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Annotation of 43BSDReno/contrib/isode-beta/doc/practical-osi1/a-overview.tex, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: % run this through LaTeX with the appropriate wrapper
        !             2: 
        !             3: \dotopic{1}
        !             4: \begin{bwslide}
        !             5: \part  {APPLICATION SERVICES}\bf
        !             6: \end{bwslide}
        !             7: \doparts
        !             8: 
        !             9: 
        !            10: \begin{bwslide}
        !            11: \part* {OUTLINE}\bf
        !            12: 
        !            13: \begin{description}
        !            14: \item[PART I:]         BASIC CONCEPTS 
        !            15: \item[PART II:]                SESSION SERVICES
        !            16: \item[PART III:]       ABSTRACT SYNTAX
        !            17: \item[PART IV:]                PRESENTATION SERVICES
        !            18: \item[PART V:]         APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS
        !            19: \item[PART VI:]                BUILDING AN APPLICATION
        !            20: \end{description}
        !            21: \end{bwslide}
        !            22: 
        !            23: %\begin{note}\em
        !            24: %\begin{center}
        !            25: %\underline{an audience survey}
        !            26: %\end{center}
        !            27: %
        !            28: %who has heard of, is familiar with, or understands:
        !            29: %\begin{quote}
        !            30: %the osi model?
        !            31: %
        !            32: %abstract syntax notation one?
        !            33: %
        !            34: %remote operations in the context of OSI?
        !            35: %
        !            36: %sun rpc, or apollo ncs/nidl?
        !            37: %\end{quote}
        !            38: %
        !            39: %who knows how to program under unix using:
        !            40: %\begin{quote}
        !            41: %the C programming language, make, shell, etc.?
        !            42: %\end{quote}
        !            43: %\end{note}
        !            44: 
        !            45: 
        !            46: %\begin{note}\em
        !            47: %everyone should be comfortable the material review
        !            48: %\end{note}
        !            49: 
        !            50: 
        !            51: 
        !            52: %\begin{bwslide}
        !            53: %\part {\bf BASIC CONCEPTS}
        !            54: %
        !            55: %\begin{nrtc}
        !            56: %\item OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION
        !            57: %
        !            58: %\item OSI ITSELF IS QUITE SIMPLE
        !            59: %
        !            60: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !            61: %    \item     A METHODOLOGY FOR DESCRIBING OPEN SYSTEMS
        !            62: %              WHICH IS USED IN SPECIFICATIONS WHICH DESCRIBE HOW THESE
        !            63: %              SYSTEMS COMMUNICATE
        !            64: %    \end{nrtc}
        !            65: %
        !            66: %\end{nrtc}
        !            67: %\end{bwslide}
        !            68: 
        !            69: %\begin{bwslide}
        !            70: %\ctitle {BASIC CONCEPTS}
        !            71: %
        !            72: %\begin{nrtc}
        !            73: %\item CONCERNED WITH OPEN INTERCONNECTION OF SYSTEMS
        !            74: %\item DOES NOT IMPLY OPENLY ACCESSIBLE SYSTEMS
        !            75: %\end{nrtc}
        !            76: %\end{bwslide}
        !            77: 
        !            78: 
        !            79: %\begin{bwslide}
        !            80: %\ctitle       {BASIC CONCEPTS (cont.)}
        !            81: %
        !            82: %\begin{nrtc}
        !            83: %\item AT FIRST GLANCE, OSI IS DESCRIBED IN A LANGUAGE ALL ITS OWN
        !            84: %\item OSI STANDARDS USUALLY HAVE TWO PARTS:
        !            85: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !            86: %      \item   A SERVICE DEFINITION
        !            87: %      \item   A PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION
        !            88: %      \end{nrtc}
        !            89: %\end{nrtc}
        !            90: %\end{bwslide}
        !            91: 
        !            92: 
        !            93: %\begin{bwslide}
        !            94: %\ctitle       {WHAT WE WILL DISCUSS}
        !            95: %
        !            96: %\begin{nrtc}
        !            97: %\item A PRACTICAL LOOK
        !            98: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !            99: %      \item   PIECES OF THE OSI MODEL
        !           100: %      \item   ACTUAL SERVICES
        !           101: %      \item   REAL WORLD USAGE
        !           102: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           103: %\end{nrtc}
        !           104: %\end{bwslide}
        !           105: 
        !           106: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           107: %\ctitle       {OSI SAYS WHAT TO DO, NOT HOW TO DO IT}
        !           108: %
