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1.1     ! root        1: \begin{bwslide}
        !             2: \part  {APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS}\bf
        !             3: \end{bwslide}
        !             4: 
        !             5: 
        !             6: \begin{bwslide}
        !             7: \ctitle {APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS}
        !             8: 
        !             9: \vskip.5in
        !            10: \diagram[p]{figureA-31}
        !            11: \end{bwslide}
        !            12: 
        !            13: 
        !            14: \begin{bwslide}
        !            15: \ctitle {APPLICATION LAYER}
        !            16: 
        !            17: \begin{nrtc}
        !            18: \item  APPLICATION ENTITIES (AEs) ARE COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
        !            19: \item  AEs ARE COMPOSED OF APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS (ASEs)
        !            20: \item  {\em APPLICATION CONTEXT} DEFINED BY HOW AEs INTERACT WITH:
        !            21:        \begin{nrtc}
        !            22:        \item   OTHER AEs
        !            23:        \item   SUPPORTING SERVICES
        !            24:        \end{nrtc}
        !            25: \item  {\em APPLICATION PROTOCOL = APPLICATION CONTEXT}
        !            26: \end{nrtc}
        !            27: \end{bwslide}
        !            28: 
        !            29: 
        !            30: \begin{bwslide}
        !            31: \ctitle {APPLICATION ENTITY COMPONENTS}
        !            32: 
        !            33: \begin{nrtc}
        !            34: \item  {\em COMMON} APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS
        !            35:        \begin{nrtc}
        !            36:        \item   ASSOCIATION CONTROL
        !            37:        \item   REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !            38:        \item   RELIABLE TRANSFER
        !            39:        \item   etc.
        !            40:        \end{nrtc}
        !            41: \item  {\em SPECIFIC} APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENT
        !            42:        \begin{nrtc}
        !            43:        \item   MESSAGE HANDLING (X.400)
        !            44:        \item   FILE TRANSFER, ACCESS AND MANAGEMENT (FTAM)
        !            45:        \item   etc.
        !            46:        \end{nrtc}
        !            47: \end{nrtc}
        !            48: \end{bwslide}
        !            49: 
        !            50: 
        !            51: \begin{bwslide}
        !            52: \ctitle {COMMON APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS}
        !            53: 
        !            54: \begin{nrtc}
        !            55: \item  MECHANISM FOR DIVIDING RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ``TOTAL'' APPLICATION
        !            56: \item  PROMOTES ``REUSE'' OF APPLICATION LAYER FACILITIES
        !            57: \end{nrtc}
        !            58: \end{bwslide}
        !            59: 
        !            60: 
        !            61: \begin{bwslide}
        !            62: \ctitle {ASSOCIATION CONTROL SERVICE ELEMENT (ACSE)}
        !            63: 
        !            64: \vskip.5in
        !            65: \diagram[p]{figureA-15}
        !            66: \end{bwslide}
        !            67: 
        !            68: 
        !            69: \begin{bwslide}
        !            70: \ctitle {ASSOCIATION CONTROL SERVICE ELEMENT}
        !            71: 
        !            72: \begin{nrtc}
        !            73: \item  PURPOSE
        !            74:        \begin{nrtc}
        !            75:        \item   PROVIDE A GENERIC INTERFACE TO CONNECTION ORIENTED APPLICATIONS
        !            76:        \item   ESTABLISH \& RELEASE APPLICATION LAYER CONNECTIONS
        !            77:        \item   PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH BINDING ONE APPLICATION ENTITY TO ANOTHER
        !            78:        \end{nrtc}
        !            79: \item  REALLY MORE THAN APPLICATION NAMING ADDED OVER THE PRESENTATION FUNCTIONALITY
        !            80: \end{nrtc}
        !            81: \end{bwslide}
        !            82: 
        !            83: 
        !            84: \begin{bwslide}
        !            85: \ctitle {ASSOCIATION CONTROL SERVICE ELEMENT}
        !            86: 
        !            87: \begin{nrtc}
        !            88: \item  AN ASSOCIATION IS A BINDING BETWEEN TWO ENTITIES, THE INITIATOR AND
        !            89:        THE RESPONDER
        !            90: \item  ASSOCIATIONS EXIST AT THE APPLICATION LAYER AND RELY ON AN 
        !            91:        UNDERLYING CONNECTION
        !            92: \item  ASSOCIATIONS MAY BE SYMMETRIC, i.e., THEY NEED NOT FOLLOW A CLIENT/SERVER
        !            93:        MODEL
        !            94: \item  RESPONDERS DON'T NEED TO BE ``DAEMONS'', i.e.,
        !            95:        \begin{nrtc}
        !            96:        \item   GENERIC NETWORK LISTENERS MAY START RESPONDER PROCESS FOR
        !            97:                NEW INCOMING CONNECTIONS
        !            98:        \end{nrtc}
        !            99: \end{nrtc}
        !           100: \end{bwslide}
        !           101: 
        !           102: 
        !           103: \begin{bwslide}
        !           104: \ctitle {ASSOCIATIONS}
        !           105: 
        !           106: \begin{nrtc}
        !           107: \item  BINDING OCCURS IN A TWO-STEP PROCESS
        !           108: \item  FIRST, THE INITIATOR ASKS THE DIRECTORY FOR ENTITIES AVAILABLE
        !           109:        FOR THE SERVICE(S) IT REQUIRES.
        !           110: \item  SECOND, BASED ON THE INITIATOR'S COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS (QUALITY
        !           111:        OF SERVICE) AN ASSOCIATION WILL BE BOUND TO ONE OF THE ENTITIES 
        !           112:        WHICH BECOMES THE RESPONDER.
