
        !           669: 
        !           670: 
        !           671: \begin{bwslide}
        !           672: \ctitle        {NETWORK-SERVICE BRIDGES (cont.)}
        !           673: 
        !           674: \vskip.5in
        !           675: \diagram[p]{figure17}
        !           676: \end{bwslide}
        !           677: 
        !           678: 
        !           679: \begin{bwslide}
        !           680: \ctitle        {CHARACTERISTICS}
        !           681: 
        !           682: \begin{nrtc}
        !           683: \item  PERFORMANCE: NO WORSE THAN TYPICAL CLNP-ROUTER (AND PROBABLY A LOT
        !           684:        BETTER TOO!)
        !           685: 
        !           686: \item  FLEXIBILITY: HIGH (INDEPENDENT OF ANY APPLICATION)
        !           687: 
        !           688: \item  TRANSPARENCY: TOTAL
        !           689: 
        !           690: \item  PERVASIVENESS: SOME END-SYSTEMS MUST RUN BOTH TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS
        !           691: \end{nrtc}
        !           692: \end{bwslide}
        !           693: 
        !           694: 
        !           695: \begin{bwslide}
        !           696: \part  {CURRENT STATUS\\ OF ISODE}\bf
        !           697: 
        !           698: \begin{nrtc}
        !           699: \item  CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
        !           700: 
        !           701: \item  WHERE IN USE
        !           702: 
        !           703: \item  THE APPLICATIONS COOKBOOK
        !           704: 
        !           705: \item  MHS/DS WORK AT UCL/UNott
        !           706: \end{nrtc}
        !           707: \end{bwslide}
        !           708: 
        !           709: 
        !           710: \begin{bwslide}
        !           711: \part* {CURRENT DISTRIBUTION}\bf
        !           712: 
        !           713: \begin{nrtc}
        !           714: \item  STATUS: OPENLY AVAILABLE UNDER AN IMPLICIT ``HOLD HARMLESS'' CLAUSE
        !           715: 
        !           716: \item  CURRENT RELEASE: 3.0
        !           717:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           718:     \item      AVAILABLE OCTOBER 15, 1987
        !           719:     \end{nrtc}
        !           720: 
        !           721: \item  CURRENT DISTRIBUTION: 3.5(BETA)
        !           722:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           723:     \item      AVAILABLE MARCH 15, 1988
        !           724:     \end{nrtc}
        !           725: 
        !           726: \item  DISTRIBUTION EITHER VIA POSTAL MAIL OR ARPAnet FTP
        !           727:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           728:     \item      SOURCE: \~{}6MB
        !           729: 
        !           730:     \item      DOC: 4~VOLUME USER'S MANUAL (\~{}600~PAGES)
        !           731: 
        !           732:     \item      DISTRIBUTION SITES: US, UK, AND AU
        !           733: 
        !           734:     \item      PRICE: \~{}200~US DOLLARS
        !           735:     \end{nrtc}
        !           736: \end{nrtc}
        !           737: \end{bwslide}
        !           738: 
        !           739: 
        !           740: \begin{bwslide}
        !           741: \ctitle        {LANGUAGES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS}
        !           742: 
        !           743: \begin{nrtc}
        !           744: \item  CODED ENTIRELY IN C FOR \unix/
        !           745:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           746:     \item      REQUIRES NO KERNEL MODIFICATIONS    
        !           747:     \end{nrtc}
        !           748: 
        !           749: \item  KNOWN PORTS FOR BERKELEY \unix/ (4.2 and 4.3):
        !           750:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           751:     \item      VAXen, SUNs, Pyramids, RTs, etc.
        !           752:     \end{nrtc}
        !           753: 
        !           754: \item  KNOWN PORTS FOR AT\&T \unix/ (SVR2 and SVR3):
        !           755:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           756:     \item      SGI, 3Bs, 386s, RT (AIX)
        !           757:     \end{nrtc}
        !           758: 
        !           759: \item  MS-DOS (CURRENTLY CLIENT SIDE ONLY)
        !           760:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           761:     \item      PORT DONE BY HP IN THE UK
        !           762: 
        !           763:     \item      DON'T KNOW STATUS OF CODE
        !           764:     \end{nrtc}
        !           765: \end{nrtc}
        !           766: \end{bwslide}
        !           767: 
        !           768: 
        !           769: \begin{bwslide}
        !           770: \ctitle        {APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE}
        !           771: 
        !           772: \begin{nrtc}
        !           773: \item  A (NEARLY) COMPLETE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UPPER LAYERS
        !           774: 
        !           775: \item  CURRENTLY DIS LEVEL
        !           776:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           777:     \item      IN PROCESS OF BEING UPGRADED TO IS
        !           778:     \end{nrtc}
        !           779: 
        !           780: \item  ALIGNED WITH THE U.S.~GOSIP
        !           781: \end{nrtc}
        !           782: \end{bwslide}
        !           783: 
        !           784: 
        !           785: \begin{bwslide}
        !           786: \ctitle        {THE APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT}
        !           787: 
        !           788: \vskip.5in
        !           789: \diagram[p]{figure9}
        !           790: \end{bwslide}
        !           791: 
        !           792: 
        !           793: \begin{bwslide}
        !           794: \ctitle        {AN ALTERNATE ENVIRONMENT:\\ MHS ARCHITECTURE (c.~1984)}
        !           795: 
        !           796: \vskip.5in
        !           797: \diagram[p]{figure10}
        !           798: \end{bwslide}
        !           799: 
        !           800: 
        !           801: \begin{bwslide}
        !           802: \ctitle        {APPLICATIONS}
        !           803: 
        !           804: \begin{nrtc}
        !           805: \item  FILE TRANSFER, ACCESS AND MANAGEMENT (FTAM)
        !           806: 
        !           807: \item  ISODE MISCELLANY SERVICE
        !           808:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           809:     \item      e.g., FINGER, QUOTE-OF-THE-DAY, etc.
