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Annotation of 43BSDReno/contrib/isode-beta/doc/isode2/isode2.tex, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: % -*- LaTeX -*-                (really SLiTeX)
        !             2: 
        !             3: \documentstyle[blackandwhite,landscape,oval,pagenumbers,small]{NRslides}
        !             4: 
        !             5: \font\xx=cmbx10
        !             6: \font\yy=cmbx7
        !             7: 
        !             8: \raggedright
        !             9: 
        !            10: \input trademark
        !            11: \let\tradeNAMfont=\relax
        !            12: \let\tradeORGfont=\relax
        !            13: 
        !            14: \begin{document}
        !            15: 
        !            16: \title {RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH OSI}
        !            17: \author        {Marshall T.~Rose\\ The Wollongong Group, Inc.}
        !            18: \date  {May 23, 1988}
        !            19: \maketitlepage
        !            20: 
        !            21: 
        !            22: \begin{bwslide}
        !            23: \part* {AGENDA}\bf
        !            24: 
        !            25: \begin{description}
        !            26: \item[PART I:]         OSI: MOTIVATION AND STATUS REPORT
        !            27: 
        !            28: \item[PART II:]                STRATEGIES FOR TRANSITION/COEXISTENCE 
        !            29: 
        !            30: \item[PART III:]       THE ISO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
        !            31: \end{description}
        !            32: \end{bwslide}
        !            33: 
        !            34: 
        !            35: \begin{bwslide}
        !            36: \part  {OSI: MOTIVATION AND STATUS REPORT}
        !            37: 
        !            38: \begin{nrtc}
        !            39: \item  THE STATUS QUO
        !            40: 
        !            41: \item  THE UPPER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE
        !            42: 
        !            43: \item  THE LOWER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE
        !            44: \end{nrtc}
        !            45: \end{bwslide}
        !            46: 
        !            47: 
        !            48: \begin{bwslide}
        !            49: \part* {THE STATUS QUO}\bf
        !            50: 
        !            51: \begin{nrtc}
        !            52: \item  OSI STANDARDS AND VENDOR AGREEMENTS ARE FINALLY REACHING STABLE STATUS
        !            53: 
        !            54: \item  THE GOSIP WILL PROVIDE THE INITIAL DEMAND FOR OSI IN THE U.S.
        !            55: 
        !            56: \item  HOWEVER, THE TECHNOLOGY STILL REQUIRES REFINEMENT AND TUNING
        !            57:     \begin{nrtc}
        !            58:     \item      CURRENT OSI OFFERINGS ARE REALLY CLOSER TO EXPERIMENTS THAN TO
        !            59:                PRODUCTS
        !            60: 
        !            61:     \item      MOST ARE ALSO SPECIFIC TO MAP/TOP
        !            62:     \end{nrtc}
        !            63: \end{nrtc}
        !            64: \end{bwslide}
        !            65: 
        !            66: 
        !            67: \begin{bwslide}
        !            68: \ctitle        {GOSIP}
        !            69: 
        !            70: \begin{nrtc}
        !            71: \item  A (SOON-TO-BE) FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARD
        !            72: 
        !            73: \item  PROPOSED TO ENABLE USERS TO SPECIFY AND PROCURE
        !            74:        \begin{nrtc}
        !            75:        \item   INTEROPERABLE
        !            76: 
        !            77:        \item   MULTI-VENDOR
        !            78: 
        !            79:        \item   OFF-THE-SHELF
        !            80:        \end{nrtc}
        !            81:        COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS
        !            82: 
        !            83: \item  THE \dod/:
        !            84:     \begin{nrtc}
        !            85:     \item      IS ADOPTING GOSIP AS A CO-STANDARD WITH TCP/IP
        !            86: 
        !            87:     \item      INTENDS (IN APPROX.~TWO YEARS) TO SPECIFY GOSIP AS THE 
        !            88:                \underline{ONLY} STANDARD FOR NON-PROPRIETARY, INTEROPERABLE
        !            89:                COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
        !            90:     \end{nrtc}
        !            91: \end{nrtc}
        !            92: \end{bwslide}
        !            93: 
        !            94: 
        !            95: \begin{bwslide}
        !            96: \ctitle        {NORTHROP RESEARCH AND\\ TECHNOLOGY CENTER:\\ JANUARY, 1986}
        !            97: 
        !            98: \begin{nrtc}
        !            99: \item  THE AUTOMATION SCIENCES LABORATORY WAS INTERESTED IN SOLVING CERTAIN
        !           100:        PROBLEMS IN THE FACTORY AUTOMATION AREA
        !           101: 
        !           102: \item  AN ``AFTER-HOURS'' PROJECT WAS STARTED TO LOOK INTO THE APPLICABILITY
        !           103:        OF MIXING OSI AND TCP/IP TECHNOLOGIES
        !           104: \end{nrtc}
        !           105: \end{bwslide}
        !           106: 
        !           107: 
        !           108: \begin{bwslide}
        !           109: \ctitle        {(OBLIGATORY SLIDE SHOWING)\\ THE 7--LAYER STACK}
        !           110: 
        !           111: \vskip.5in
        !           112: \diagram[p]{figure1}
        !           113: \end{bwslide}
        !           114: 
        !           115: 
        !           116: \begin{bwslide}
        !           117: \part* {THE UPPER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE}\bf
        !           118: 
        !           119: \begin{nrtc}
        !           120: \item  THE UPPER LAYERS OF OSI APPEARED TO BE A RICH PLAYGROUND
        !           121: 
        !           122: \item  WE WANTED TO SEE HOW USEFUL THE UPPER LAYERS REALLY WERE
        !           123: \end{nrtc}
        !           124: \end{bwslide}
        !           125: 
        !           126: 
        !           127: \begin{bwslide}
        !           128: \ctitle        {THE UPPER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE (cont.)}
        !           129: 
        !           130: \begin{nrtc}
        !           131: \item  BY ``UPPER-LAYER'' WE MEAN EVERYTHING ABOVE TRANSPORT:
        !           132:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           133:     \item      THE APPLICATION-SPECIFICS OF HOW THE NETWORK IS USED
        !           134:     \end{nrtc}
        !           135: 
        !           136: \item  UNLIKE OTHER ARCHITECTURES, THE SAME UPPER-LAYERS ARE USED
        !           137:        REGARDLESS OF THE APPLICATION
        !           138: 
        !           139: \item  WHAT DIFFERS IS THE ACTUAL FUNCTIONALITY USED BY THE APPLICATION
        !           140: \end{nrtc}
        !           141: \end{bwslide}
        !           142: 
        !           143: 
        !           144: \begin{bwslide}
        !           145: \ctitle        {THE UPPER-LAYER ARCHITECTURE (cont.)}
        !           146: 
        !           147: \vskip.15in
        !           148: \diagram[p]{figure2}
        !           149: \end{bwslide}
        !           150: 
        !           151: 
        !           152: \begin{bwslide}
        !           153: \ctitle        {THE OSI APPLICATION LAYER}
        !           154: 
        !           155: \begin{nrtc}
        !           156: \item  MANY STANDARD SERVICE ELEMENTS
        !           157:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           158:     \item      ASSOCIATION CONTROL
        !           159: 
        !           160:     \item      REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !           161: 
        !           162:     \item      RELIABLE TRANSFER
        !           163: 
        !           164:     \item      COMMITMENT, CONCURRENCY AND RECOVERY
        !           165: 
        !           166:     \item      DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !           167:     \end{nrtc}
        !           168: 
        !           169: \item  ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)
        !           170: \end{nrtc}
        !           171: \end{bwslide}
        !           172: 
        !           173: 
        !           174: \begin{bwslide}
        !           175: \ctitle        {APPLICATION USE OF UPPER-LAYER SERVICES}
        !           176: 
        !           177: \vskip.5in
        !           178: \diagram[p]{figure3}
        !           179: \end{bwslide}
        !           180: 
        !           181: 
        !           182: \begin{bwslide}
        !           183: \ctitle        {APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS}
        !           184: 
        !           185: \begin{nrtc}
        !           186: \item  A USEFUL MECHANISM FOR DIVIDING RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ``TOTAL''
        !           187:        APPLICATION PROTOCOL
        !           188: 
        !           189: \item  PROMOTES ``REUSE'' OF APPLICATION LAYER FACILITIES
        !           190: \end{nrtc}
        !           191: \end{bwslide}
        !           192: 
        !           193: 
        !           194: \begin{bwslide}
        !           195: \ctitle        {ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)}
        !           196: 
        !           197: \begin{nrtc}
        !           198: \item  UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE DATA WITH STRONG TYPING
        !           199: 
        !           200: \item  (TOO) RICH, EXTENSIBLE SYNTAX
        !           201: 
        !           202: \item  USEFUL FOR SPECIFICATION OF NEW PROTOCOLS
        !           203:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           204:     \item      ``CLEAR-TO-READ'' SPECIFICATIONS (ha!)