        !           113: \end{nrtc}
        !           114: \end{bwslide}
        !           115: 
        !           116: 
        !           117: \begin{bwslide}
        !           118: \ctitle {ASSOCIATE ESTABLISHMENT}
        !           119: 
        !           120: \begin{nrtc}
        !           121: \item  NEGOTIATES PRESENTATION CONTEXTS FOR CONNECTION
        !           122:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           123:        \item   INITIATOR PROPOSES COMPLETE SET
        !           124:        \item   RESPONDER MAY ``APPROVE'':
        !           125:                \begin{nrtc}
        !           126:                \item   ENTIRE SET
        !           127:                \item   ONLY A SUBSET
        !           128:                \end{nrtc}
        !           129:        \item   INITIATOR MAY ABORT IF SUBSET IS NOT SATISFACTORY
        !           130:        \end{nrtc}
        !           131: \item  EXAMPLE:
        !           132:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           133:        \item   INITIATOR MAY WANT TO USE RELIABLE TRANSFER BUT 
        !           134:                RESPONDER DOES NOT HAVE IT AVAILABLE
        !           135:        \end{nrtc}
        !           136: \end{nrtc}
        !           137: \end{bwslide}
        !           138: 
        !           139: 
        !           140: \begin{bwslide}
        !           141: \ctitle {ASSOCIATION ESTABLISHMENT}
        !           142: 
        !           143: \vskip.5in
        !           144: \diagram[p]{figureA-34}
        !           145: \end{bwslide}
        !           146: 
        !           147: 
        !           148: \begin{bwslide}
        !           149: \ctitle {ASSOCIATION ESTABLISHMENT (cont.)}
        !           150: 
        !           151: \begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
        !           152: { context-list {
        !           153:      { identifier 1,
        !           154:           abstract-syntax "directory directoryAccessAS",
        !           155:           transfer-syntax-list {
        !           156:               "basic encoding of a single asn.1 type" } },
        !           157:      { identifier 3,
        !           158:           abstract-syntax "acse pci version 1",
        !           159:           transfer-syntax-list {
        !           160:               "basic encoding of a single asn.1 type" } } },
        !           161:   default-context {
        !           162:       abstract-syntax "directory directoryAccessAS",
        !           163:       transfer-syntax "basic encoding of a single asn.1 type" },
        !           164:       user-data { ... }
        !           165: }
        !           166: \end{verbatim}\end{quote}
        !           167: \end{bwslide}
        !           168: 
        !           169: 
        !           170: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           171: %\ctitle {ASSOCIATION CONTROL SERVICE ELEMENT \\ REFERENCES}
        !           172: %
        !           173: %\begin{description}
        !           174: %\item[ISO/IEC 8649:]  Service Definition for the Association Control Service Element
        !           175: %\item[ISO/IEC 8650:]  Protocol Specification for the Association Control Service Element
        !           176: %\end{description}
        !           177: %\end{bwslide}
        !           178: 
        !           179: 
        !           180: \begin{bwslide}
        !           181: \ctitle {RELIABLE TRANSFER SERVICE ELEMENT (RTSE)}
        !           182: 
        !           183: \vskip.5in
        !           184: \diagram[p]{figureA-18}
        !           185: \end{bwslide}
        !           186: 
        !           187: 
        !           188: \begin{bwslide}
        !           189: \ctitle {RELIABLE TRANSFER SERVICE ELEMENT}
        !           190: 
        !           191: \begin{nrtc}
        !           192: \item  PURPOSE
        !           193:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           194:        \item   RESPONSIBLE FOR BULK-MODE TRANSFERS
        !           195:        \item   HIDES THE COMPLEXITY OF THE SESSION AND PRESENTATION SERVICES
        !           196:                TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE TRANSFER FACILITY
        !           197:        \item   CAN BE USED, e.g., BY REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !           198:        \item   USES ASSOCIATION CONTROL
        !           199:        \end{nrtc}
        !           200: \end{nrtc}
        !           201: \end{bwslide}
        !           202: 
        !           203: 
        !           204: \begin{bwslide}
        !           205: \ctitle {RTSE PROVIDES}
        !           206: 
        !           207: \begin{nrtc}
        !           208: \item  SESSION ``LIKE'' SERVICES TO APPLICATION
        !           209: \item  ASSOCIATION ESTABLISHMENT \& RELEASE
        !           210: \item  DATA TRANSFER
        !           211:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           212:        \item   RECOVERY FOR TRANSFER FAILURES
        !           213:        \end{nrtc}
        !           214: \end{nrtc}
        !           215: \end{bwslide}
        !           216: 
        !           217: 
        !           218: \begin{bwslide}
        !           219: \ctitle {RTSE RELIABILITY}
        !           220: 
        !           221: \begin{nrtc}
        !           222: \item  TRANSFERS ARE CONFIRMED BY ACCEPTING \underline{RTSE}
        !           223: \item  ACCEPTING APPLICATION IS EXPECTED TO ``SECURE'' TRANSFERRED DATA
        !           224:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           225:        \item   THIS MAY BE PROBLEMATIC SINCE THE RTSE CONFIRMS THE TRANSFER INSTEAD
        !           226:                OF THE APPLICATION ENTITY
        !           227:        \end{nrtc}
        !           228: \end{nrtc}
        !           229: \end{bwslide}
        !           230: 
        !           231: 
        !           232: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           233: %\ctitle {USING PRESENTATION FUNCTIONALITY}
        !           234: %
        !           235: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           236: %\item PROBLEMS
        !           237: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           238: %      \item   RTSE IS DEALING WITH LARGE INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION DATA VALUES
        !           239: %      \item   PRESENTATION ONLY ALLOWS SYNCHRONIZATION BETWEEN DATA VALUES
        !           240: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           241: %\item RTSE SOLUTION
        !           242: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           243: %      \item   RTSE DOES SERIALIZATION
        !           244: %      \item   BREAKS STREAM INTO FRAGMENTS WITH A WRAPPER
        !           245: %      \item   PASSES FRAGMENTS TO PRESENTATION
        !           246: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           247: %\item SERIALIZATION SHOULD OCCUR IN PRESENTATION
        !           248: %\end{nrtc}
        !           249: %\end{bwslide}
        !           250: 
        !           251: 
        !           252: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           253: %\ctitle {RELIABLE TRANSFER SERVICE ELEMENT \\ REFERENCES}
        !           254: %
        !           255: %\begin{description}
        !           256: %\item[ISO/IEC 9066-1:]        Reliable Transfer:  Model, Notation and Service Definition
        !           257: %\item[ISO/IEC 9066-2:]        Reliable Transfer:  Protocol Specification
        !           258: %\end{description}
        !           259: %\end{bwslide}
        !           260: 
        !           261: 
        !           262: \begin{bwslide}
        !           263: \ctitle {DIRECTORY SERVICE ELEMENT (DSE)}
        !           264: 
        !           265: \vskip.5in
        !           266: \diagram[p]{figureA-35}
        !           267: \end{bwslide}
        !           268: 
        !           269: 
        !           270: \begin{bwslide}
        !           271: \ctitle {DIRECTORY SERVICE ELEMENT}
        !           272: 
        !           273: \begin{nrtc}
        !           274: \item  \underline{NOT} AN OFFICIAL OSI ASE!