        !           810:     \end{nrtc}
        !           811: 
        !           812: \item  PLUS NUMEROUS ``DEMO'' PROGRAMS
        !           813:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           814:     \item      e.g., IMAGE SERVICE, PASSWORD LOOKUP, etc.
        !           815:     \end{nrtc}
        !           816: \end{nrtc}
        !           817: \end{bwslide}
        !           818: 
        !           819: 
        !           820: \begin{bwslide}
        !           821: \ctitle        {STUB DIRECTORY SERVICE}
        !           822: 
        !           823: \begin{nrtc}
        !           824: \item  PENDING DEVELOPMENT OF DIRECTORY SERVICES STANDARD AND IMPLEMENTATION,
        !           825:        NEEDED A STUB FACILITY TO PROVIDE DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !           826: 
        !           827: \item  IN ESSENCE, DIRECTORY SERVICES PROVIDE TWO MAPPINGS:
        !           828:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           829:     \item      SERVICE NAME TO AN APPLICATION ENTITY TITLE
        !           830: 
        !           831:     \item      APPLICATION ENTITY TITLE TO PRESENTATION ADDRESS
        !           832:     \end{nrtc}
        !           833: \end{nrtc}
        !           834: \end{bwslide}
        !           835: 
        !           836: 
        !           837: \begin{bwslide}
        !           838: \ctitle        {LOCAL INTERPRETATIONS}
        !           839: 
        !           840: \begin{nrtc}
        !           841: \item  SERVICE NAME: A LOCAL MATTER
        !           842:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           843:     \item      WE USE ``\verb"<designator>-<qualifier>"'', WHERE
        !           844: 
        !           845:     \item      \verb"<designator>" DENOTES A LOCALE, AND
        !           846: 
        !           847:     \item      \verb"<qualifier>" DENOTES THE TYPE OF ENTITY
        !           848:     \end{nrtc}
        !           849: 
        !           850: \item  APPLICATION ENTITY TITLE: OPAQUE
        !           851:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           852:     \item      USE OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DIS ACSE)
        !           853:     \end{nrtc}
        !           854: 
        !           855: \item  PRESENTATION ADDRESS:
        !           856:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           857:     \item      1 OR MORE NETWORK ADDRESSES
        !           858:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           859:        \item   EACH ADDRESS IS TAGGED (TCP, X.25, OR NS)
        !           860: 
        !           861:        \item   BASED ON TAG, DIFFERENT INFORMATION IS PRESENT
        !           862:        \end{nrtc}
        !           863: 
        !           864:     \item      T-, S-, AND P-SELECTORS
        !           865:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           866:        \item   ARBITRARY OCTET STRINGS (0..64)
        !           867: 
        !           868:        \item   SUPPORT FOR GOSIP-STYLE IDENTIFIERS (PORT NUMBERS)
        !           869:        \end{nrtc}
        !           870:     \end{nrtc}
        !           871: \end{nrtc}
        !           872: \end{bwslide}
        !           873: 
        !           874: 
        !           875: \begin{bwslide}
        !           876: \ctitle        {DIRECTORY MAPPINGS}
        !           877: 
        !           878: \vskip.5in
        !           879: \diagram[p]{figure15}
        !           880: \end{bwslide}
        !           881: 
        !           882: 
        !           883: \begin{bwslide}
        !           884: \ctitle        {THE TRANSPORT SWITCH}
        !           885: 
        !           886: \begin{nrtc}
        !           887: \item  DECIDES WHICH TS-STACK TO USE FOR A CONNECTION
        !           888: 
        !           889: \item  FOR TP0:
        !           890:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           891:     \item      TCP (SOCKETS)
        !           892: 
        !           893:     \item      X.25 (SEVERAL INTERFACES, MOSTLY SOCKETS)
        !           894:     \end{nrtc}
        !           895: 
        !           896: \item  FOR TP4:
        !           897:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           898:     \item      TWG's PROPRIETARY WIN/ISO (TLI)
        !           899: 
        !           900:     \item      SunLink OSI (EVENT SOCKETS)
        !           901:     \end{nrtc}
        !           902: 
        !           903: \item  EXPERIENCE SHOWS IT IS FAIRLY EASY TO ADD A NEW TS-STACK TO THE SWITCH
        !           904: \end{nrtc}
        !           905: \end{bwslide}
        !           906: 
        !           907: 
        !           908: \begin{bwslide}
        !           909: \part* {WHERE IN USE}\bf
        !           910: 
        !           911: \begin{nrtc}
        !           912: \item  HARD TO TELL HOW MANY COPIES ARE IN USE (DUE TO AVAILABILITY VIA
        !           913:        ARPAnet FTP)
        !           914: 
        !           915: \item  AT LAST COUNT, ABOUT 350~DIFFERENT SITES USING ISODE
        !           916: 
        !           917: \item  IN ADDITION TO SITES IN THE US:
        !           918:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           919:     \item      WESTERN EUROPE
        !           920: 
        !           921:     \item      MIDDLE EAST (ISRAEL)
        !           922: 
        !           923:     \item      SOUTH PACIFIC (AUSTRALIA)
        !           924: 
        !           925:     \item      ASIA (SOUTH KOREA, JAPAN)
        !           926:     \end{nrtc}
        !           927: \end{nrtc}
        !           928: \end{bwslide}
        !           929: 
        !           930: 
        !           931: \begin{note}\em
        !           932: in fact, at one map/top meeting, it was noted that
        !           933: 
        !           934: \begin{quote}
        !           935: ``NORTHROP has shipped more OSI software than any OSI vendor''
        !           936: \end{quote}
        !           937: 
        !           938: by one of the leading OSI vendors!
        !           939: This was before the release of ISODE~3.0 in October, 1987.
        !           940: \end{note}
        !           941: 
        !           942: 
        !           943: \begin{bwslide}
        !           944: \ctitle        {PROJECTS}
        !           945: 
        !           946: \begin{nrtc}
        !           947: \item  THREE PILOT PROJECTS IN OSI INFRASTRUCTURE IN EUROPE
        !           948:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           949:     \item      A NATIONAL PROJECT IN THE UK
        !           950: 
        !           951:     \item      A NATIONAL PROJECT IN WEST GERMANY (DFN)
        !           952: 
        !           953:     \item      A PROJECT FOR RARE (THE EUROPEAN ACADEMIC COMMUNITY)
        !           954:     \end{nrtc}
        !           955: 
        !           956: \item  IN USE BY DIFFERENT CONFORMANCE TESTING ORGANIZATIONS
        !           957:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           958:     \item      THE CORPORATION FOR OPEN SYSTEMS IN THE US
        !           959: 
        !           960:     \item      THE NATIONAL COMPUTER CENTRE IN THE UK
        !           961:     \end{nrtc}
        !           962: 
        !           963: \item  ENDORSED BY THE NSF (DNCRI)
        !           964: \end{nrtc}
        !           965: \end{bwslide}
        !           966: 
        !           967: 
        !           968: \begin{bwslide}
        !           969: \part* {THE APPLICATIONS COOKBOOK}\bf
        !           970: 
        !           971: \begin{nrtc}
        !           972: \item  TOOLS TO FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS ARE CRITICAL
        !           973: 
        !           974: \item  IDEA IS TO DEVELOP TOOLS TO AUTOMATE USE OF OSI REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !           975:        SERVICE AS A GENERAL REMOTE PROCEDURE CALL FACILITY
        !           976: 
        !           977: \item  ECMA TR/31: REMOTE OPERATIONS -- CONCEPTS, NOTATION AND
        !           978:        CONNECTION-ORIENTED MAPPINGS (SECTIONS 1--4)
        !           979: \end{nrtc}
        !           980: \end{bwslide}
        !           981: 
        !           982: 
        !           983: \begin{bwslide}
        !           984: \ctitle        {REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE (ROS)}
        !           985: 
        !           986: \begin{nrtc}
        !           987: \item  STANDARDIZED MECHANISM FOR SPECIFYING TRANSACTIONS
        !           988: 
        !           989: \item  EMPLOYS POWER OF ASN.1
        !           990: 
        !           991: \item  USED IN MANY INTERESTING OSI APPLICATIONS
        !           992:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           993:     \item      MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS
        !           994: 
        !           995:     \item      DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !           996: 
        !           997:     \item      NETWORK MANAGEMENT
        !           998: 
        !           999:     \item      REMOTE DATABASE ACCESS
        !          1000:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1001: 
        !          1002: \item  CURRENTLY CONNECTION-ORIENTED, BUT CONNECTIONLESS-MODE IS UNDER STUDY
        !          1003: \end{nrtc}
        !          1004: \end{bwslide}
        !          1005: 
        !          1006: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1007: \ctitle        {GENERAL ORGANIZATION}
        !          1008: 
        !          1009: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1010: \item  AT COMPILE-TIME:
        !          1011:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1012:     \item      USE RO-SPECIFICATION TO GENERATE SUPPORT FACILITIES
        !          1013:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1014: 
        !          1015: \item  AT RUN-TIME:
        !          1016:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1017:     \item      USE DIRECTORY SERVICES TO LOCATE/REGISTER NETWORK SERVICES
        !          1018: 
        !          1019:     \item      USE ASSOCIATION CONTROL TO BIND/UNBIND APPLICATIONS
        !          1020: 
        !          1021:     \item      USE REMOTE OPERATIONS TO INVOKE TRANSACTIONS
        !          1022:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1023: \end{nrtc}