        !           205: 
        !           206:     \item      NOT TIED TO MACHINE-ORIENTED STRUCTURES AND RESTRICTIONS
        !           207:     \end{nrtc}
        !           208: 
        !           209: \item  REPRESENTATION CURRENTLY USED BY ALL OSI APPLICATIONS
        !           210: \end{nrtc}
        !           211: \end{bwslide}
        !           212: 
        !           213: 
        !           214: \begin{bwslide}
        !           215: \ctitle        {EXAMPLE:\\ FTAM USE OF LOWER-LAYER SERVICES}
        !           216: 
        !           217: \vskip.5in
        !           218: \diagram[p]{figure4}
        !           219: \end{bwslide}
        !           220: 
        !           221: 
        !           222: \begin{bwslide}
        !           223: \ctitle        {ONLY ONE LITTLE PROBLEM$\ldots$}
        !           224: 
        !           225: \begin{nrtc}
        !           226: \item  HOW TO RUN THE OSI UPPER-LAYERS IN A TCP/IP-BASED NETWORK?
        !           227: 
        !           228: \item  A SOLUTION IS OFFERED BY LAYERING
        !           229:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           230:     \item      THE OSI TRANSPORT \underline{SERVICE} IS VERY SIMPLE
        !           231: 
        !           232:     \item      CAN WE PROVIDE AN EMULATION OF THAT SERVICE USING TCP?
        !           233:     \end{nrtc}
        !           234: \end{nrtc}
        !           235: \end{bwslide}
        !           236: 
        !           237: 
        !           238: \begin{bwslide}
        !           239: \ctitle        {SERVICE EMULATOR AT TRANSPORT}
        !           240: 
        !           241: \vskip.5in
        !           242: \diagram[p]{figure5}
        !           243: \end{bwslide}
        !           244: 
        !           245: 
        !           246: \begin{bwslide}
        !           247: \ctitle        {THE OSI TRANSPORT SERVICE}
        !           248: 
        !           249: \begin{nrtc}
        !           250: \item  ALTHOUGH THE SERVICE IS VERY SIMPLE, THERE ARE ACTUALLY FIVE DIFFERENT
        !           251:        ISO PROTOCOLS WHICH CAN BE USED (TP0$\ldots$TP4)
        !           252: 
        !           253: \item  PROTOCOLS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES, BASED ON THE UNDERLYING
        !           254:        NETWORK SERVICE
        !           255:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           256:     \item      A CONNECTION-ORIENTED NETWORK SERVICE (CONS), e.g., X.25
        !           257: 
        !           258:     \item      A CONNECTIONLESS-MODE NETWORK SERVICE (CLNS), e.g., CLNP
        !           259:     \end{nrtc}
        !           260: \end{nrtc}
        !           261: \end{bwslide}
        !           262: 
        !           263: 
        !           264: \begin{bwslide}
        !           265: \ctitle        {OSI TRANSPORT SERVICES\\ ON TOP OF THE DoD TCP}
        !           266: 
        !           267: \begin{nrtc}
        !           268: \item  IDEA: TAKE THE SIMPLEST PROTOCOL (TP0) AND DEFINE A MAPPING ONTO
        !           269:        THE DoD TCP
        !           270: 
        !           271: \item{}        [RFC983], PUBLISHED IN APRIL OF 1986, WAS OUR FIRST ATTEMPT AT THIS
        !           272: 
        !           273: \item  TWO VERSIONS AND 13 MONTHS LATER, [RFC1006] GOT IT RIGHT, TELLING
        !           274:        ``HOW TO SPEAK TP0 OVER THE TCP''
        !           275: 
        !           276: \item  NOTE: THIS APPROACH IS NOT UNIQUE TO TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS!
        !           277: \end{nrtc}
        !           278: \end{bwslide}
        !           279: 
        !           280: 
        !           281: \begin{bwslide}
        !           282: \ctitle        {OSI TRANSPORT SERVICES\\ ON TOP OF THE DoD TCP (cont.)}
        !           283: 
        !           284: \vskip.25in
        !           285: \diagram[p]{figure6}
        !           286: \end{bwslide}
        !           287: 
        !           288: 
        !           289: \begin{bwslide}
        !           290: \part* {LOWER LAYER INFRASTRUCTURE}\bf
        !           291: 
        !           292: \begin{nrtc}
        !           293: \item  THE LOWER LAYERS ARE EVERYTHING AT TRANSPORT AND BELOW
        !           294: 
        !           295: \item  THE LOWER LAYERS ARE VERY SIMILAR TO OTHER ARCHITECTURES IN USE
        !           296:        TODAY, e.g., TCP/IP, XNS
        !           297: 
        !           298: \item  HOWEVER, DUE TO CULTURE CLASH, TWO DIFFERENT SCHEMES FOR END-TO-END
        !           299:        SERVICE ARE POSSIBLE
        !           300: 
        !           301: \item  ATTEMPTING TO ``HARMONIZE'' THESE APPROACHES LED TO ONE OF THE UGLIEST
        !           302:        STANDARDS (THE IONL) EVER WRITTEN!
        !           303: \end{nrtc}
        !           304: \end{bwslide}
        !           305: 
        !           306: 
        !           307: \begin{bwslide}
        !           308: \ctitle        {LOWER LAYER INFRASTRUCTURE}
        !           309: 
        !           310: \vskip.5in
        !           311: \diagram[p]{figure18}
        !           312: \end{bwslide}
        !           313: 
        !           314: 
        !           315: \begin{bwslide}
        !           316: \ctitle        {SOME TRANSPORT CONCERNS}
        !           317: 
        !           318: \begin{nrtc}
        !           319: \item  ONLY RECENTLY HAVE PERFORMANCE ISSUES IN TP4--LIKE PROTOCOLS BECOME
        !           320:        WELL UNDERSTOOD (e.g., SLOW START IN THE TCP)
        !           321: 
        !           322: \item  THE TP4 SPECIFICATION IS VERY NAIVE IN MANY OF THE ALGORITHMS THAT IT
        !           323:        USES
        !           324: 
        !           325: \item  THIS CAN LEAD TO SLUGGISH PERFORMANCE ON LANS (ALREADY OBSERVED)
        !           326:        AND CONGESTION COLLAPSE IN INTERNETS (WIDELY PREDICTED)
        !           327: 
        !           328: \item  SOLUTION: IMPLEMENT TCP-ISH ALGORITHMS IN TP4
        !           329: 
        !           330: \item  OTHER COMPLAINTS: CHECKSUM IS TOO SLOW TO DO IN SOFTWARE, BUT PROTOCOL
        !           331:        IS TOO COMPLICATED TO DO IN HARDWARE!