        !           275: \item  PURPOSE
        !           276:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           277:        \item   PROVIDE A GENERAL PURPOSE FOR REALIZING APPLICATION 
        !           278:                NAMING \& ADDRESSING
        !           279:        \item   MAP AN INITIATORS SERVICE REQUIREMENTS ONTO ENTITIES 
        !           280:                AVAILABLE IN THE NETWORK
        !           281:        \item   ABSTRACT APPLICATION FROM ACTUAL DIRECTORY ACCESS METHOD
        !           282:        \end{nrtc}
        !           283: \end{nrtc}
        !           284: \end{bwslide}
        !           285: 
        !           286: 
        !           287: \begin{bwslide}
        !           288: \ctitle {APPLICATION NAMING}
        !           289: 
        !           290: \begin{nrtc}
        !           291: \item  APPLICATION PROCESSES (APs) RUN IN THE NETWORK
        !           292: \item  APPLICATION ENTITIES EXIST WITHIN AN APPLICATION PROCESS
        !           293: \item  APPLICATION ENTITIES ARE NAMED BY COMBINING AN AP--TITLE
        !           294:        AND AN AE-QUALIFIER TO DERIVE AN AE--TITLE
        !           295: \item  AE--TITLES ARE DIRECTORY ``DISTINGUISHED'' NAMES
        !           296: \end{nrtc}
        !           297: \end{bwslide}
        !           298: 
        !           299: 
        !           300: \begin{bwslide}
        !           301: \ctitle {DIRECTORY ``DISTINGUISHED'' NAMES}
        !           302: 
        !           303: \begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
        !           304: country                =    "United States"
        !           305: organization           =    "The Wollongong Group"
        !           306: organizationalUnit     =    "Software Engineering"
        !           307: commonName             =    "boomer"
        !           308: commonName             =    "imagestore"
        !           309: \end{verbatim}\end{quote}
        !           310: \end{bwslide}
        !           311: 
        !           312: 
        !           313: \begin{bwslide}
        !           314: \ctitle {NAME TO ADDRESS MAPPING}
        !           315: 
        !           316: \begin{nrtc}
        !           317: \item  THE DSE:
        !           318:        \begin{enumerate}
        !           319:        \item   GIVEN A DIRECTORY NAME
        !           320:        \item   READS PRESENTATION ADDRESS FROM DIRECTORY
        !           321:        \item   RETURNS THE ADDRESS TO THE APPLICATION (CONCEPTUALLY) 
        !           322:        \end{enumerate}
        !           323: \item  THE APPLICATION:
        !           324:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           325:        \item   PASSES THE ADDRESS TO ASSOCIATION CONTROL
        !           326:        \end{nrtc}
        !           327: \item  IN PRACTICE THE APPLICATION WILL PASS A NAME TO ACSE AND THEN
        !           328:        ASSOCIATION CONTROL WILL ACCESS THE DSE DIRECTLY
        !           329: \end{nrtc}
        !           330: \end{bwslide}
        !           331: 
        !           332: \begin{bwslide}
        !           333: \ctitle {PRESENTATION ADDRESS}
        !           334: 
        !           335: \begin{quote}\smaller\begin{verbatim}
        !           336: PSAPaddr ::=
        !           337:         SEQUENCE {
        !           338:             pSelector[0]
        !           339:                 OCTET STRING
        !           340:                 OPTIONAL,
        !           341: 
        !           342:             sSelector[1]
        !           343:                 OCTET STRING
        !           344:                 OPTIONAL,
        !           345: 
        !           346:             tSelector[2]
        !           347:                 OCTET STRING
        !           348:                 OPTIONAL,
        !           349: 
        !           350:             nAddress[3]
        !           351:                 SET OF
        !           352:                     OCTET STRING
        !           353:         }
        !           354: \end{verbatim}\end{quote}
        !           355: \end{bwslide}
        !           356: 
        !           357: 
        !           358: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           359: %\ctitle {APPLICATION ADDRESSING}
        !           360: %
        !           361: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           362: %\item ADDITIONAL APPLICATION ENTITY INFORMATION IS POSSIBLE:
        !           363: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           364: %      \item   APPLICATION PROCESS INVOCATION IDENTIFIER
        !           365: %      \item   APPLICATION ENTITY INVOCATION IDENTIFIER
        !           366: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           367: %\item INTENTED TO IDENTIFY ENTITIES OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
        !           368: %\item UNLIKELY TO BE USED FOR SOME TIME
        !           369: %\end{nrtc}
        !           370: %\end{bwslide}
        !           371: 
        !           372: 
        !           373: \begin{bwslide}
        !           374: \ctitle {``HIGHER--PERFORMANCE'' NAME SERVICE}
        !           375: 
        !           376: \begin{nrtc}
        !           377: \item  MOST APPLICATIONS REALLY NEED ONLY NAME TO ADDRESS MAPPING
        !           378: \item  A NEW ACCESS POINT IS ATTACHED TO THE DIRECTORY SERVERS
        !           379:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           380:        \item   SIMPLE, CONNECTIONLESS-MODE ACCESS PROTOCOL 
        !           381:        \item   SERVER USES DSP TO COMMUNICATE TO OTHER SERVERS
        !           382:        \end{nrtc}
        !           383: \item  THIS IS STRICTLY A LOCAL ISSUE
        !           384: \end{nrtc}
        !           385: \end{bwslide}
        !           386: 
        !           387: 
        !           388: \begin{bwslide}
        !           389: \ctitle {A FINAL WORD ON APPLICATION NAMING}
        !           390: 
        !           391: \begin{nrtc}
        !           392: \item  DIRECTORY DISTINGUISHED NAMES CAN BE \underline{VERY} LONG
        !           393:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           394:        \item   LENGTH OF NAMES WILL MAKE THEM PROHIBITIVE FOR USERS TO ENTER REGULARLY
        !           395:        \end{nrtc}
        !           396: \item  A LOCAL ALIASING MECHANISM IS NEEDED
        !           397:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           398:        \item   LOCAL DIRECTORY ``PREFIX'' IS ALMOST CERTAINLY PREDICTABLE
        !           399:        \item   OTHER PREFIXES WILL BE WELL KNOWN
        !           400:        \item   DSE PROVIDES AN ALIASING MECHANISM TO SIMPLIFY {\em LOCAL} NAMING
        !           401:        \end{nrtc}
        !           402: \end{nrtc}
        !           403: \end{bwslide}
        !           404: 
        !           405: 
        !           406: \begin{bwslide}
        !           407: \ctitle {FINAL WORD ON APPLICATION NAMING (cont.)}