        !          1024: \end{bwslide}
        !          1025: 
        !          1026: 
        !          1027: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1028: \ctitle        {STATIC (COMPILE-TIME) ORGANIZATION}
        !          1029: 
        !          1030: \vskip.15in
        !          1031: \diagram[p]{figure11}
        !          1032: \end{bwslide}
        !          1033: 
        !          1034: 
        !          1035: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1036: \ctitle        {DYNAMIC (RUN-TIME) ORGANIZATION}
        !          1037: 
        !          1038: \vskip.15in
        !          1039: \diagram[p]{figure12}
        !          1040: \end{bwslide}
        !          1041: 
        !          1042: 
        !          1043: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1044: \ctitle        {CURRENT STATUS}
        !          1045: 
        !          1046: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1047: \item  STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACILITIES
        !          1048:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1049:     \item      ALL TOOLS/LIBRARIES ARE DEVELOPED AND MOST RECENT UPGRADES
        !          1050:                HAVE NEARLY COMPLETED BETA TESTING
        !          1051: 
        !          1052:     \item      ``REAL'' (DYNAMIC) DIRECTORY SERVICES IS CURRENTLY TOO
        !          1053:                IMMATURE (BUT NOT FOR LONG!)
        !          1054:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1055: 
        !          1056: \item  AN ``APPLICATIONS COOKBOOK'' WAS WRITTEN AS VOLUME~4 OF THE USER'S
        !          1057:        MANUAL
        !          1058: \end{nrtc}
        !          1059: \end{bwslide}
        !          1060: 
        !          1061: 
        !          1062: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1063: \part* {MHS/DS WORK\\ AT UCL/UNott}\bf
        !          1064: 
        !          1065: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1066: \item  SEVERAL OSI PROJECTS UNDERWAY IN THE COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS
        !          1067:        AT THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON AND THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM
        !          1068: 
        !          1069: \item  MAJOR EMPHASIS ON MESSAGE HANDLING AND DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !          1070: \end{nrtc}
        !          1071: \end{bwslide}
        !          1072: 
        !          1073: 
        !          1074: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1075: \ctitle        {MESSAGE HANDLING}
        !          1076: 
        !          1077: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1078: \item  UCL AND UNott ARE DEVELOPING AN X.400 TRANSPORT SYSTEM (PP)
        !          1079: 
        !          1080: \item  USE EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM NUMEROUS SOPHISTICATED TEXT-BASED MESSAGE
        !          1081:        TRANSFER SYSTEMS
        !          1082: 
        !          1083: \item  OWES MANY OF ITS DESIGN IDEAS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE MESSAGE
        !          1084:        SYSTEM, MMDF
        !          1085: 
        !          1086: \item  WILL UTILIZE DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !          1087: 
        !          1088: \item  WILL BE DISTRIBUTED WITH LATER VERSIONS OF ISODE
        !          1089: \end{nrtc}
        !          1090: \end{bwslide}
        !          1091: 
        !          1092: 
        !          1093: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1094: \ctitle        {INTERESTING FEATURES}
        !          1095: 
        !          1096: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1097: \item  SUPPORT FOR A WIDE RANGE OF ENCODED INFORMATION TYPES 
        !          1098:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1099:     \item      AND REFORMATTING BETWEEN THEM
        !          1100:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1101: 
        !          1102: \item  SUPPORT FOR DIFFERENT MESSAGE TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS
        !          1103:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1104:     \item      AND CONVERSION BETWEEN THEM
        !          1105:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1106:     e.g., INCLUDES RFC987 (X.400 TO 821/822)
        !          1107: 
        !          1108: \item  ROBUSTNESS FOR USE IN LARGE SCALE SERVICE ENVIRONMENTS
        !          1109: \end{nrtc}
        !          1110: \end{bwslide}
        !          1111: 
        !          1112: 
        !          1113: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1114: \ctitle        {MAJOR GOALS}
        !          1115: 
        !          1116: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1117: \item  FULL X.400(84/88) SUPPORT, EXCEPT FOR X.400(88) SECURITY SERVICES
        !          1118: 
        !          1119: \item  PROVIDES A ``CLEAN'' INTERFACE FOR MESSAGE SUBMISSION AND DELIVERY
        !          1120:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1121:     \item      TO SUPPORT A WIDE RANGE OF USER AGENTS,
        !          1122: 
        !          1123:     \item      AND APPLICATIONS OTHER THAN INTERPERSONAL MESSAGING