        !           109: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           110: %\item IT SPECIFIES THE EXTERNAL BEHAVIOR OCCURRING BETWEEN SYSTEMS
        !           111: %\item IT DOES NOT SPECIFY HOW LOCAL SYSTEMS ARE BUILT
        !           112: %\item DOES SPECIFY
        !           113: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           114: %    \item     WHAT GOES ON THE ``WIRE'' AND WHEN
        !           115: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           116: %
        !           117: %\item IT DOES NOT SPECIFY
        !           118: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           119: %    \item     PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BINDINGS
        !           120: %    \item     OPERATING SYSTEMS BINDINGS
        !           121: %    \item     APPLICATION INTERFACE ISSUES
        !           122: %    \item     USER-INTERFACE ISSUES
        !           123: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           124: %\end{nrtc}
        !           125: %\end{bwslide}
        !           126: 
        !           127: 
        !           128: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           129: %\ctitle {WHO ARE THE PLAYERS}
        !           130: %
        !           131: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           132: %\item THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO)
        !           133: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           134: %      \item   NATIONAL STANDARDS BODIES
        !           135: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           136: %\item THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE (CCITT)
        !           137: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           138: %      \item   NATIONAL TELECOM ADMINISTRATIONS
        !           139: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           140: %\end{nrtc}
        !           141: %\end{bwslide}
        !           142: 
        !           143: 
        !           144: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           145: %\ctitle {WHO ARE THE PLAYERS (cont.)}
        !           146: %
        !           147: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           148: %\item THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST)
        !           149: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           150: %      \item   CORRESPONDS TO OTHER REGIONAL BODIES, EWOS, AOWS, etc.
        !           151: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           152: %\item THE CORPORATION FOR OPEN SYSTEMS (COS)
        !           153: %\item THE TECHNICAL OFFICE PROTOCOLS USER'S GROUP \& 
        !           154: %      THE MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION PROTOCOLS USER'S GROUP 
        !           155: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           156: %      \item   (MAP/TOP)
        !           157: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           158: %\item THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF INFORMATION PROCESSING (IFIP)
        !           159: %\end{nrtc}
        !           160: %\end{bwslide}
        !           161: 
        !           162: 
        !           163: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           164: %\ctitle {ISO}
        !           165: %
        !           166: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           167: %\item ISO DOES NOT STAND FOR INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION
        !           168: %\item DON'T CONFUSE OSI \& ISO:
        !           169: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           170: %      \item   ISO IS AN ORGANIZATION
        !           171: %      \item   OSI IS A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL
        !           172: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           173: %%\item        ONLY ISO PRODUCES ``STANDARDS'', OTHERS PRODUCE OTHER THINGS, e.g.,
        !           174: %%     \begin{nrtc}
        !           175: %%     \item   RECOMMENDATIONS --- CCITT
        !           176: %%     \end{nrtc}
        !           177: %\end{nrtc}
        !           178: %\end{bwslide}
        !           179: 
        !           180: 
        !           181: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           182: %\ctitle {US STANDARDS PROCESS}
        !           183: %
        !           184: %\vskip.5in
        !           185: %\diagram[p]{figureA-1}
        !           186: %\end{bwslide}
        !           187: 
        !           188: 
        !           189: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           190: %\ctitle {WHAT ABOUT THE INTERNET COMMUNITY}
        !           191: %
        !           192: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           193: %\item DARPA/NSF INTERNET RESEARCH COMMUNITY IS NOTICEABLY ABSENT
        !           194: %\item DIFFERENCES IN THE COMMUNITIES
        !           195: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           196: %      \item   e.g., FOCUS ON EXPERIMENTATION vs. WRITTEN CONTRIBUTIONS
        !           197: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           198: %\item THIS HAS BEEN A STRATEGIC ERROR!