        !           408: 
        !           409: \begin{quote}\smaller\begin{verbatim}
        !           410: boomer:   country                =    "United States"
        !           411:           organization           =    "The Wollongong Group"
        !           412:           organizationalUnit     =    "Software Engineering"
        !           413:           commonName             =    "boomer"
        !           414: \end{verbatim}\end{quote}
        !           415: \end{bwslide}
        !           416: 
        !           417: 
        !           418: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           419: %\ctitle {DIRECTORY SERVICES \\ REFERENCES}
        !           420: %
        !           421: %\begin{description}
        !           422: %\item[ISO/IEC 9594:]  The Directory (Parts 1-8)
        !           423: %                      \begin{description}
        !           424: %                      \item[Part 1:]  Overview of Concepts, Models and Services
        !           425: %                      \item[Part 2:]  Models                                  
        !           426: %                      \item[Part 3:]  Abstract Service Definition     
        !           427: %                      \item[Part 4:]  Procedures for Distributed Operation
        !           428: %                      \item[Part 5:]  Protocol Specifications         
        !           429: %                      \item[Part 6:]  Selected Attribute Types
        !           430: %                      \item[Part 7:]  Selected Object Classes
        !           431: %                      \item[Part 8:]  Authentication Framework
        !           432: %                      \end{description}
        !           433: %\end{description}
        !           434: %\end{bwslide}
        !           435: 
        !           436: 
        !           437: \begin{bwslide}
        !           438: \ctitle {REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE ELEMENT (ROSE)}
        !           439: 
        !           440: \vskip.5in
        !           441: \diagram[p]{figureA-16}
        !           442: \end{bwslide}
        !           443: 
        !           444: 
        !           445: \begin{bwslide}
        !           446: \ctitle {REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE ELEMENT}
        !           447: 
        !           448: \begin{nrtc}
        !           449: \item  PURPOSE
        !           450:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           451:        \item   BUILDING BLOCK FOR DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS
        !           452:        \item   REMOTE PROCEDURE CALL MECHANISM
        !           453:        \item   SPECIFY EXTERNAL BEHAVIOR OF PROCEDURE CALL TYPE INTERACTIONS
        !           454:        \item   MANAGE REQUEST/REPLY INTERACTIONS
        !           455:        \end{nrtc}
        !           456: \item   CURRENTLY ONLY CONNECTION-ORIENTED\\
        !           457:         (i.e., ONLY CO-ROS IS DEFINED)
        !           458: \end{nrtc}
        !           459: \end{bwslide}
        !           460: 
        !           461: 
        !           462: \begin{bwslide}
        !           463: \ctitle {REMOTE OPERATIONS}
        !           464: 
        !           465: \begin{nrtc}
        !           466: \item  INITIATOR
        !           467:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           468:        \item   REQUESTS CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
        !           469:        \end{nrtc}
        !           470: \item  RESPONDER
        !           471:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           472:        \item   RESPONDS TO CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
        !           473:        \end{nrtc}
        !           474: \item  INDEPENDENT OF WHO INVOKES \& RESPONDS TO OPERATIONS
        !           475: \end{nrtc}
        !           476: \end{bwslide}
        !           477: 
        !           478: 
        !           479: \begin{bwslide}
        !           480: \ctitle  {OPERATIONS}
        !           481: 
        !           482: \begin{nrtc}
        !           483: \item   IN ITS PRIMITIVE FORM,
        !           484:         AN \emph{OPERATION} IS A SIMPLE REQUEST/REPLY INTERACTION
        !           485: 
        !           486: \item   A \emph{INVOCATION} GENERATES ONE OF THREE OUTCOMES:
        !           487:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           488:     \item       A \emph{RESULT}, IF THE OPERATION SUCCEEDS;
        !           489: 
        !           490:     \item       AN \emph{ERROR}, IF THE OPERATION FAILED; or,
        !           491: 
        !           492:     \item       A \emph{REJECTION}, IF THE OPERATION WAS NOT PERFORMED
        !           493:     \end{nrtc}
        !           494: 
        !           495: \item   OPERATIONS ARE SAID TO BE \emph{TOTAL}, AS THE NORMAL OUTCOME (RESULT),
        !           496:         AND THE EXCEPTION OUTCOMES (THE ERRORS) ARE WELL-DEFINED AND
        !           497:         UNAMBIGUOUS
        !           498: \end{nrtc}
        !           499: \end{bwslide}
        !           500: 
        !           501: 
        !           502: \begin{bwslide}
        !           503: \ctitle {INVOCATIONS}
        !           504: 
        !           505: \begin{nrtc}
        !           506: \item   THE OPERATION IS \emph{INVOKED} WHEN IT IS REQUESTED
        !           507: 
        !           508: \item   AN INVOCATION CONSISTS OF:
        !           509:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           510:     \item       AN \emph{OPERATION NUMBER} IDENTIFYING THE OPERATION REQUESTED
        !           511: 
        !           512:     \item       AN ARBITRARILY COMPLEX \emph{ARGUMENT}
        !           513: 
        !           514:     \item       AN \emph{INVOCATION IDENTIFIER} DISTINGUISHING THIS INVOCATION
        !           515:                 FROM PREVIOUS INVOCATIONS
        !           516: 
        !           517:     \item       (POSSIBLY) A \emph{LINKED-INVOCATION IDENTIFIER}
        !           518:     \end{nrtc}
        !           519: \end{nrtc}
        !           520: \end{bwslide}
        !           521: 
        !           522: \begin{bwslide}
        !           523: \ctitle {RO-INVOKE}
        !           524: 
        !           525: 
        !           526: \begin{nrtc}
        !           527: \item   UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-INVOKE.REQUEST, RO-INVOKE.INDICATION
        !           528: 
        !           529: \item   PARAMETERS
        !           530: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           531:     OPERATION NUMBER&           integer\\
        !           532:     ARGUMENT&                   asn.1 type (APDU)\\
        !           533:     INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&      integer\\
        !           534:     LINKED-INVOCATION ID&       integer
        !           535: \end{tabular}\]