        !          1124:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1125: 
        !          1126: \item  QUEUE MANAGEMENT DONE VIA A ROS-BASED PROTOCOL
        !          1127:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1128:     \item      SOPHISTICATED SCHEDULING OF MESSAGE DELIVERY
        !          1129: 
        !          1130:     \item      LOCAL AND REMOTE MONITORING FOR MANAGERS AND USERS
        !          1131: 
        !          1132:     \item      ROBUSTNESS REQUIRED TO SUPPORT HIGH LEVELS OF TRAFFIC
        !          1133: 
        !          1134:     \item      SUPPORT FOR ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES ON SUBMISSION
        !          1135:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1136: 
        !          1137: \item  LIST EXPLODER AND LIST MANAGMENT    
        !          1138: \end{nrtc}
        !          1139: \end{bwslide}
        !          1140: 
        !          1141: 
        !          1142: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1143: \ctitle        {DIRECTORY SERVICES}
        !          1144: 
        !          1145: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1146: \item  TWO DIFFERENT DIRECTORY SERVICE PROJECTS ARE UNDERWAY
        !          1147:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1148:     \item      CURRENTLY INTERWORKING WITH OTHER PILOT IMPLEMENTATIONS
        !          1149:                IN ESPRIT
        !          1150:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1151: 
        !          1152: \item  ONE SYSTEM, IN SOME FORM, WILL BE DISTRIBUTED WITH LATER VERSIONS
        !          1153:        OF ISODE
        !          1154: \end{nrtc}
        !          1155: \end{bwslide}
        !          1156: 
        !          1157: 
        !          1158: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1159: \part  {FUTURE DIRECTIONS\\ FOR ISODE}\bf
        !          1160: 
        !          1161: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1162: \item  OSI-POSIX PROJECT
        !          1163: 
        !          1164: \item  HOST-INTERFACE ISSUES
        !          1165: \end{nrtc}
        !          1166: \end{bwslide}
        !          1167: 
        !          1168: 
        !          1169: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1170: \part* {OSI-POSIX PROJECT}\bf
        !          1171: 
        !          1172: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1173: \item  IF WE BELIEVE THAT:
        !          1174:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1175:     \item      OSI/ISO WILL EVENTUALLY DOMINATE COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, AND
        !          1176: 
        !          1177:     \item      THE U.S.~GOVERNMENT OSI PROFILE WILL BE THE INITIAL SET OF
        !          1178:                GUIDELINES FOR OSI PROCUREMENT
        !          1179:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1180: 
        !          1181: \item  WHAT CAN WE DO TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS?
        !          1182: 
        !          1183: \item  NOTE: AFTER THE ENTERPRISE EVENT, MAP/TOP MAY DROP FROM 
        !          1184:        MAINSTREAM OSI
        !          1185: \end{nrtc}
        !          1186: \end{bwslide}
        !          1187: 
        !          1188: 
        !          1189: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1190: \ctitle        {GOSIP}
        !          1191: 
        !          1192: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1193: \item  A (SOON-TO-BE) FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARD
        !          1194: 
        !          1195: \item  PROPOSED TO ENABLE USERS TO SPECIFY AND PROCURE
        !          1196:        \begin{nrtc}
        !          1197:        \item   INTEROPERABLE
        !          1198: 
        !          1199:        \item   MULTI-VENDOR
        !          1200: 
        !          1201:        \item   OFF-THE-SHELF
        !          1202:        \end{nrtc}
        !          1203:        COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS
        !          1204: 
        !          1205: \item  THE \dod/:
        !          1206:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1207:     \item      IS ADOPTING GOSIP AS A CO-STANDARD WITH TCP/IP
        !          1208: 
        !          1209:     \item      INTENDS (IN APPROX.~TWO YEARS) TO SPECIFY GOSIP AS THE 
        !          1210:                \underline{ONLY} STANDARD FOR NON-PROPRIETARY, INTEROPERABLE
        !          1211:                COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
        !          1212:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1213: \end{nrtc}
        !          1214: \end{bwslide}
        !          1215: 
        !          1216: 
        !          1217: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1218: \ctitle        {A DIGRESSION:\\ OPERATING SYSTEMS}
        !          1219: 
        !          1220: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1221: \item  LET US SUPPOSE THAT THE \unix/ FAMILY WILL DOMINATE OPERATING SYSTEMS
        !          1222:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1223:     \item      JUST SUPPOSE$\ldots$ (YOU DON'T HAVE TO AGREE!)