        !           199: %\end{nrtc}
        !           200: %\end{bwslide}
        !           201: 
        !           202: 
        !           203: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           204: %\ctitle {STATUS}
        !           205: %
        !           206: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           207: %%\item        OSI STANDARDS AND VENDOR AGREEMENTS ARE REACHING STABLE STATUS
        !           208: %%\item        THE U.S. GOSIP WILL PROVIDE THE INITIAL DEMAND FOR OSI IN THE U.S.
        !           209: %%     AND OTHER COUNTRIES
        !           210: %\item TECHNOLOGY STILL NEEDS REFINEMENT
        !           211: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           212: %      \item   MANY CURRENT OSI OFFERINGS ARE CLOSER TO EXPERIMENTS THAN
        !           213: %              TO PRODUCTS
        !           214: %      \item   MANY PRODUCTS ARE SPECIFIC TO MAP/TOP
        !           215: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           216: %\end{nrtc}
        !           217: %\end{bwslide}
        !           218: 
        !           219: 
        !           220: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           221: %\ctitle {U.S. GOSIP}
        !           222: %
        !           223: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           224: %\item A FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARD (FIPS~146)
        !           225: %\item PROPOSED TO ENABLE USERS TO SPECIFY AND PROCURE
        !           226: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           227: %      \item   INTEROPERABLE
        !           228: %      \item   MULTI-VENDOR
        !           229: %      \item   OFF-THE-SHELF
        !           230: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           231: %      COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS
        !           232: %\end{nrtc}
        !           233: %\end{bwslide}
        !           234: 
        !           235: 
        !           236: %\begin{note}
        !           237: %protocols
        !           238: %\end{note}
        !           239: 
        !           240: 
        !           241: %\begin{note}
        !           242: %services
        !           243: %\end{note}
        !           244: 
        !           245: 
        !           246: %\begin{note}
        !           247: %provider/consumer, initiator/responder,  client/server
        !           248: %\end{note}
        !           249: 
        !           250: 
        !           251: \begin{bwslide}
        !           252: \part  {BASIC CONCEPTS\\THE OSI MODEL}\bf
        !           253: 
        !           254: \begin{nrtc}
        !           255: \item   A LAYERED ARCHITECTURE FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
        !           256: 
        !           257: \item   STANDARDIZED IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
        !           258: 
        !           259: \item   NON-PROPRIETARY IN NATURE
        !           260: \end{nrtc}
        !           261: \end{bwslide}
        !           262: 
        !           263: 
        !           264: \begin{bwslide}
        !           265: \ctitle {UPPER-LAYER INFRASTRUCTURE}
        !           266: 
        !           267: \begin{nrtc}
        !           268: \item  UPPER-LAYERS ARE EVERYTHING ABOVE TRANSPORT
        !           269: \item  THE SAME UPPER-LAYERS ARE USED REGARDLESS OF THE APPLICATION,
        !           270:        UNLIKE OTHER ARCHITECTURES (e.g., TCP/IP)
        !           271: \item  EACH APPLICATION MAY SELECT DIFFERENT FUNCTIONALITY FROM THE UPPER LAYERS
        !           272: \item  THE EMPHASIS IS ON FLEXIBILITY, TO SUPPORT MANY DIVERSE OSI APPLICATIONS
        !           273: \end{nrtc}
        !           274: \end{bwslide}
        !           275: 
        !           276: 
        !           277: \begin{bwslide}
        !           278: \ctitle        {OSI UPPER-LAYER INFRASTRUCTURE}
        !           279: 
        !           280: \vskip.5in
        !           281: \diagram[p]{figureA-2}
        !           282: \end{bwslide}
        !           283: 
        !           284: 
        !           285: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           286: %\ctitle {CORRESPONDING INTERNET \\ UPPER-LAYER INFRASTRUCTURE}
        !           287: %
        !           288: %\vskip.5in
        !           289: %\diagram[p]{figureA-3}
        !           290: %\end{bwslide}
        !           291: 
        !           292: 
        !           293: \begin{bwslide}
        !           294: \ctitle {BOTTOM LINE}
        !           295: 
        !           296: \begin{nrtc}
        !           297: \item  STRENGTHS
        !           298:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           299:        \item   COMMON INFRASTRUCTURE
        !           300:        \item   MORE TECHNICALLY COMPREHENSIVE