        !           536: 
        !           537: \item   ARGUMENT IS OPTIONAL IN NEW-STYLE ROS
        !           538: 
        !           539: \item   THE LINKED-INVOCATION IDENTIFIER IS NOT PRESENT IN OLD-STYLE ROS
        !           540: 
        !           541: \item   APDU IS THE USER-SUPPLIED DATA STRUCTURE, AN APPLICATION PROTOCOL DATA
        !           542:         UNIT
        !           543: \end{nrtc}
        !           544: \end{bwslide}
        !           545: 
        !           546: \begin{bwslide}
        !           547: \ctitle {INVOKE}
        !           548: 
        !           549: \vskip.5in
        !           550: \diagram[p]{figureA-43}
        !           551: \end{bwslide}
        !           552: 
        !           553: 
        !           554: \begin{bwslide}
        !           555: \ctitle {RO-RESULT}
        !           556: 
        !           557: \begin{nrtc}
        !           558: \item   UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-RESULT.REQUEST, RO-RESULT.INDICATION
        !           559: 
        !           560: \item   PARAMETERS
        !           561: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           562:     INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&      integer\\
        !           563:     RESULT&                     asn.1 type (APDU)
        !           564: \end{tabular}\]
        !           565: 
        !           566: \item   RESULT IS OPTIONAL IN NEW-STYLE ROS
        !           567: \end{nrtc}
        !           568: \end{bwslide}
        !           569: 
        !           570: \begin{bwslide}
        !           571: \ctitle {RESULT}
        !           572: 
        !           573: \vskip.5in
        !           574: \diagram[p]{figureA-44}
        !           575: \end{bwslide}
        !           576: 
        !           577: 
        !           578: \begin{bwslide}
        !           579: \ctitle {RO-ERROR}
        !           580: 
        !           581: \begin{nrtc}
        !           582: \item   UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-ERROR.REQUEST, RO-ERROR.INDICATION
        !           583: 
        !           584: \item   PARAMETERS
        !           585: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           586:     INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&      integer\\
        !           587:     ERROR NUMBER&               integer\\
        !           588:     PARAMETER (optional)&       asn.1 type (APDU)
        !           589: \end{tabular}\]
        !           590: \end{nrtc}
        !           591: \end{bwslide}
        !           592: 
        !           593: 
        !           594: \begin{bwslide}
        !           595: \ctitle {ERROR}
        !           596: 
        !           597: \vskip.5in
        !           598: \diagram[p]{figureA-45}
        !           599: \end{bwslide}
        !           600: 
        !           601: 
        !           602: \begin{bwslide}
        !           603: \ctitle {RO-U-REJECT}
        !           604: 
        !           605: \begin{nrtc}
        !           606: \item   UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-U-REJECT.REQUEST, RO-U-REJECT.INDICATION
        !           607: 
        !           608: \item   PARAMETERS
        !           609: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           610:     INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&      integer\\
        !           611:     REASON&                     integer
        !           612: \end{tabular}\]
        !           613: \end{nrtc}
        !           614: \end{bwslide}
        !           615: 
        !           616: 
        !           617: \begin{bwslide}
        !           618: \ctitle {USER REJECTION}
        !           619: 
        !           620: \vskip.5in
        !           621: \diagram[p]{figureA-46}
        !           622: \end{bwslide}
        !           623: 
        !           624: 
        !           625: \begin{bwslide}
        !           626: \ctitle {RO-P-REJECT}
        !           627: 
        !           628: \begin{nrtc}
        !           629: \item   PROVIDER-INITIATED SERVICE:\\ RO-P-REJECT.INDICATION
        !           630: 
        !           631: \item   PARAMETERS
        !           632: \[\begin{tabular}{ll}
        !           633:     INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&      integer\\
        !           634:     \ \ \ (optional)&           \\
        !           635:     REASON&                     integer\\
        !           636:     APDU (optional)&            asn.1 type\\
        !           637: \end{tabular}\]
        !           638: 
        !           639: \item   INVOCATION IDENTIFIER MAY NOT BE PRESENT IF:
        !           640:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           641:     \item       PROBLEM IS NOT RELATED TO A PARTICULAR INVOCATION, OR
        !           642: 
        !           643:     \item       THE INFORMATION IS UNAVAILABLE
        !           644:     \end{nrtc}
        !           645: 
        !           646: \item   IF THE LOCAL PROVIDER COULD NOT SEND AN INVOCATION (OR RESULT OR ERROR)
        !           647:         THEN APDU IS THE ASSOCIATED USER-SUPPLIED ARGUMENT
        !           648: \end{nrtc}
        !           649: \end{bwslide}
        !           650: 
        !           651: 
        !           652: \begin{bwslide}
        !           653: \ctitle {PROVIDER REJECTION}
        !           654: 
        !           655: \vskip.5in
        !           656: \diagram[p]{figureA-47}
        !           657: \end{bwslide}
        !           658: 
        !           659: 
        !           660: \begin{bwslide}
        !           661: \ctitle {REASONS FOR REJECTIONS}
        !           662: 
        !           663: \begin{nrtc}
        !           664: \item   FOUR CLASSES OF REJECTIONS
        !           665:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           666:     \item       GENERAL PROBLEMS
        !           667: 
        !           668:     \item       INVOKE PROBLEMS
        !           669: 
        !           670:     \item       RETURN RESULT PROBLEMS
        !           671: 
        !           672:     \item       RETURN ERROR PROBLEMS
        !           673:     \end{nrtc}
        !           674: \end{nrtc}
        !           675: \end{bwslide}
        !           676: 
        !           677: 
        !           678: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           679: %\ctitle {GENERAL PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROSE-PROVIDER}
        !           680: %
        !           681: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           682: %\item   UNRECOGNIZED APDU
        !           683: %
        !           684: %\item   MISTYPED APDU
        !           685: %
        !           686: %\item   BADLY STRUCTURED APDU
        !           687: %\end{nrtc}
        !           688: %\end{bwslide}
        !           689: 
        !           690: 