        !          1224:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1225: 
        !          1226: \item  THE EMERGING IEEE \unix/-BASED PORTABLE OPERATING SYSTEM
        !          1227:        STANDARD (POSIX) WILL PROBABLY BE THE BASELINE FOR THESE SYSTEMS
        !          1228: 
        !          1229: \item  A FIPS IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT TO BE THE INITIAL SET OF GUIDELINES FOR
        !          1230:        PROCUREMENT OF OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR USERS
        !          1231: \end{nrtc}
        !          1232: \end{bwslide}
        !          1233: 
        !          1234: 
        !          1235: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1236: \ctitle        {POSIX}
        !          1237: 
        !          1238: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1239: \item  CURRENTLY POSIX SPECIFIES ONLY THE \unix/ KERNEL INTERFACE
        !          1240:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1241:     \item      INFLUENCED MOSTLY BY AT\&T \unix/ (SVID) WITH SOME BERKELEY
        !          1242:                ENHANCEMENTS
        !          1243:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1244: 
        !          1245: \item  WORK IS UNDERWAY ON A SHELL AND TOOLS STANDARD
        !          1246: 
        !          1247: \item  A STANDARD INTERFACE FOR NETWORKING IS NOTABLY MISSING
        !          1248: \end{nrtc}
        !          1249: \end{bwslide}
        !          1250: 
        !          1251: 
        !          1252: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1253: \ctitle        {A MODEST OBSERVATION}
        !          1254: 
        !          1255: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1256: \item  TCP/IP BECAME WIDESPREAD AFTER IT WAS INCLUDED IN BERKELEY \unix/
        !          1257: 
        !          1258: \item  QUESTIONS:
        !          1259:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1260:     \item      CAN WE PUT A REFERENCE VERSION OF THE OSI PROTOCOLS INTO
        !          1261:                BERKELEY \unix/?
        !          1262: 
        !          1263:     \item      CAN WE MAKE BERKELEY \unix/ POSIX COMPLIANT?
        !          1264: 
        !          1265:     \item      CAN WE EXTEND POSIX TO DEFINE AN INTERFACE TO NETWORK SERVICES?
        !          1266: 
        !          1267:     \item      CAN WE MAKE THE WORK OPENLY AVAILABLE AND HAVE IT READY FOR
        !          1268:                4.4\bsd/~\unix/?
        !          1269:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1270: 
        !          1271: \item  ANSWER: YES
        !          1272: 
        !          1273: \item  THIS SHOULD RESULT IN ACCELERATING THE UBIQUITY OF OSI
        !          1274: \end{nrtc}
        !          1275: \end{bwslide}
        !          1276: 
        !          1277: 
        !          1278: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1279: \ctitle        {EXPLANATION}
        !          1280: 
        !          1281: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1282: \item  A LARGE NUMBER OF THE PIECES ARE ALREADY OPENLY AVAILABLE
        !          1283: 
        !          1284: \item  SO, THE WORK CONSISTS MAINLY OF:
        !          1285:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1286:     \item      FILLING IN THE GAPS
        !          1287: 
        !          1288:     \item      INTEGRATING THE COMPONENTS
        !          1289: 
        !          1290:     \item      TESTING THE SYSTEM\\ (INTEROPERABILITY AND CONFORMANCE)
        !          1291:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1292: 
        !          1293: \item  THIS MODEST AMOUNT OF WORK SHOULD RESULT IN ACCELERATING THE UBIQUITY
        !          1294:        OF OSI
        !          1295: \end{nrtc}
        !          1296: \end{bwslide}
        !          1297: 
        !          1298: 
        !          1299: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1300: \ctitle        {APPROACH:\\ OSI PROTOCOLS}
        !          1301: 
        !          1302: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1303: \item  AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OSI UPPER-LAYERS (ISODE) IS ALREADY AVAILABLE
        !          1304: 
        !          1305: \item  OTHER ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DEVELOPED OR PLAN TO DEVELOP:
        !          1306:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1307:     \item      THE LOWER LAYERS
        !          1308: 
        !          1309:     \item      SOME OSI APPLICATIONS
        !          1310:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1311: 
        !          1312: \item  MOST STANDARDS HAVE PROGRESSED FROM DRAFT (DIS) TO FINAL (IS) STATUS
        !          1313: \end{nrtc}
        !          1314: \end{bwslide}
        !          1315: 
        !          1316: 
        !          1317: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1318: \diagram[p]{figure13}
        !          1319: \end{bwslide}
        !          1320: 
        !          1321: 
        !          1322: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1323: \diagram[p]{figure14}
        !          1324: \end{bwslide}
        !          1325: 
        !          1326: 
        !          1327: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1328: \ctitle        {THE WORK PLAN}
        !          1329: 
        !          1330: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1331: \item  UPGRADE ISODE AND OTHER OSI APPLICATIONS TO FINAL (IS) STATUS
        !          1332: 