        !           301:        \end{nrtc}
        !           302: \item  WEAKNESSES
        !           303:        \begin{nrtc}
        !           304:        \item   COMPLEXITY
        !           305:        \item   POLITICAL POLARIZATION
        !           306:        \item   LACK OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
        !           307:        \end{nrtc}
        !           308: \end{nrtc}
        !           309: \end{bwslide}
        !           310: 
        !           311: 
        !           312: \begin{bwslide}
        !           313: \ctitle {THE MODEL FROM A COMMUNICATIONS VIEWPOINT}
        !           314: 
        !           315: \vskip.5in
        !           316: \diagram[p]{figureA-4}
        !           317: \end{bwslide}
        !           318: 
        !           319: 
        !           320: \begin{bwslide}
        !           321: \ctitle {THE MODEL FROM A COMPUTER VIEWPOINT}
        !           322: 
        !           323: \vskip.5in
        !           324: \diagram[p]{figureA-5}
        !           325: \end{bwslide}
        !           326: 
        !           327: 
        !           328: \begin{bwslide}
        !           329: \ctitle {LAYERING}
        !           330: 
        !           331: \vskip.5in
        !           332: \diagram[p]{figureA-32}
        !           333: \end{bwslide}
        !           334: 
        !           335: 
        !           336: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           337: %\ctitle {TERMINOLOGY}
        !           338: %
        !           339: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           340: %\item SDU (SERVICE DATA UNIT) --- USER DATA
        !           341: %\item PCI (PROTOCOL CONTROL INFORMATION) --- HEADER
        !           342: %\item PDU (PROTOCOL DATA UNIT) --- PACKET
        !           343: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           344: %      \item   PDU = PCI + SDU
        !           345: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           346: %\item ICI (INTERFACE CONTROL INFORMATION)~---~PROCEDURE
        !           347: %\item IDU (INTERFACE DATA UNIT)~---~CALL
        !           348: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           349: %      \item   IDU = ICI + PDU
        !           350: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           351: %\item SAP (SERVICE ACCESS POINT)
        !           352: %\end{nrtc}
        !           353: %\end{bwslide}
        !           354: 
        !           355: 
        !           356: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           357: %\ctitle {DATA TRANSIT}
        !           358: %
        !           359: %\vskip.5in
        !           360: %\diagram[p]{figureA-14}
        !           361: %\end{bwslide}
        !           362: 
        !           363: 
        !           364: \begin{bwslide}
        !           365: \ctitle {SERVICES vs. PROTOCOLS}
        !           366: 
        !           367: \vskip.5in
        !           368: \diagram[p]{figureA-39}
        !           369: \end{bwslide}
        !           370: 
        !           371: 
        !           372: \begin{bwslide}
        !           373: \ctitle  {SERVICES AND\\ SERVICE PRIMITIVES}
        !           374: 
        !           375: \begin{nrtc}
        !           376: \item   PEERS COMMUNICATE VIA \emph{SERVICE PRIMITIVES}
        !           377: 
        !           378: \item   A PRIMITIVE IS AN ABSTRACTION
        !           379:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           380:     \item       NOT AN INTERFACE
        !           381:     \end{nrtc}
        !           382: 
        !           383: \item   SERVICE PRIMITIVES, LIKE PROCEDURE CALLS, HAVE TYPED PARAMETERS
        !           384: \end{nrtc}
        !           385: \end{bwslide}
        !           386: 
        !           387: 
        !           388: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           389: %\ctitle {SERVICE}
        !           390: %
        !           391: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           392: %\item   IN GENERAL, THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF SERVICES
        !           393: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           394: %    \item       \emph{CONFIRMED}
        !           395: %        \begin{nrtc}
        !           396: %        \item   IN WHICH A REQUEST ALWAYS RESULTS IN A RESPONSE
        !           397: %        \end{nrtc}
        !           398: %
        !           399: %    \item       \emph{UNCONFIRMED}
        !           400: %        \begin{nrtc}
        !           401: %        \item   IN WHICH NO RESPONSE IS RETURNED
        !           402: %        \end{nrtc}
        !           403: %
        !           404: %    \item       \emph{PROVIDER-INITIATED}
        !           405: %        \begin{nrtc}