        !           691: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           692: %\ctitle {INVOKE PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROSE-USER}
        !           693: %
        !           694: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           695: %\item   DUPLICATE INVOCATION
        !           696: %
        !           697: %\item   UNRECOGNIZED OPERATION
        !           698: %
        !           699: %\item   MISTYPED ARGUMENT
        !           700: %
        !           701: %\item   RESOURCE LIMITATION
        !           702: %
        !           703: %\item   INITIATOR RELEASING
        !           704: %
        !           705: %\item   UNRECOGNIZED LINKED ID
        !           706: %
        !           707: %\item   LINKED RESPONSE UNEXPECTED
        !           708: %
        !           709: %\item   UNEXPECTED CHILD OPERATION
        !           710: %\end{nrtc}
        !           711: %\end{bwslide}
        !           712: 
        !           713: 
        !           714: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           715: %\ctitle {RETURN RESULT PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROSE-USER}
        !           716: %
        !           717: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           718: %\item   UNRECOGNIZED INVOCATION
        !           719: %
        !           720: %\item   RESULT RESPONSE UNEXPECTED
        !           721: %
        !           722: %\item   MISTYPED RESULT
        !           723: %\end{nrtc}
        !           724: %\end{bwslide}
        !           725: 
        !           726: 
        !           727: \begin{bwslide}
        !           728: \ctitle {ROSE --- LINKED INVOCATIONS}
        !           729: 
        !           730: \begin{nrtc}
        !           731: \item  INTRODUCED IN THE NEWER STANDARDS WORK
        !           732: \item  SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS A ``CALLBACK'' OR A
        !           733:        ``REMOTE UPCALL''
        !           734: \item  MECHANISM TO INITIATE RO-INVOKE REQUEST ON RESPONDING SYSTEM
        !           735: \item  USED BY NETWORK MANAGEMENT (CMISE)
        !           736: \end{nrtc}
        !           737: \end{bwslide}
        !           738: 
        !           739: 
        !           740: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           741: %\ctitle {LINKED INVOCATIONS --- EXAMPLE}
        !           742: %
        !           743: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           744: %\item CONSIDER AN OPERATION {\small Traverse}, WITH TWO ARGUMENTS:
        !           745: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           746: %      \item   THE NAME OF A REMOTE DIRECTORY IN A FILESYSTEM
        !           747: %      \item   THE NUMBER OF AN OPERATION TO INVOKE FOR EACH FILE
        !           748: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           749: %\item TO LIST A REMOTE DIRECTORY:
        !           750: %      \begin{quote}\small
        !           751: %      Traverse (``directory-name'', ListFile)
        !           752: %      \end{quote}
        !           753: %\item TO PRINT EACH FILE IN A REMOTE DIRECTORY:
        !           754: %      \begin{quote}\small
        !           755: %      Traverse (``directory-name'', PrintFile)
        !           756: %      \end{quote}
        !           757: %\end{nrtc}
        !           758: %\end{bwslide}
        !           759: 
        !           760: 
        !           761: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           762: %\ctitle {REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE ELEMENT}
        !           763: %
        !           764: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           765: %\item ASSOCIATION CLASSES
        !           766: %      \begin{descrition}
        !           767: %      \item[CLASS 1:] INTIATOR INVOKES OPERATIONS \& RESPONDER PERFORMS
        !           768: %      \item[CLASS 2:] RESPONDER INVOKES OPERATIONS, INITIATOR PERFORMS OPERATIONS
        !           769: %      \item[CLASS 3:] BOTH INITIATOR AND RESPONDER INVOKE \& PERFORM OPERATIONS
        !           770: %      \end{description}
        !           771: %      
        !           772: %\item AN INVOCATION GENERATES ONE OF 3 OUTCOMES
        !           773: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           774: %      \item   RESULT, IF THE OPERATION SUCCEEDS
        !           775: %      \item   ERROR, IF THE OPERATION FAILED
        !           776: %      \item   REJECTION, IF THE OPERATION WAS NOT PERFORMED
        !           777: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           778: %\end{nrtc}
        !           779: %\end{bwslide}
        !           780: 
        !           781: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           782: %\ctitle {RESULTS}
        !           783: %
        !           784: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           785: %\item   IF THE OPERATION SUCCEEDS, THEN A RESULT IS RETURNED
        !           786: %
        !           787: %\item   A RESULT CONSISTS OF:
        !           788: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           789: %    \item       AN INVOCATION IDENTIFIER CORRESPONDING TO THE OPERATION WHICH
        !           790: %                SUCCEEDED
        !           791: %
        !           792: %    \item       (POSSIBLY) AN ARBITRARILY COMPLEX \emph{RESULT}
        !           793: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           794: %\end{nrtc}
        !           795: %\end{bwslide}
        !           796: 
        !           797: 
        !           798: %\begin{note}\em
        !           799: %actually, on success a result \emph{may optionally} be returned as some
        !           800: %operations are defined to not return any result
        !           801: %
        !           802: %this violates the totality principle, a solution is discussed later on
        !           803: %\end{note}
        !           804: 
        !           805: 
        !           806: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           807: %\ctitle {ERRORS}
        !           808: %
        !           809: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           810: %\item   IF THE OPERATION FAILS, THEN AN ERROR IS RETURNED
        !           811: %
        !           812: %\item   AN ERROR CONSISTS OF:
        !           813: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           814: %    \item       AN INVOCATION IDENTIFIER CORRESPONDING TO THE OPERATION WHICH
        !           815: %                FAILED
        !           816: %
        !           817: %    \item       AN \emph{ERROR NUMBER} IDENTIFYING THE ERROR ENCOUNTERED
        !           818: %
        !           819: %    \item       (POSSIBLY) AN ARBITRARILY COMPLEX \emph{PARAMETER}
        !           820: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           821: %
        !           822: %\item   NOTE THAT ERRORS DO NOT NECESSARILY INDICATE BAD BEHAVIOR!