        !          1333: \item  INTEGRATE OTHER OSI APPLICATIONS INTO ISODE
        !          1334: 
        !          1335: \item  PERFORM INTEROPERABILITY TESTING ON OSInet
        !          1336: 
        !          1337: \item  PERFORM CONFORMANCE TESTING WITH COS
        !          1338: \end{nrtc}
        !          1339: \end{bwslide}
        !          1340: 
        !          1341: 
        !          1342: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1343: \ctitle        {APPROACH:\\ POSIX COMPLIANCE}
        !          1344: 
        !          1345: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1346: \item  MINOR WORK TO MODIFY THE BERKELEY \unix/ KERNEL TO SUPPORT THE POSIX
        !          1347:        STANDARD
        !          1348: 
        !          1349: \item  PERFORM CONFORMANCE TESTING WITH NBS
        !          1350: 
        !          1351: \item  ISODE AND OSI APPLICATIONS WILL BE CONVERTED TO USE THE POSIX
        !          1352:        INTERFACE AS APPLICABLE
        !          1353: \end{nrtc}
        !          1354: \end{bwslide}
        !          1355: 
        !          1356: 
        !          1357: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1358: \ctitle        {APPROACH:\\ POSIX NETWORK SERVICE}
        !          1359: 
        !          1360: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1361: \item  A /usr/group COMMITTEE WAS FORMED OVER A YEAR AGO
        !          1362: 
        !          1363: \item  U.C.~BERKELEY (AND FRIENDS) WILL EXAMINE THE OUTPUT OF THIS
        !          1364:        GROUP AND EITHER:
        !          1365:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1366:     \item      ADOPT THIS INTERFACE (IF ACCEPTED BY THE POSIX COMMITTEE), OR
        !          1367: 
        !          1368:     \item      SUBMIT A NEW DRAFT PROPOSAL TO THE POSIX COMMITTEE
        !          1369:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1370: \end{nrtc}
        !          1371: \end{bwslide}
        !          1372: 
        !          1373: 
        !          1374: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1375: \ctitle        {SCHEDULE}
        !          1376: 
        !          1377: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1378: \item  WOULD YOU BELIEVE 18~CALENDAR-MONTHS?
        !          1379: 
        !          1380: \item  ACTUALLY 120~MAN-MONTHS%
        !          1381:        \footnote{You may have read Brooks' {\em The Mythical Man-Month}.}
        !          1382: \end{nrtc}
        !          1383: \end{bwslide}
        !          1384: 
        !          1385: 
        !          1386: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1387: \part* {HOST-INTERFACE ISSUES}\bf
        !          1388: 
        !          1389: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1390: \item  WHICH IS BETTER SOCKETS OR TLI?
        !          1391: \end{nrtc}
        !          1392: \end{bwslide}
        !          1393: 
        !          1394: 
        !          1395: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1396: \ctitle        {BERKELEY SOCKETS}
        !          1397: 
        !          1398: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1399: \item  NOT REALLY A GOOD FIT FOR THE OSI TRANSPORT SERVICE
        !          1400:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1401:     \item      ADDRESSES TOO SMALL
        !          1402: 
        !          1403:     \item      NO MECHANISM TO PASS INITIAL USER DATA
        !          1404: 
        !          1405:     \item      NO MECHANISM FOR MARKING TSDU BOUNDARIES
        !          1406: 
        !          1407:     \item      NO WAY TO DISCONNECT WITHOUT FIRST ACCEPTING
        !          1408:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1409: 
        !          1410: \item  THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS
        !          1411: \end{nrtc}
        !          1412: \end{bwslide}
        !          1413: 
        !          1414: 
        !          1415: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1416: \ctitle        {APPROACH ONE:\\ MINOR SURGERY AND COMPROMISE}
        !          1417: 
        !          1418: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1419: \item  BUMP UP ADDRESS SIZE
        !          1420: 
        !          1421: \item  IGNORE INITIAL USER DATA (SESSION DOESN'T USE IT)
        !          1422: 
        !          1423: \item  ADD TWO NEW SYSCALLS FOR READ/WRITE OF (PARTIAL) TSDUs
        !          1424: 
        !          1425: \item  IGNORE DISCONNECT PROBLEM
        !          1426: \end{nrtc}
        !          1427: \end{bwslide}
        !          1428: 
        !          1429: 
        !          1430: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1431: \ctitle        {APPROACH TWO:\\ ADD A NEW SOCKET ABSTRACTION}
        !          1432: 
        !          1433: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1434: \item  FOR SunLink OSI, SMI ADDED ``EVENT'' SOCKETS
        !          1435: 
        !          1436: \item  AFTER THE INITIAL socket AND bind SYSCALLS, ALL FURTHER COMMUNICATIONS
        !          1437:        ARE DONE BY PASSING MESSAGES (SERVICE REQUESTS) USING SENDMSG/RECVMSG
        !          1438:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1439:     \item      ALL SYSCALL PARAMETERS USED AS BEFORE, EXCEPT
        !          1440: 
        !          1441:     \item      OLD ADDRESS PARAMETER IS A POINTER TO A SERVICE REQUEST BLOCK
        !          1442:                CONTAINING, e.g., QOS PARAMETERS