        !           406: %        \item   IN WHICH THE SERVICE PROVIDER INDICATES SOME SITUATION
        !           407: %        \end{nrtc}
        !           408: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           409: %
        !           410: %\item   CONFIRMATION IS UNRELATED TO RELIABILITY
        !           411: %\end{nrtc}
        !           412: %\end{bwslide}
        !           413: 
        !           414: 
        !           415: \begin{bwslide}
        !           416: \ctitle {SERVICE PRIMITIVES}
        !           417: 
        !           418: \begin{nrtc}
        !           419: \item   EACH LAYER (OR ELEMENT) OFFERS ONE OR MORE SERVICES (VERBS)
        !           420:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           421:     \item       e.g., A-ASSOCIATE
        !           422:     \end{nrtc}
        !           423: 
        !           424: \item   A SERVICE CONSISTS OF ONE OR MORE PRIMITIVES
        !           425: 
        !           426: \item   A CONFIRMED SERVICE HAS FOUR PRIMITIVES
        !           427:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           428:     \item       .REQUEST, .INDICATION, .RESPONSE, and .CONFIRMATION
        !           429:     \end{nrtc}
        !           430: 
        !           431: \item   AN UNCONFIRMED SERVICE HAS TWO PRIMITIVES:
        !           432:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           433:     \item       .REQUEST,  and .INDICATION
        !           434:     \end{nrtc}
        !           435: 
        !           436: \item   A PROVIDER-INITIATED SERVICE HAS ONE PRIMITIVE:
        !           437:     \begin{nrtc}
        !           438:     \item       .INDICATION
        !           439:     \end{nrtc}
        !           440: \end{nrtc}
        !           441: \end{bwslide}
        !           442: 
        !           443: 
        !           444: \begin{bwslide}
        !           445: \ctitle {SERVICE PRIMATIVES}
        !           446: 
        !           447: \vskip.5in
        !           448: \diagram[p]{figureA-24}
        !           449: \end{bwslide}
        !           450: 
        !           451: 
        !           452: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           453: %\ctitle {CONFIRMED SERVICE}
        !           454: %
        !           455: %\vskip.5in
        !           456: %\diagram[p]{figureA-40}
        !           457: %\end{bwslide}
        !           458: 
        !           459: 
        !           460: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           461: %\ctitle {CONFIRMED SERVICE}
        !           462: %
        !           463: %\vskip.5in
        !           464: %\diagram[p]{figureA-41}
        !           465: %\end{bwslide}
        !           466: 
        !           467: 
        !           468: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           469: %\ctitle       {CONNECTION ORIENTED}
        !           470: %
        !           471: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           472: %\item AVAILABLE UPPER-LAYERS ASSUME CONNECTION ORIENTED SERVICES
        !           473: %\item CONNECTIONLESS ADDENDA BEING DEVELOPED
        !           474: %\end{nrtc}
        !           475: %\end{bwslide}
        !           476: 
        !           477: 
        !           478: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           479: %\ctitle {SESSION LAYER --- OVERVIEW}
        !           480: %
        !           481: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           482: %\item ESTABLISH, RELEASE, MANAGE TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS
        !           483: %\item NEGOTIATE AND POLICE COMMUNICATION PARAMETERS
        !           484: %\end{nrtc}
        !           485: %\end{bwslide}
        !           486: 
        !           487: 
        !           488: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           489: %\ctitle {ABSTRACT SYNTAX --- OVERVIEW}
        !           490: %
        !           491: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           492: %\item DEFINES ENCODING \& DECODING RULES
        !           493: %\item IN PRACTICE, FACILITIES USED BY
        !           494: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           495: %      \item   PRESENTATION
        !           496: %      \item   APPLICATION
        !           497: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           498: %\item MACHINE INDEPENDENT ENCODINGS
        !           499: %\item FORMAL LANGUAGE
        !           500: %\end{nrtc}
        !           501: %\end{bwslide}
        !           502: 
        !           503: 
        !           504: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           505: %\ctitle {PRESENTATION LAYER --- OVERVIEW}
        !           506: %
        !           507: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           508: %\item ESTABLISHES (NEGOTIATES) ``SYNTACTIC'' CONVENTIONS FOR PEER