        !           332: \end{nrtc}
        !           333: \end{bwslide}
        !           334: 
        !           335: 
        !           336: \begin{bwslide}
        !           337: \part* {CONCLUSIONS}\bf
        !           338: 
        !           339: \begin{nrtc}
        !           340: \item  THE GOSIP IS PROVIDING THE INITIAL DEMAND FOR OSI IN THE U.S.
        !           341: 
        !           342: \item  ENOUGH AREAS HAVE BEEN STANDARDIZED TO DEPLOY EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS
        !           343: 
        !           344: \item  STILL NEED LOTS OF OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE BEFORE HIGH-QUALITY
        !           345:        PRODUCTS CAN BE BUILT
        !           346: \end{nrtc}
        !           347: \end{bwslide}
        !           348: 
        !           349: 
        !           350: \begin{bwslide}
        !           351: \part  {STRATEGIES FOR TRANSITION/COEXISTENCE}\bf
        !           352: 
        !           353: \begin{nrtc}
        !           354: \item  THERE ARE MANY TCP/IP NETWORKS TODAY; THERE WILL BE MORE TOMORROW
        !           355: 
        !           356: \item  BY THE TIME OSI BECOMES A WORTHWHILE OPERATIONAL ALTERNATIVE,
        !           357:        THERE WILL BE MANY MORE TCP/IP NETWORKS THAN THERE ARE TODAY!
        !           358: 
        !           359: \item  PROBLEM: HOW TO PROTECT INSTALLED BASE?
        !           360: 
        !           361: \item  PROBLEM: HOW TO TRANSITION GRACEFULLY?
        !           362: \end{nrtc}
        !           363: \end{bwslide}
        !           364: 
        !           365: 
        !           366: \begin{bwslide}
        !           367: \ctitle        {METRICS FOR COMPARISON}
        !           368: 
        !           369: \begin{nrtc}
        !           370: \item  CAN JUDGE A TRANSITION/COEXISTENCE SCHEME USING DIFFERENT
        !           371:        CRITERIA
        !           372: 
        !           373: \item  HERE ARE A FEW
        !           374:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           375:     \item      PERFORMANCE:
        !           376:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           377:        \item   THROUGHPUT
        !           378: 
        !           379:        \item   RESPONSE
        !           380:        \end{nrtc}
        !           381: 
        !           382:     \item      FLEXIBILITY:
        !           383:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           384:        \item   RANGE OF APPLICABILITY
        !           385:        \end{nrtc}
        !           386: 
        !           387:     \item      TRANSPARENCY:
        !           388:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           389:        \item   USAGE CONTINUITY
        !           390: 
        !           391:        \item   SEAMLESS USER INTERFACE
        !           392:        \end{nrtc}
        !           393: 
        !           394:     \item      PERVASIVENESS:
        !           395:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           396:        \item   MANAGEABILITY
        !           397:        \end{nrtc}
        !           398:     \end{nrtc}
        !           399: \end{nrtc}
        !           400: \end{bwslide}
        !           401: 
        !           402: 
        !           403: \begin{bwslide}
        !           404: \ctitle        {FOUR CANDIDATES}
        !           405: 
        !           406: \begin{nrtc}
        !           407: \item  PROTOCOL-BASED APPROACHES
        !           408:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           409:     \item      DUAL STACK
        !           410: 
        !           411:     \item      APPLICATION GATEWAYS
        !           412:     \end{nrtc}
        !           413: 
        !           414: \item  SERVICE-BASED APPROACHES
        !           415:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           416:     \item      TRANSPORT-SERVICE BRIDGES
        !           417: 
        !           418:     \item      NETWORK TUNNELS
        !           419:     \end{nrtc}
        !           420: \end{nrtc}
        !           421: \end{bwslide}
        !           422: 
        !           423: 
        !           424: \begin{bwslide}
        !           425: \part* {DUAL STACK}\bf
        !           426: 
        !           427: \begin{nrtc}
        !           428: \item  PUT BOTH PROTOCOL SUITES IN ALL HOSTS
        !           429: 
        !           430: \item  NICE WORK, IF YOU CAN GET IT
        !           431: \end{nrtc}
        !           432: \end{bwslide}
        !           433: 
        !           434: 
        !           435: \begin{bwslide}
        !           436: \ctitle        {DUAL STACK (cont.)}
        !           437: 
        !           438: \vskip.5in
        !           439: \diagram[p]{figure16}
        !           440: \end{bwslide}
        !           441: 
        !           442: 
        !           443: \begin{bwslide}
        !           444: \ctitle        {SCORECARD}
        !           445: 
        !           446: \begin{nrtc}
        !           447: \item  PERFORMANCE: NO DEGRADATION
        !           448: 
        !           449: \item  FLEXIBILITY: NOT REALLY; HAVE TO ADD EACH APPLICATION TO EACH HOST
        !           450: 
        !           451: \item  TRANSPARENCY:
        !           452:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           453:     \item      ASSUMING REMOTE SYSTEM SUPPORTS AT LEAST ONE OF THE PROTOCOL
        !           454:                STACKS, THEN HIGH TRANSPARENCY BY USING COMMON SERVICE
        !           455:                INTERFACE
        !           456:     \end{nrtc}
        !           457: 
        !           458: \item  PERVASIVENESS:
        !           459:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           460:     \item      BOTH END- AND INTERMEDIATE-SYSTEMS MUST RUN BOTH PROTOCOLS
        !           461: 
        !           462:     \item      INTRODUCES ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS AS THERE ARE NOW TWO
        !           463:                LOGICAL NETWORKS
        !           464:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           465:        \item   MANAGEMENT OF BOTH \underline{PLUS} CONTENTION BETWEEN THEM
        !           466:        \end{nrtc}
        !           467:     \end{nrtc}
        !           468: \end{nrtc}
        !           469: \end{bwslide}
        !           470: 
        !           471: 
        !           472: \begin{bwslide}
        !           473: \part* {APPLICATION GATEWAYS}\bf
        !           474: 
        !           475: \begin{nrtc}
        !           476: \item  A WELL-KNOWN, BUT LITTLE-UNDERSTOOD TECHNOLOGY
        !           477:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           478:     \item      USED IN MESSAGE HANDLING QUITE A BIT\\
        !           479:                (AND MOST ARE QUITE TERRIBLE) 
        !           480: 
        !           481:     \item      NOT REALLY USED OTHERWISE    
        !           482:     \end{nrtc}
        !           483: 
        !           484: \item  THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF A-GWY's:
        !           485:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           486:     \item      SAME APPLICATION PROTOCOL,\\
        !           487:                BUT DIFFERENT UNDERLYING LAYERS
        !           488: 
        !           489:     \item      DIFFERENT APPLICATION PROTOCOLS,\\
        !           490:                UNDERLYING LAYERS UNIMPORTANT
        !           491:     \end{nrtc}
        !           492: 
        !           493: \item  WE'LL CONSIDER ONLY THE LATTER TYPE
        !           494: \end{nrtc}
        !           495: \end{bwslide}
        !           496: 
        !           497: 
        !           498: \begin{bwslide}
        !           499: \ctitle        {APPLICATION GATEWAYS (cont.)}
        !           500: 
        !           501: \vskip.5in
        !           502: \diagram[p]{figure7}
        !           503: \end{bwslide}
        !           504: 
        !           505: 