        !          1443:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1444: 
        !          1445: \item  THE ACCEPT SYSCALL SIMPLY RETURNS THE ADDRESS OF THE HOST REQUESTING
        !          1446:        A CONNECTION
        !          1447:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1448:     \item      USE RECVMSG TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE T-CONNECT.INDICATION
        !          1449: 
        !          1450:     \item      USE SENDMSG TO DO EITHER T-CONNECT.RESPONSE OR
        !          1451:                T-DISCONNECT.REQUEST
        !          1452:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1453: \end{nrtc}
        !          1454: \end{bwslide}
        !          1455: 
        !          1456: 
        !          1457: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1458: \ctitle        {SOME EXPERIENCE WITH EVENT SOCKETS}
        !          1459: 
        !          1460: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1461: \item  THE ISODE INTERFACE TO SunLink OSI IS THE ``REFERENCE'' MODULE
        !          1462:        FOR OTHER (FUTURE) TP4 INTERFACES FOR ISODE
        !          1463: 
        !          1464: \item  EVENT SOCKETS ARE GENERAL ENOUGH TO SUPPORT A KERNEL-LEVEL SESSION
        !          1465:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1466:     \item      SMI HAS DONE THIS, BUT ONLY WITH A MINIMAL SESSION
        !          1467: 
        !          1468:     \item      A REAL KERNEL-RESIDENT SESSION SHOULD SUPPORT ALL FUNCTIONAL
        !          1469:                UNITS
        !          1470:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1471: 
        !          1472: \item  HOWEVER, I WORRY ABOUT LOSING THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE TRANSPORT SWITCH
        !          1473:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1474:     \item      THIS IS AN OPEN QUESTION
        !          1475:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1476: \end{nrtc}
        !          1477: \end{bwslide}
        !          1478: 
        !          1479: 
        !          1480: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1481: \ctitle        {WHAT ABOUT TLI?}
        !          1482: 
        !          1483: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1484: \item  TLI WAS DESIGNED A FEW YEARS AFTER BERKELEY SOCKETS, AND WITH OSI
        !          1485:        SPECIFICALLY AS THE MODEL
        !          1486: 
        !          1487: \item  HENCE, TLI DOESN'T SUFFER FROM THE OSI-RELATED LIMITATIONS AFFLICTING
        !          1488:        BERKELEY SOCKETS
        !          1489: 
        !          1490: \item  WRITING THE TLI DRIVER FOR ISODE WAS A BIT TRICKY AS
        !          1491:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1492:     \item      TLI HAS ITS OWN SET OF PROBLEMS!
        !          1493:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1494: \end{nrtc}
        !          1495: \end{bwslide}
        !          1496: 
        !          1497: 
        !          1498: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1499: \ctitle        {PROBLEMS WITH TLI}
        !          1500: 
        !          1501: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1502: \item  NO WAY TO DETERMINE ADDRESSES ASSOCIATED WITH AN ENDPOINT
        !          1503:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1504:     \item      PERHAPS THIS IS JUST COSMETIC
        !          1505:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1506: 
        !          1507: \item  NO SCATTER/GATHER ARRAY SUPPORT
        !          1508:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1509:     \item      APPLICATIONS TAKE A \underline{BIG} PERFORMANCE HIT
        !          1510:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1511:     (REALLY A SVR3 CRITICISM)
        !          1512: 
        !          1513: \item  ALTHOUGH INCOMING CONNECTIONS CAN BE DISCONNECTED WITHOUT BEING
        !          1514:        ACCEPTED, THE WAY TLI HANDLES MULTIPLE INCOMING CONNECTIONS IS BROKEN!
        !          1515:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1516:     \item      DEPENDING ON HOW ONE DISPATCHES INCOMING CONNECTIONS,
        !          1517:                IT IS POSSIBLE FOR A CHILD PROCESS TO ``LOCK UP'' THE ENDPOINT
        !          1518:                USED BY THE PARENT FOR LISTENING
        !          1519:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1520: \end{nrtc}
        !          1521: \end{bwslide}
        !          1522: 
        !          1523: 
        !          1524: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1525: \part* {SUMMARY}\bf
        !          1526: 
        !          1527: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1528: \item  ISODE PROVIDES A RICH ENVIRONMENT FOR BUILDING OSI APPLICATIONS
        !          1529:        (AND STUDYING THE UPPER LAYERS OF OSI)
        !          1530: 
        !          1531: \item  ISODE IS THE FOUNDATION OF A PROJECT TO MAKE OSI UBIQUITOUS WHICH
        !          1532:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1533:     \item      USES 4.4\bsd/~\unix/ AS A PLATFORM, AND
        !          1534: 
        !          1535:     \item      OFFERS A COMPLETE REFERENCE IMPLEMENTATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
        !          1536:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1537: \end{nrtc}
        !          1538: \end{bwslide}
        !          1539: 
        !          1540: 
        !          1541: \end{document}

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