        !           823: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           824: %    \item       THEY CAN OCCUR AS A PART OF CORRECT AND NORMAL OPERATIONS
        !           825: %
        !           826: %        \item   HENCE, THINK OF THEM AS EXCEPTIONS
        !           827: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           828: %\end{nrtc}
        !           829: %\end{bwslide}
        !           830: 
        !           831: 
        !           832: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           833: %\ctitle {REJECTIONS}
        !           834: %
        !           835: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           836: %\item   IF THE OPERATION CAN NOT BE PERFORMED, THEN A REJECTION IS RETURNED
        !           837: %
        !           838: %\item   A REJECTION CONSISTS OF:
        !           839: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           840: %    \item       AN INVOCATION IDENTIFIER CORRESPONDING TO THE OPERATION WHICH
        !           841: %                WAS REJECTED
        !           842: %
        !           843: %    \item       A \emph{REASON} EXPLAINING WHY THE OPERATION WAS REJECTED
        !           844: %        \begin{nrtc}
        !           845: %        \item   e.g., MISTYPED PARAMETERS
        !           846: %        \end{nrtc}
        !           847: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           848: %
        !           849: %\item   SOME REJECTIONS ARE USER-INITIATED, OTHERS ARE PROVIDER-INITIATED
        !           850: %\end{nrtc}
        !           851: %\end{bwslide}
        !           852: 
        !           853: 
        !           854: \begin{bwslide}
        !           855: \ctitle {INVOKING OPERATIONS}
        !           856: 
        !           857: \begin{nrtc}
        !           858: \item  OPERATIONS MAY BE INVOKED BY EITHER THE ASSOCIATION INITIATOR OR RESPONDER
        !           859:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           860:        \item   THIS IS REGULATED BY THE ASSOCIATION CLASS
        !           861:        \end{nrtc}
        !           862: \end{nrtc}
        !           863: \end{bwslide}
        !           864: 
        !           865: 
        !           866: \begin{bwslide}
        !           867: \ctitle {DESIGN GUIDELINES}
        !           868: 
        !           869: \begin{nrtc}
        !           870: \item   THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS WILL VARY WIDELY BETWEEN APPLICATIONS
        !           871: 
        !           872: \item   HOWEVER, THERE ARE TWO ISSUES OF UNIVERSAL INTEREST TO BE CONSIDERED
        !           873: \end{nrtc}
        !           874: \end{bwslide}
        !           875: 
        !           876: 
        !           877: \begin{bwslide}
        !           878: \ctitle {RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS}
        !           879: 
        !           880: \begin{nrtc}
        !           881: \item   UNCERTAINTY DURING EXECUTION OF OPERATIONS IS ALWAYS PRESENT
        !           882: 
        !           883: \item   THIS IS PARTICULARLY TROUBLESOME IF THE NETWORK ``BREAKS''
        !           884:         AFTER A REQUEST IS RECEIVED BY THE RESPONDER BUT BEFORE
        !           885:         THE INITIATOR RECEIVES THE REPLY
        !           886: 
        !           887: \item   ONE SCHEME OF CLASSIFYING THE RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF AN OPERATION
        !           888:         IS:
        !           889:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           890:     \item       EXACTLY ONCE
        !           891: 
        !           892:     \item       AT LEAST ONCE (IDEMPOTENT)
        !           893: 
        !           894:     \item       AT MOST ONCE
        !           895:     \end{nrtc}
        !           896: 
        !           897: \item   IMPLEMENTING THESE SEMANTICS IS POSSIBLE USING THE INVOCATION
        !           898:         IDENTIFIER
        !           899:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           900:     \item       BUT IS THE RESPONSBILITY OF THE USER OF REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !           901:     \end{nrtc}
        !           902: \end{nrtc}
        !           903: \end{bwslide}
        !           904: 
        !           905: 
        !           906: %\begin{note}\em
        !           907: %note that ``initiator'' here doesn't necessarily mean the entity which
        !           908: %initiated the association
        !           909: %
        !           910: %i.e., an entity can start an association, and then it's peer could possibly
        !           911: %initiate all of the operations
        !           912: %\end{note}
        !           913: 
        !           914: 
        !           915: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           916: %\ctitle {RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTIC:\\ EXACTLY ONCE}
        !           917: %
        !           918: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           919: %\item   RESPONDER
        !           920: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           921: %    \item       KEEPS TRACK OF THE INVOCATION IDENTIFIERS OF ALL PERFORMED
        !           922: %                OPERATIONS
        !           923: %
        !           924: %    \item       WHEN PROCESSING AN INVOCATION, IF AN INVOCATION IDENTIFIER IS
        !           925: %                REPEATED, REJECT THE OPERATION
        !           926: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           927: %
        !           928: %\item   INITIATOR
        !           929: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           930: %    \item       REPEATEDLY INVOKES THE OPERATION USING THE SAME INVOCATION
        !           931: %                IDENTIFIER UNTIL EITHER
        !           932: %
        !           933: %    \item       A CONFIRMATION (RESULT OR ERROR) IS RECEIVED, OR
        !           934: %
        !           935: %    \item       A REJECTION (DUPLICATE OPERATION) IS RECEIVED
        !           936: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           937: %
        !           938: %%\item   A ROS BUG: REJECTION DOES NOT INCLUDE THE VALUE OF THE PREVIOUS RESULT!