        !           506: \begin{bwslide}
        !           507: \ctitle        {SCORECARD}
        !           508: 
        !           509: \begin{nrtc}
        !           510: \item  PERFORMANCE: USUALLY POOR, BUT ACCEPTABLE FOR STORE-AND-FORWARD
        !           511:        APPLICATIONS
        !           512:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           513:     \item      TYPICALLY ALSO INTRODUCES ADDITIONAL NETWORK TRAFFIC
        !           514:     \end{nrtc}
        !           515: 
        !           516: \item  FLEXIBILITY: NONE; EACH A-GWY IS A SPECIAL-PURPOSE SOFTWARE BOX
        !           517: 
        !           518: \item  TRANSPARENCY: 
        !           519:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           520:     \item      TO SERVICE: OFTEN LOSES SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONALITY
        !           521: 
        !           522:     \item      TO USERS: POSSIBLE, BUT NOT LIKELY (e.g., IN AN FTAM/FTP A-GWY,
        !           523:                USERS EMBED HOSTNAMES IN FILENAMES)
        !           524:     \end{nrtc}
        !           525: 
        !           526: \item  PERVASIVENESS:
        !           527:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           528:     \item      REQUIRES NO END-SYSTEM MODIFICATION
        !           529: 
        !           530:     \item      MAY INTRODUCE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
        !           531:     \end{nrtc}
        !           532: \end{nrtc}
        !           533: \end{bwslide}
        !           534: 
        !           535: 
        !           536: \begin{bwslide}
        !           537: \part* {A NEW APPROACH}\bf
        !           538: 
        !           539: \begin{nrtc}
        !           540: \item  PREDICTION: BY THE TIME OSI IS A WORTHWHILE ALTERNATIVE,
        !           541:        TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS WILL ALREADY OFFER A MIX OF SERVICES:
        !           542:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           543:     \item      SUCH AS FTAM AND MHS, IN ADDITION TO FTP AND SMTP
        !           544:     \end{nrtc}
        !           545: 
        !           546: \item  OBVIOUSLY, ONE METHOD OF DOING THIS IS TO USE THE [RFC1006] APPROACH
        !           547: \end{nrtc}
        !           548: \end{bwslide}
        !           549: 
        !           550: 
        !           551: \begin{bwslide}
        !           552: \ctitle        {OBSERVATION}
        !           553: 
        !           554: \begin{nrtc}
        !           555: \item  GIVEN THE ABOVE ASSUMPTION, IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT:
        !           556:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           557:     \item      THE TWO COMMUNITIES WILL BE USING THE SAME APPLICATIONS (OSI),
        !           558:                AND
        !           559: 
        !           560:     \item      ONLY THE UNDERLYING ``TS-STACK'' WILL DIFFER BETWEEN THE TWO:
        !           561:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           562:        \item   IN THE OSI COMMUNITY: TP4/CLNP/$\ldots$
        !           563: 
        !           564:        \item   IN THE TCP COMMUNITY: [RFC1006]/TCP/IP/$\ldots$
        !           565:        \end{nrtc}
        !           566:     \end{nrtc}
        !           567: 
        !           568: \item  THIS LEADS US TO POSTULATE AN INTERESTING COEXISTENCE
        !           569:        STRATEGY:
        !           570:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           571:     \item      LET'S RUN OSI APPLICATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COMMUNITIES
        !           572:     \end{nrtc}
        !           573: 
        !           574: \item  IN A SENSE, THIS IS A HYBRID OF THE TWO PREVIOUS APPROACHES,
        !           575:        INTENDED TO MINIMIZE THE DISADVANTAGES OF EACH
        !           576:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           577:        \item   SAME APPLICATION PROTOCOL,\\
        !           578:                BUT DIFFERENT UNDERYLING LAYERS
        !           579:     \end{nrtc}
        !           580: \end{nrtc}
        !           581: \end{bwslide}
        !           582: 
        !           583: 
        !           584: \begin{bwslide}
        !           585: \ctitle        {TRANSPORT-SERVICE BRIDGES}
        !           586: 
        !           587: \begin{nrtc}
        !           588: \item  INTRODUCE A TRANSPORT ENTITY CALLED THE ``TS-BRIDGE''
        !           589: 
        !           590: \item  THE TS-BRIDGE ``COPIES'' SERVICE PRIMITIVES FROM ONE COMMUNITY TO THE
        !           591:        OTHER, e.g.:
        !           592:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           593:     \item      UPON RECEIVING A T-CONNECT.INDICATION PRIMITIVE FROM ONE
        !           594:                TS-STACK,
        !           595: 
        !           596:     \item      IT ISSUES A T-CONNECT.REQUEST PRIMITIVE TO THE OTHER TS-STACK
        !           597:     \end{nrtc}
        !           598: 
        !           599: \item  POTENTIAL PROBLEMS:
        !           600:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           601:     \item      THE TS-BRIDGE MAINTAINS STATE AS TO THE EXISTING CONNECTIONS
        !           602: 
        !           603:     \item      TWO CHECKSUMS, AND NEITHER REALLY END-TO-END
        !           604:     \end{nrtc}
        !           605: \end{nrtc}
        !           606: \end{bwslide}
        !           607: 
        !           608: 
        !           609: \begin{bwslide}
        !           610: \ctitle        {TRANSPORT-SERVICE BRIDGES (cont.)}
        !           611: 
        !           612: \vskip.5in
        !           613: \diagram[p]{figure8}
        !           614: \end{bwslide}
        !           615: 
        !           616: 
        !           617: \begin{bwslide}
        !           618: \ctitle        {TRANSPARENT USE OF TS-BRIDGES}
        !           619: 
        !           620: \begin{nrtc}
        !           621: \item  BY JUDICIOUS USE OF DIRECTORY SERVICES, SELECTION OF THE
        !           622:        TS-BRIDGE CAN BE MADE TRANSPARENT ON BOTH ENDPOINTS
        !           623: 
        !           624: \item  CONSIDER A ``TYPICAL'' PRESENTATION ADDRESS:
        !           625: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           626: network address:&      CLNP 470005001700$\ldots$5301\\
        !           627: transport selector:&   1\\
        !           628: session selector:&     ``FTAM''\\
        !           629: presentation selector:&        null
        !           630: \end{tabular}\]
        !           631: 
        !           632: \item  A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ENTRY IS RETURNED FOR HOSTS IN THE
        !           633:        OPPOSITE COMMUNITY:
        !           634: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           635: network address:&      ts-bridge's network address\\
        !           636: transport selector:&   \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
        !           637:                        network address:&
        !           638:                                CLNP 47 $\ldots$\\
        !           639:                        transport selector:&     1
        !           640:                        \end{tabular}\\
        !           641: session selector:&     ``FTAM''\\
        !           642: presentation selector:&        null
        !           643: \end{tabular}\]
        !           644: \end{nrtc}
        !           645: \end{bwslide}
        !           646: 
        !           647: 
        !           648: \begin{bwslide}
        !           649: \ctitle        {ANOTHER PROBLEM SOLVED:\\ ISO CONS versus CLNS}
        !           650: 
        !           651: \begin{nrtc}
        !           652: \item  IN GENERAL, THE TS-BRIDGE SHOWS HOW TO PERFORM
        !           653:        ``IMPEDENCE MATCHING'' BETWEEN TWO PROTOCOLS WHICH OFFER THE
        !           654:        SAME SERVICE INTERFACE, e.g., OUR USE IS:
        !           655:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           656:     \item      PROTOCOLS: TP4/CLNP AND TP0/TCP
        !           657: 
        !           658:     \item      SERVICE: OSI TRANSPORT SERVICE
        !           659:     \end{nrtc}
        !           660: 
        !           661: \item  THIS IS SUSPICIOUSLY SIMILAR TO THE ISO TP4/CLNS vs. TP0/CONS PROBLEM:
        !           662:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           663:     \item      PROTOCOLS: TP4/CLNP AND TP0/X.25
        !           664: 
        !           665:     \item      SERVICE: OSI TRANSPORT SERVICE
        !           666:     \end{nrtc}
        !           667: 
        !           668: \item  THE TS-BRIDGE WILL ALSO WORK IN THIS ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT
        !           669:        MEANINGFUL LOSS OF GENERALITY:
        !           670:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           671:     \item      EXPEDITED DATA IS NEGOTIATED AWAY, AND
        !           672: 
        !           673:     \item      INITIAL USER DATA RESULTS IN DISCONNECT
        !           674:     \end{nrtc}
        !           675: \end{nrtc}
        !           676: \end{bwslide}
        !           677: 
        !           678: 
        !           679: \begin{bwslide}
        !           680: \ctitle        {AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TS-BRIDGE}
        !           681: 
        !           682: \begin{nrtc}
        !           683: \item  USING ISODE, WOLLONGONG HAS IMPLEMENTED A TS-BRIDGE
        !           684: 
        !           685: \item  AT UNIFORUM IN FEBRUARY, 1987, THE
        !           686:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           687:     \item      TP4/CLNP to TP0/TCP
        !           688:     \end{nrtc}
        !           689:     ``IMPEDENCE MATCHING'' WAS DEMONSTRATED
        !           690: 
        !           691: \item  CURRENTLY, ALL THREE TS-STACKS
        !           692:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           693:     \item      TP4/CLNP, TP0/X.25, TP0/TCP
        !           694:     \end{nrtc}
        !           695:     ARE BEING BRIDGED (ON A SINGLE HOST) AT WOLLONGONG
        !           696: \end{nrtc}
        !           697: \end{bwslide}
        !           698: 
        !           699: 
        !           700: \begin{bwslide}
        !           701: \ctitle        {SCORECARD}
        !           702: 
        !           703: \begin{nrtc}
        !           704: \item  PERFORMANCE: FAIR; WHEN TS-BRIDGE IS MADE INTO A KERNEL-RESIDENT
        !           705:        STREAMS MODULE IT SHOULD IMPROVE DRAMATICALLY
        !           706: 
        !           707: \item  FLEXIBILITY: HIGH; INDEPENDENT OF ANY APPLICATION
        !           708: 
        !           709: \item  TRANSPARENCY: TOTAL
        !           710: 
        !           711: \item  PERVASIVENESS:
        !           712:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           713:     \item      END-SYSTEMS MUST RUN ``NEW'' PROTOCOLS
        !           714: 
        !           715:     \item      MAY INTRODUCE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS (WHICH SHOULD BE SOLVED
        !           716:                DYNAMICALLY BY DIRECTORY SERVICES)
        !           717:     \end{nrtc}
        !           718: \end{nrtc}
        !           719: \end{bwslide}
        !           720: 
        !           721: 
        !           722: \begin{bwslide}
        !           723: \part* {NETWORK TUNNELS}\bf
        !           724: 
        !           725: \begin{nrtc}
        !           726: \item  IDEA: ENCAPSULATE CLNP INSIDE OF IP, TREATING IP AS SIMPLY A DATA LINK
        !           727:        PROTOCOL
        !           728: 
        !           729: \item  NS-TUNNEL PERFORMS AS A ROUTER, REMOVING ONE DATA LINK HEADER AND
        !           730:        ADDING ANOTHER
        !           731: 
        !           732: \item  REQUIRES COMMON HIGHER-LEVEL PROTOCOLS (TRANSPORT AND ABOVE) ON BOTH
        !           733:        END-SYSTEMS, BUT DOES NOT REQUIRE ALL INTERVENTING ROUTERS TO USE THE
        !           734:        SAME NETWORK PROTOCOL
        !           735: \end{nrtc}
        !           736: \end{bwslide}
        !           737: 
        !           738: 
        !           739: \begin{bwslide}
        !           740: \ctitle        {NETWORK TUNNELS (cont.)}
        !           741: 
        !           742: \vskip.5in
        !           743: \diagram[p]{figure17}
        !           744: \end{bwslide}
        !           745: 
        !           746: 
        !           747: \begin{bwslide}
        !           748: \ctitle        {INTERESTING FEATURES}
        !           749: 
        !           750: \begin{nrtc}
        !           751: \item  NO STATE MAINTAINED BY NS-TUNNEL
        !           752: 
        !           753: \item  A TRUE END-TO-END CHECKSUM
        !           754: 
        !           755: \item  THE TCP END-SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION CHOICES ARE SIMILAR TO NETBIOS OVER
        !           756:        TCP [RFC1001/1002]
        !           757: \end{nrtc}
        !           758: \end{bwslide}
        !           759: 
        !           760: 
        !           761: \begin{bwslide}
        !           762: \ctitle        {SCORECARD}
        !           763: 
        !           764: \begin{nrtc}
        !           765: \item  PERFORMANCE: NO WORSE THAN TYPICAL CLNP-ROUTER (AND PROBABLY A LOT
        !           766:        BETTER TOO!)
        !           767: 
        !           768: \item  FLEXIBILITY: HIGH (INDEPENDENT OF ANY APPLICATION)
        !           769: 
        !           770: \item  TRANSPARENCY: TOTAL
        !           771: 
        !           772: \item  PERVASIVENESS: SOME END-SYSTEMS MUST RUN BOTH TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS
        !           773: \end{nrtc}
        !           774: \end{bwslide}
        !           775: 
        !           776: 
        !           777: \begin{bwslide}
        !           778: \part* {CONCLUSIONS}\bf
        !           779: 
        !           780: \begin{nrtc}
        !           781: \item  TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS WILL OFFER OSI-STYLE SERVICES
        !           782: 
        !           783: \item  COEXISTENCE IN THE SHORT TERM:
        !           784:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           785:     \item      TS-BRIDGE MINIMIZES SOFTWARE INVESTMENT
        !           786:     \end{nrtc}
        !           787: 
        !           788: \item  COEXISTENCE IN THE LONG TERM:
        !           789:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           790:     \item      NS-TUNNEL MAXIMIZES PERFORMANCE
        !           791:     \end{nrtc}
        !           792: 
        !           793: \item  IF/WHEN THERE ARE NO MORE TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS, THEN THE
        !           794:        COEXISTANCE PERIOD IS OVER, AND TRANSITION IS A NON-ISSUE!
        !           795: \end{nrtc}
        !           796: \end{bwslide}
        !           797: 
        !           798: 
        !           799: \begin{bwslide}
        !           800: \part  {THE ISO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT}\bf
        !           801: 
        !           802: \begin{nrtc}
        !           803: \item  CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
        !           804: 
        !           805: \item  WHERE IN USE
        !           806: 
        !           807: \item  THE APPLICATIONS COOKBOOK
        !           808: 
        !           809: \item  THE OSI-POSIX PROJECT
        !           810: \end{nrtc}
        !           811: \end{bwslide}
        !           812: 
        !           813: 
        !           814: \begin{bwslide}
        !           815: \ctitle        {WHAT IS ISODE?}
        !           816: 
        !           817: \begin{nrtc}
        !           818: \item  THE ISO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
        !           819: 
        !           820: \item  AN OPENLY AVAILABLE IMPLEMENATION OF THE UPPER LAYERS OF OSI?