        !           509: %      APPLICATION ENTITY COMMUNICATION
        !           510: %\item ENCODES \& DECODES APPLICATION AND PRESENTATION
        !           511: %      LAYER STRUCTURES AND DATA UNITS
        !           512: %\end{nrtc}
        !           513: %\end{bwslide}
        !           514: 
        !           515: 
        !           516: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           517: %\ctitle {THE OSI APPLICATION LAYER}
        !           518: %
        !           519: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           520: %\item   MANY STANDARD ``APPLICATION'' SERVICE ELEMENTS
        !           521: %    \begin{nrtc}
        !           522: %    \item       ASSOCIATION CONTROL
        !           523: %
        !           524: %    \item       REMOTE OPERATIONS
        !           525: %
        !           526: %    \item       RELIABLE TRANSFER
        !           527: %
        !           528: %    \item       DIRECTORY SERVICES
        !           529: %    \end{nrtc}
        !           530: %
        !           531: %\item   ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)\\
        !           532: %        (not really a layer, more of a concept)
        !           533: %
        !           534: %\end{nrtc}
        !           535: %\end{bwslide}
        !           536: 
        !           537: 
        !           538: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           539: %\ctitle {APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS --- OVERVIEW}
        !           540: %
        !           541: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           542: %\item PROVIDES ``COMMON'' SERVICES IN APPLICATION LAYER
        !           543: %\item APPLICATION BUILDING BLOCKS FOR STANDARD FUNCTIONALITY
        !           544: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           545: %      \item   ASSOCIATION CONTROL (ACSE)
        !           546: %      \item   REMOTE OPERATIONS (ROSE)
        !           547: %      \item   etc.
        !           548: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           549: %\end{nrtc}
        !           550: %\end{bwslide}
        !           551: 
        !           552: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           553: %\ctitle {APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS}
        !           554: %
        !           555: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           556: %\item   A USEFUL MECHANISM FOR DIVIDING RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ``TOTAL''
        !           557: %        APPLICATION PROTOCOL
        !           558: %
        !           559: %\item   PROMOTES ``REUSE'' OF APPLICATION LAYER FACILITIES
        !           560: %\end{nrtc}
        !           561: %\end{bwslide}
        !           562: 
        !           563: 
        !           564: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           565: %\ctitle {EXAMPLE:\\ FTAM USE OF LOWER-LAYER SERVICES}
        !           566: %
        !           567: %\vskip.5in
        !           568: %\diagram[p]{figureA-42}
        !           569: %\end{bwslide}
        !           570: 
        !           571: 
        !           572: 
        !           573: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           574: %\ctitle {APPLICATIONS --- OVERVIEW}
        !           575: %
        !           576: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           577: %\item THE REAL WORKER ON TOP OF THE STACK
        !           578: %\item DOES NOT INCLUDE USER INTERFACES
        !           579: %\item EXAMPLES
        !           580: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           581: %      \item   MESSAGE HANDLING (X.400)
        !           582: %      \item   DIRECTORY (X.500)
        !           583: %      \item   FILE TRANSFER (FTAM)
        !           584: %      \item   etc.
        !           585: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           586: %\end{nrtc}
        !           587: %\end{bwslide}
        !           588: 
        !           589: 
        !           590: %\begin{bwslide}
        !           591: %\ctitle {ABOVE THE APPLICATION LAYER}
        !           592: %
        !           593: %\begin{nrtc}
        !           594: %\item OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THE OSI/RM \& STANDARDS
        !           595: %\item ENTITIES (APPLICATION PROCESSES) MAKING USE OF OSI SERVICES
        !           596: %\item EXAMPLES
        !           597: %      \begin{nrtc}
        !           598: %      \item   USER INTERFACES
        !           599: %      \item   DATABASE APPLICATION PROCESSES
        !           600: %      \end{nrtc}
        !           601: %\end{nrtc}
        !           602: %\end{bwslide}

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