        !           939: %\end{nrtc}
        !           940: %\end{bwslide}
        !           941: 
        !           942: 
        !           943: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           944: %\ctitle {RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTIC:\\ AT LEAST ONCE}
        !           945: %
        !           946: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           947: %\item   RESPONDER
        !           948: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           949: %    \item       KEEPS NO INFORMATION REGARDING PREVIOUSLY PERFORMED OPERATIONS
        !           950: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           951: %
        !           952: %\item   INITIATOR
        !           953: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           954: %    \item       REPEATEDLY INVOKES THE OPERATION (WITH ANY INVOCATION
        !           955: %                IDENTIFIER) UNTIL
        !           956: %
        !           957: %    \item       A CONFIRMATION (RESULT OR ERROR) IS RECEIVED
        !           958: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           959: %\end{nrtc}
        !           960: %\end{bwslide}
        !           961: 
        !           962: 
        !           963: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           964: %\ctitle {RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTIC:\\ AT MOST ONCE}
        !           965: %
        !           966: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           967: %\item   RESPONDER
        !           968: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           969: %    \item       KEEPS NO INFORMATION REGARDING PREVIOUSLY PERFORMED OPERATIONS
        !           970: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           971: %
        !           972: %\item   INITIATOR
        !           973: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           974: %    \item       INVOKES THE OPERATION (WITH ANY INVOCATION IDENTIFIER)
        !           975: %                EXACTLY ONCE
        !           976: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           977: %\end{nrtc}
        !           978: %\end{bwslide}
        !           979: 
        !           980: 
        !           981: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           982: %\ctitle {TOTAL OPERATIONS}
        !           983: %
        !           984: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           985: %\item   IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEFINE OPERATIONS WHICH:
        !           986: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           987: %    \item       RETURN A RESULT, BUT NO ERRORS
        !           988: %
        !           989: %    \item       RETURN ONLY ERRORS
        !           990: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           991: %
        !           992: %\item   THIS CAN POTENTIALLY VIOLATE THE TOTALITY PRINCIPLE
        !           993: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           994: %    \item       (ALL OUTCOMES ARE WELL-DEFINED AND UNAMBIGUOUS)
        !           995: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           996: %    AS AN OPERATION WHICH SUCCEEDS BUT RETURNS NO RESULT WILL RETURN NOTHING
        !           997: %
        !           998: %\item   LEADS TO PROBLEMS WHEN THE INITIATOR TRIES TO DETERMINE
        !           999: %        IF THE OPERATION SUCCEEDED OR NOT 
        !          1000: %
        !          1001: %\item   SOLUTION: OPERATIONS SHOULD ALWAYS BE ABLE TO RETURN A RESULT,
        !          1002: %        EVEN IF THAT RESULT IS \verb"NULL"
        !          1003: %\end{nrtc}
        !          1004: %\end{bwslide}
        !          1005: 
        !          1006: 
        !          1007: %\begin{note}\em
        !          1008: %note that this totality issue is a philosophical one
        !          1009: %
        !          1010: %some may argue that it is valid only for a class of applications
        !          1011: %\end{note}
        !          1012: 
        !          1013: 
        !          1014: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1015: \ctitle {DESCRIBING REMOTE OPERATIONS}
        !          1016: 
        !          1017: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1018: \item  ROSE BASED APPLICATIONS CAN BE DESCRIBED USING ASN.1
        !          1019: \item  ASN.1 MACRO FACILITY MAY BE USED TO DEFINE REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !          1020:        AND THE ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS
        !          1021: \end{nrtc}
        !          1022: \end{bwslide}
        !          1023: 
        !          1024: 
        !          1025: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1026: \ctitle {ASN.1 DEFINITION OF A REMOTE OPERATION}
        !          1027: 
        !          1028: \begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
        !          1029: search OPERATION
        !          1030:        ARGUMENT    SearchArgument
        !          1031:        RESULT      SearchResult
        !          1032:        ERRORS {
        !          1033:               attributeError, nameError,
        !          1034:               serviceError, referral, abandoned,
        !          1035:               securityError }
        !          1036:        ::= 5
        !          1037: \end{verbatim}\end{quote}
        !          1038: \end{bwslide}
        !          1039: 
        !          1040: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1041: \ctitle {DEFINITIONS (cont.)}
        !          1042: 
        !          1043: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1044: \item   USING THE \verb"LINKED" CLAUSE, AN OPERATION CAN DEFINE LINKED
        !          1045:         OPERATIONS
        !          1046: 
        !          1047: \item   AN OPERATION OR ERROR VALUE CAN ALSO TAKE A GLOBAL VALUE
        !          1048:     \begin{nrtc}
        !          1049:     \item       AN OBJECT IDENTIFIER IS USED IN ADDITION TO THE
        !          1050:                 OPERATION OR ERROR CODE
        !          1051:     \end{nrtc}
        !          1052: 
        !          1053: \item   THE \verb"BIND" AND \verb"UNBIND" MACROS ARE USED TO DEFINE BINDING
        !          1054:         INFORMATION
        !          1055: \end{nrtc}
        !          1056: \end{bwslide}
        !          1057: 
        !          1058: 
        !          1059: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1060: \ctitle  {IN PERSPECTIVE}
        !          1061: 
        !          1062: \begin{nrtc}
        !          1063: \item   IDEALLY WOULD LIKE TO HIDE OF THIS FORMALISM FROM THE PROGRAMMER
        !          1064: 
        !          1065: \item   PRESENT A SIMPLE PROCEDURE CALL MODEL IN WHICH WE DEFINE:
        !          1066:         \begin{nrtc}
        !          1067:         \item   THE INTERFACE TO EACH OPERATION AS A SUBROUTINE CALL
        !          1068: 
        !          1069:         \item   WITH KNOWN ARGUMENT TYPES
        !          1070:         \end{nrtc}
        !          1071: \end{nrtc}
        !          1072: \end{bwslide}
        !          1073: 
        !          1074: 
        !          1075: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1076: \ctitle {AN EXAMPLE (cont.)}
        !          1077: 
        !          1078: \vskip.15in
        !          1079: \begin{verbatim}
        !          1080: int     op_CMIP_m__ConfirmedEventReport (sd, in, out, roi)
        !          1081: int     sd;
        !          1082: struct type_CMIP_EventReportArgument *in;
        !          1083: struct type_CMIP_EventReportResult *out;
        !          1084: struct RoSAPindication *roi;
        !          1085: \end{verbatim}
        !          1086: \end{bwslide}
        !          1087: 
        !          1088: 
        !          1089: \begin{bwslide}
        !          1090: \ctitle {AN EXAMPLE (cont.)}
        !          1091: 
        !          1092: \vskip.15in
        !          1093: \begin{verbatim}
        !          1094: struct type_CMIP_EventReportArgument {
        !          1095:     struct type_CMIP_ObjectClass *managedObjectClass;
        !          1096: 
        !          1097:     struct type_CMIP_ObjectInstance *managedObjectInstance;
        !          1098: 
        !          1099:     struct type_CMIP_EventTypeID *eventType;
        !          1100: 
        !          1101:     struct type_UNIV_GeneralizedTime *eventTime;
        !          1102: 
        !          1103:     struct type_CMIP_EventInfo *eventInfo;
        !          1104: };
        !          1105: \end{verbatim}
        !          1106: \end{bwslide}
        !          1107: 
        !          1108: 
        !          1109: %\begin{bwslide}
        !          1110: %\ctitle {REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE ELEMENT \\ REFERENCES}
        !          1111: %
        !          1112: %\begin{description}
        !          1113: %\item[ISO/IEC 9072-1:]        Remote Operations:  Model, Notation and Service Definition
        !          1114: %\item[ISO/IEC 9072-2:]        Remote Operations:  Protocol Specification
        !          1115: %\end{description}
        !          1116: %\end{bwslide}

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