        !           821: 
        !           822: \item  A BASIS FOR THE TRANSITION TO OSI?
        !           823: 
        !           824: \item  AN EXERCISE IN MEGA-CODING?
        !           825: 
        !           826: \item  A PLAYGROUND FOR ``THE PIED-PIPER OF OSI''?
        !           827: \end{nrtc}
        !           828: \end{bwslide}
        !           829: 
        !           830: 
        !           831: \begin{bwslide}
        !           832: \part* {CURRENT DISTRIBUTION}\bf
        !           833: 
        !           834: \begin{nrtc}
        !           835: \item  STATUS: OPENLY AVAILABLE UNDER AN IMPLICIT ``HOLD HARMLESS'' CLAUSE
        !           836: 
        !           837: \item  CURRENT RELEASE: 3.0
        !           838:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           839:     \item      AVAILABLE OCTOBER 15, 1987
        !           840:     \end{nrtc}
        !           841: 
        !           842: \item  CURRENT DISTRIBUTION: 3.6(BETA)
        !           843:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           844:     \item      AVAILABLE APRIL 15, 1988
        !           845:     \end{nrtc}
        !           846: 
        !           847: \item  DISTRIBUTION EITHER VIA POSTAL MAIL OR ARPAnet FTP
        !           848:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           849:     \item      SOURCE: \~{}6MB
        !           850: 
        !           851:     \item      DOC: 4~VOLUME USER'S MANUAL (\~{}600~PAGES)
        !           852: 
        !           853:     \item      DISTRIBUTION SITES: US, UK, AND AU
        !           854: 
        !           855:     \item      PRICE: \~{}200~US DOLLARS
        !           856:     \end{nrtc}
        !           857: \end{nrtc}
        !           858: \end{bwslide}
        !           859: 
        !           860: 
        !           861: \begin{bwslide}
        !           862: \ctitle        {LANGUAGES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS}
        !           863: 
        !           864: \begin{nrtc}
        !           865: \item  CODED ENTIRELY IN C FOR \unix/
        !           866:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           867:     \item      REQUIRES NO KERNEL MODIFICATIONS    
        !           868:     \end{nrtc}
        !           869: 
        !           870: \item  KNOWN PORTS FOR BERKELEY \unix/ (4.2 and 4.3):
        !           871:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           872:     \item      VAXen, SUNs, Pyramids, RTs, etc.
        !           873:     \end{nrtc}
        !           874: 
        !           875: \item  KNOWN PORTS FOR AT\&T \unix/ (SVR2 and SVR3):
        !           876:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           877:     \item      SGI, 3Bs, 386s, RT (AIX)
        !           878:     \end{nrtc}
        !           879: 
        !           880: \item  MS-DOS (CURRENTLY CLIENT SIDE ONLY)
        !           881:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           882:     \item      PORT DONE BY HP IN THE UK
        !           883: 
        !           884:     \item      DON'T KNOW STATUS OF CODE
        !           885:     \end{nrtc}
        !           886: \end{nrtc}
        !           887: \end{bwslide}
        !           888: 
        !           889: 
        !           890: \begin{bwslide}
        !           891: \ctitle        {APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE}
        !           892: 
        !           893: \begin{nrtc}
        !           894: \item  A (NEARLY) COMPLETE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UPPER LAYERS
        !           895: 
        !           896: \item  CURRENTLY DIS LEVEL
        !           897:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           898:     \item      IN PROCESS OF BEING UPGRADED TO IS
        !           899:     \end{nrtc}
        !           900: 
        !           901: \item  ALIGNED WITH THE U.S.~GOSIP
        !           902: \end{nrtc}
        !           903: \end{bwslide}
        !           904: 
        !           905: 
        !           906: \begin{bwslide}
        !           907: \ctitle        {THE APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT}
        !           908: 
        !           909: \vskip.5in
        !           910: \diagram[p]{figure9}
        !           911: \end{bwslide}
        !           912: 
        !           913: 
        !           914: \begin{bwslide}
        !           915: \ctitle        {AN ALTERNATE ENVIRONMENT:\\ MHS ARCHITECTURE (c.~1984)}
        !           916: 
        !           917: \vskip.5in
        !           918: \diagram[p]{figure10}
        !           919: \end{bwslide}
        !           920: 
        !           921: 
        !           922: \begin{bwslide}
        !           923: \ctitle        {APPLICATIONS}
        !           924: 
        !           925: \begin{nrtc}
        !           926: \item  FILE TRANSFER, ACCESS AND MANAGEMENT (FTAM)
        !           927: 
        !           928: \item  ISODE MISCELLANY SERVICE
        !           929:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           930:     \item      e.g., FINGER, QUOTE-OF-THE-DAY, etc.
        !           931:     \end{nrtc}
        !           932: 
        !           933: \item  PLUS NUMEROUS ``DEMO'' PROGRAMS
        !           934:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           935:     \item      e.g., IMAGE SERVICE, PASSWORD LOOKUP, etc.
        !           936:     \end{nrtc}
        !           937: \end{nrtc}
        !           938: \end{bwslide}
        !           939: 
        !           940: 
        !           941: \begin{bwslide}
        !           942: \ctitle        {THE TRANSPORT SWITCH}
        !           943: 
        !           944: \begin{nrtc}
        !           945: \item  DECIDES WHICH TS-STACK TO USE FOR A CONNECTION
        !           946: 
        !           947: \item  FOR TP0:
        !           948:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           949:     \item      TCP (SOCKETS)
        !           950: 
        !           951:     \item      X.25 (SEVERAL INTERFACES, MOSTLY SOCKETS)
        !           952:     \end{nrtc}
        !           953: 
        !           954: \item  FOR TP4:
        !           955:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           956:     \item      TWG's PROPRIETARY WIN/ISO (TLI)
        !           957: 
        !           958:     \item      SunLink OSI (EVENT SOCKETS)
        !           959:     \end{nrtc}
        !           960: 
        !           961: \item  EXPERIENCE SHOWS IT IS FAIRLY EASY TO ADD A NEW TS-STACK TO THE SWITCH
        !           962: \end{nrtc}
        !           963: \end{bwslide}
        !           964: 
        !           965: 
        !           966: \begin{bwslide}
        !           967: \part* {WHERE IN USE}\bf
        !           968: 
        !           969: \begin{nrtc}
        !           970: \item  HARD TO TELL HOW MANY COPIES ARE IN USE (DUE TO AVAILABILITY VIA
        !           971:        ARPAnet FTP)
        !           972: 
        !           973: \item  AT LAST COUNT, ABOUT 350~DIFFERENT SITES USING ISODE
        !           974: 
        !           975: \item  IN ADDITION TO SITES IN NORTH AMERICA:
        !           976:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           977:     \item      WESTERN EUROPE
        !           978: 
        !           979:     \item      MIDDLE EAST (ISRAEL)
        !           980: 
        !           981:     \item      SOUTH PACIFIC (AUSTRALIA)
        !           982: 
        !           983:     \item      ASIA (SOUTH KOREA, JAPAN)
        !           984:     \end{nrtc}
        !           985: \end{nrtc}
        !           986: \end{bwslide}
        !           987: 
        !           988: 
        !           989: \begin{bwslide}
        !           990: \ctitle        {PROJECTS}
        !           991: 
        !           992: \begin{nrtc}
        !           993: \item  THREE PILOT PROJECTS IN OSI INFRASTRUCTURE IN EUROPE
        !           994:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           995:     \item      A NATIONAL PROJECT IN THE UK
        !           996: 
        !           997:     \item      A NATIONAL PROJECT IN WEST GERMANY (DFN)
        !           998: 
        !           999:     \item      A PROJECT FOR RARE (THE EUROPEAN ACADEMIC COMMUNITY)
        !          1000:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1001: 
        !          1002: \item  IN USE BY DIFFERENT CONFORMANCE TESTING ORGANIZATIONS
        !          1003:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1004:     \item      THE CORPORATION FOR OPEN SYSTEMS IN THE US
        !          1005: 
        !          1006:     \item      THE NATIONAL COMPUTER CENTRE IN THE UK
        !          1007:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1008: 
        !          1009: \item  ENDORSED BY THE NSF (DNCRI)
        !          1010: \end{nrtc}
        !          1011: \end{bwslide}
        !          1012: 
        !          1013: 
        !          1014: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1015: \part* {THE APPLICATIONS COOKBOOK}\bf
        !          1016: 
        !          1017: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1018: \item  TOOLS TO FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS ARE CRITICAL
        !          1019: 
        !          1020: \item  IDEA IS TO DEVELOP TOOLS TO AUTOMATE USE OF OSI REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !          1021:        SERVICE AS A GENERAL REMOTE PROCEDURE CALL FACILITY
        !          1022: 
        !          1023: \item  ECMA TR/31: REMOTE OPERATIONS -- CONCEPTS, NOTATION AND
        !          1024:        CONNECTION-ORIENTED MAPPINGS (SECTIONS 1--4)
        !          1025: \end{nrtc}
        !          1026: \end{bwslide}
        !          1027: 
        !          1028: 
        !          1029: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1030: \ctitle        {REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE (ROS)}
        !          1031: 
        !          1032: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1033: \item  STANDARDIZED MECHANISM FOR SPECIFYING TRANSACTIONS
        !          1034: 
        !          1035: \item  EMPLOYS POWER OF ASN.1
        !          1036: 
        !          1037: \item  USED IN MANY INTERESTING OSI APPLICATIONS
        !          1038:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1039:     \item      MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS
        !          1040: 
        !          1041:     \item      DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !          1042: 
        !          1043:     \item      NETWORK MANAGEMENT
        !          1044: 
        !          1045:     \item      REMOTE DATABASE ACCESS
        !          1046:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1047: 
        !          1048: \item  CURRENTLY CONNECTION-ORIENTED, BUT CONNECTIONLESS-MODE IS UNDER STUDY
        !          1049: \end{nrtc}
        !          1050: \end{bwslide}
        !          1051: 
        !          1052: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1053: \ctitle        {GENERAL ORGANIZATION}
        !          1054: 
        !          1055: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1056: \item  AT COMPILE-TIME:
        !          1057:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1058:     \item      USE RO-SPECIFICATION TO GENERATE SUPPORT FACILITIES
        !          1059:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1060: 
        !          1061: \item  AT RUN-TIME:
        !          1062:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1063:     \item      USE DIRECTORY SERVICES TO LOCATE/REGISTER NETWORK SERVICES
        !          1064: 
        !          1065:     \item      USE ASSOCIATION CONTROL TO BIND/UNBIND APPLICATIONS
        !          1066: 
        !          1067:     \item      USE REMOTE OPERATIONS TO INVOKE TRANSACTIONS
        !          1068:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1069: \end{nrtc}
        !          1070: \end{bwslide}
        !          1071: 
        !          1072: 
        !          1073: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1074: \ctitle        {STATIC (COMPILE-TIME) ORGANIZATION}
        !          1075: 
        !          1076: \vskip.15in
        !          1077: \diagram[p]{figure11}
        !          1078: \end{bwslide}
        !          1079: 
        !          1080: 
        !          1081: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1082: \ctitle        {DYNAMIC (RUN-TIME) ORGANIZATION}
        !          1083: 
        !          1084: \vskip.15in
        !          1085: \diagram[p]{figure12}
        !          1086: \end{bwslide}
        !          1087: 
        !          1088: 
        !          1089: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1090: \ctitle        {CURRENT STATUS}
        !          1091: 
        !          1092: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1093: \item  STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACILITIES
        !          1094:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1095:     \item      ALL TOOLS/LIBRARIES ARE DEVELOPED AND MOST RECENT UPGRADES
        !          1096:                HAVE NEARLY COMPLETED BETA TESTING
        !          1097: 
        !          1098:     \item      ``REAL'' (DYNAMIC) DIRECTORY SERVICES IS CURRENTLY TOO
        !          1099:                IMMATURE (BUT NOT FOR LONG!)
        !          1100:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1101: 
        !          1102: \item  AN ``APPLICATIONS COOKBOOK'' WAS WRITTEN AS VOLUME~4 OF THE USER'S
        !          1103:        MANUAL
        !          1104: \end{nrtc}
        !          1105: \end{bwslide}
        !          1106: 
        !          1107: 
        !          1108: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1109: \part* {OSI-POSIX PROJECT}\bf
        !          1110: 
        !          1111: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1112: \item  IF WE BELIEVE THAT:
        !          1113:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1114:     \item      OSI/ISO WILL EVENTUALLY DOMINATE COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, AND
        !          1115: 
        !          1116:     \item      THE U.S.~GOVERNMENT OSI PROFILE WILL BE THE INITIAL SET OF
        !          1117:                GUIDELINES FOR OSI PROCUREMENT
        !          1118:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1119: 
        !          1120: \item  WHAT CAN WE DO TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS?
        !          1121: 
        !          1122: \item  NOTE: AFTER THE ENTERPRISE EVENT, MAP/TOP MAY DROP FROM 
        !          1123:        MAINSTREAM OSI
        !          1124: \end{nrtc}
        !          1125: \end{bwslide}
        !          1126: 
        !          1127: 
        !          1128: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1129: \ctitle        {GOSIP (REFRESHER)}
        !          1130: 
        !          1131: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1132: \item  A (SOON-TO-BE) FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARD
        !          1133: 
        !          1134: \item  PROPOSED TO ENABLE USERS TO SPECIFY AND PROCURE
        !          1135:        \begin{nrtc}
        !          1136:        \item   INTEROPERABLE
        !          1137: 
        !          1138:        \item   MULTI-VENDOR
        !          1139: 
        !          1140:        \item   OFF-THE-SHELF
        !          1141:        \end{nrtc}
        !          1142:        COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS
        !          1143: 
        !          1144: \item  THE \dod/:
        !          1145:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1146:     \item      IS ADOPTING GOSIP AS A CO-STANDARD WITH TCP/IP
        !          1147: 
        !          1148:     \item      INTENDS (IN APPROX.~TWO YEARS) TO SPECIFY GOSIP AS THE 
        !          1149:                \underline{ONLY} STANDARD FOR NON-PROPRIETARY, INTEROPERABLE
        !          1150:                COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
        !          1151:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1152: \end{nrtc}
        !          1153: \end{bwslide}
        !          1154: 
        !          1155: 
        !          1156: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1157: \ctitle        {A DIGRESSION:\\ OPERATING SYSTEMS}
        !          1158: 
        !          1159: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1160: \item  LET US SUPPOSE THAT THE \unix/ FAMILY WILL DOMINATE OPERATING SYSTEMS
        !          1161: 
        !          1162: \item  THE EMERGING IEEE \unix/-BASED PORTABLE OPERATING SYSTEM
        !          1163:        STANDARD (POSIX) WILL PROBABLY BE THE BASELINE FOR THESE SYSTEMS
        !          1164: 
        !          1165: \item  A FIPS IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT TO BE THE INITIAL SET OF GUIDELINES FOR
        !          1166:        PROCUREMENT OF OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR USERS
        !          1167: \end{nrtc}
        !          1168: \end{bwslide}
        !          1169: 
        !          1170: 
        !          1171: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1172: \ctitle        {POSIX}
        !          1173: 
        !          1174: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1175: \item  CURRENTLY POSIX SPECIFIES ONLY THE \unix/ KERNEL INTERFACE
        !          1176:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1177:     \item      INFLUENCED MOSTLY BY AT\&T \unix/ (SVID) WITH SOME BERKELEY
        !          1178:                ENHANCEMENTS
        !          1179:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1180: 
        !          1181: \item  WORK IS UNDERWAY ON A SHELL AND TOOLS STANDARD
        !          1182: 
        !          1183: \item  A STANDARD INTERFACE FOR NETWORKING IS NOTABLY MISSING
        !          1184: \end{nrtc}
        !          1185: \end{bwslide}
        !          1186: 
        !          1187: 
        !          1188: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1189: \ctitle        {A MODEST OBSERVATION}
        !          1190: 
        !          1191: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1192: \item  TCP/IP BECAME WIDESPREAD AFTER IT WAS INCLUDED IN BERKELEY \unix/
        !          1193: 
        !          1194: \item  QUESTIONS:
        !          1195:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1196:     \item      CAN WE PUT A REFERENCE VERSION OF THE OSI PROTOCOLS INTO
        !          1197:                BERKELEY \unix/?
        !          1198: 
        !          1199:     \item      CAN WE MAKE BERKELEY \unix/ POSIX COMPLIANT?
        !          1200: 
        !          1201:     \item      CAN WE EXTEND POSIX TO DEFINE AN INTERFACE TO NETWORK SERVICES?
        !          1202: 
        !          1203:     \item      CAN WE MAKE THE WORK OPENLY AVAILABLE AND HAVE IT READY FOR
        !          1204:                4.4\bsd/~\unix/?
        !          1205:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1206: 
        !          1207: \item  ANSWER: YES
        !          1208: 
        !          1209: \item  THIS SHOULD RESULT IN ACCELERATING THE UBIQUITY OF OSI
        !          1210: \end{nrtc}
        !          1211: \end{bwslide}
        !          1212: 
        !          1213: 
        !          1214: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1215: \ctitle        {EXPLANATION}
        !          1216: 
        !          1217: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1218: \item  A LARGE NUMBER OF THE PIECES ARE ALREADY OPENLY AVAILABLE
        !          1219: 
        !          1220: \item  SO, THE WORK CONSISTS MAINLY OF:
        !          1221:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1222:     \item      FILLING IN THE GAPS
        !          1223: 
        !          1224:     \item      INTEGRATING THE COMPONENTS
        !          1225: 
        !          1226:     \item      TESTING THE SYSTEM\\ (INTEROPERABILITY AND CONFORMANCE)
        !          1227:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1228: 
        !          1229: \item  THIS MODEST AMOUNT OF WORK SHOULD RESULT IN ACCELERATING THE UBIQUITY
        !          1230:        OF OSI
        !          1231: \end{nrtc}
        !          1232: \end{bwslide}
        !          1233: 
        !          1234: 
        !          1235: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1236: \ctitle        {APPROACH:\\ OSI PROTOCOLS}
        !          1237: 
        !          1238: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1239: \item  AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OSI UPPER-LAYERS (ISODE) IS ALREADY AVAILABLE
        !          1240: 
        !          1241: \item  OTHER ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DEVELOPED OR PLAN TO DEVELOP:
        !          1242:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1243:     \item      THE LOWER LAYERS
        !          1244: 
        !          1245:     \item      SOME OSI APPLICATIONS
        !          1246:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1247: 
        !          1248: \item  MOST STANDARDS HAVE PROGRESSED FROM DRAFT (DIS) TO FINAL (IS) STATUS
        !          1249: \end{nrtc}
        !          1250: \end{bwslide}
        !          1251: 
        !          1252: 
        !          1253: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1254: \diagram[p]{figure13}
        !          1255: \end{bwslide}
        !          1256: 
        !          1257: 
        !          1258: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1259: \diagram[p]{figure14}
        !          1260: \end{bwslide}
        !          1261: 
        !          1262: 
        !          1263: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1264: \ctitle        {THE WORK PLAN}
        !          1265: 
        !          1266: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1267: \item  UPGRADE ISODE AND OTHER OSI APPLICATIONS TO FINAL (IS) STATUS
        !          1268: 
        !          1269: \item  INTEGRATE OTHER OSI APPLICATIONS INTO ISODE
        !          1270: 
        !          1271: \item  PERFORM INTEROPERABILITY TESTING ON OSInet
        !          1272: 
        !          1273: \item  PERFORM CONFORMANCE TESTING WITH COS
        !          1274: \end{nrtc}
        !          1275: \end{bwslide}
        !          1276: 
        !          1277: 
        !          1278: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1279: \ctitle        {APPROACH:\\ POSIX COMPLIANCE}
        !          1280: 
        !          1281: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1282: \item  MINOR WORK TO MODIFY THE BERKELEY \unix/ KERNEL TO SUPPORT THE POSIX
        !          1283:        STANDARD
        !          1284: 
        !          1285: \item  PERFORM CONFORMANCE TESTING WITH NBS
        !          1286: 
        !          1287: \item  ISODE AND OSI APPLICATIONS WILL BE CONVERTED TO USE THE POSIX
        !          1288:        INTERFACE AS APPLICABLE
        !          1289: \end{nrtc}
        !          1290: \end{bwslide}
        !          1291: 
        !          1292: 
        !          1293: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1294: \ctitle        {APPROACH:\\ POSIX NETWORK SERVICE}
        !          1295: 
        !          1296: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1297: \item  A /usr/group COMMITTEE WAS FORMED OVER A YEAR AGO
        !          1298: 
        !          1299: \item  U.C.~BERKELEY (AND FRIENDS) WILL EXAMINE THE OUTPUT OF THIS
        !          1300:        GROUP AND EITHER:
        !          1301:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1302:     \item      ADOPT THIS INTERFACE (IF ACCEPTED BY THE POSIX COMMITTEE), OR
        !          1303: 
        !          1304:     \item      SUBMIT A NEW DRAFT PROPOSAL TO THE POSIX COMMITTEE
        !          1305:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1306: \end{nrtc}
        !          1307: \end{bwslide}
        !          1308: 
        !          1309: 
        !          1310: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1311: \ctitle        {SCHEDULE}
        !          1312: 
        !          1313: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1314: \item  WOULD YOU BELIEVE 18~CALENDAR-MONTHS?
        !          1315: 
        !          1316: \item  ACTUALLY 120~MAN-MONTHS%
        !          1317:        \footnote{You may have read Brooks' {\em The Mythical Man-Month}.}
        !          1318: \end{nrtc}
        !          1319: \end{bwslide}
        !          1320: 
        !          1321: 
        !          1322: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1323: \part* {SUMMARY}\bf
        !          1324: 
        !          1325: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1326: \item  ISODE PROVIDES A RICH ENVIRONMENT FOR BUILDING OSI APPLICATIONS
        !          1327:        (AND STUDYING THE UPPER LAYERS OF OSI)
        !          1328: 
        !          1329: \item  ISODE IS THE FOUNDATION OF A PROJECT TO MAKE OSI UBIQUITOUS WHICH
        !          1330:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1331:     \item      USES 4.4\bsd/~\unix/ AS A PLATFORM, AND
        !          1332: 
        !          1333:     \item      OFFERS A COMPLETE REFERENCE IMPLEMENTATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
        !          1334:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1335: \end{nrtc}
        !          1336: \end{bwslide}
        !          1337: 
        !          1338: 
        !          1339: \end{document}

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