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1.1 root 1: .NH 1
2: Commands for English Text
3: .XS \n(PN
4: \*(SN Commands for English Text
5: .XE
6: .LP
7: \s-2JOVE\s0 has many commands that work on the basic units of English text:
8: words, sentences and paragraphs.
9: .NH 2
10: Word Commands
11: .XS \n(PN 5n
12: \*(SN Word Commands
13: .XE
14: .LP
15: \s-2JOVE\s0 has commands for moving over or operating on words.
16: By convention,
17: they are all ESC commands.
18: .IP "ESC F" 20n
19: Move Forward over a word.
20: .IP "ESC B" 20n
21: Move Backward over a word.
22: .IP "ESC D" 20n
23: Kill forward to the end of a word.
24: .IP "ESC Rubout" 20n
25: Kill backward to the beginning of a word.
26: .LP
27: Notice how these commands form a group that parallels the character-
28: based commands,
29: C-F,
30: C-B,
31: C-D,
32: and Rubout.
33: .LP
34: The commands ESC F and ESC B move forward and backward over words.
35: They are thus analogous to Control-F and Control-B,
36: which move over single characters.
37: Like their Control- analogues,
38: ESC F and ESC B move several words if given an argument.
39: ESC F with a negative argument moves backward like ESC B,
40: and ESC B with a negative argument moves forward.
41: Forward motion stops right after the last letter of the word,
42: while backward motion stops right before the first letter.
43: .LP
44: It is easy to kill a word at a time.
45: ESC D kills the word after point.
46: To be precise,
47: it kills everything from point to the place ESC F would move to.
48: Thus,
49: if point is in the middle of a word,
50: only the part after point is killed.
51: If some punctuation comes after point,
52: and before the next word,
53: it is killed along with the word.
54: If you wish to kill only the next word but not the punctuation,
55: simply do ESC F to get to the end,
56: and kill the word backwards with ESC Rubout.
57: ESC D takes arguments just like ESC F.
58: .LP
59: ESC Rubout kills the word before point.
60: It kills everything from point back to where ESC B would move to.
61: If point is after the space in "FOO, BAR",
62: then "FOO, " is killed.
63: If you wish to kill just "FOO",
64: then do a ESC B and a ESC D instead of a ESC Rubout.
65: .NH 2
66: Sentence Commands
67: .XS \n(PN 5n
68: \*(SN Sentence Commands
69: .XE
70: .LP
71: The \s-2JOVE\s0 commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are
72: mostly ESC commands,
73: so as to resemble the word-handling commands.
74: .IP "ESC A" 20n
75: Move back to the beginning of the sentence.
76: .IP "ESC E" 20n
77: Move forward to the end of the sentence.
78: .IP "ESC K" 20n
79: Kill forward to the end of the sentence.
80: .IP "C-X Rubout" 20n
81: Kill back to the beginning of the sentence.
82: .LP
83: The commands ESC A and ESC E move to the beginning and end of the
84: current sentence,
85: respectively.
86: They were chosen to resemble
87: Control-A and Control-E,
88: which move to the beginning and end of a line.
89: Unlike them,
90: ESC A and ESC E if repeated or given numeric arguments
91: move over successive sentences.
92: \s-2JOVE\s0 considers a sentence to end wherever there is a ".",
93: "?", or "!" followed by the end of a line
94: or by one or more spaces.
95: Neither ESC A nor ESC E moves past the
96: end of the line or spaces which delimit the sentence.
97: .LP
98: Just as C-A and C-E have a kill command,
99: C-K,
100: to go with them,
101: so ESC A and ESC E have a corresponding kill command ESC K which kills from
102: point to the end of the sentence.
103: With minus one as an argument it
104: kills back to the beginning of the sentence.
105: Positive arguments serve as a repeat count.
106: .LP
107: There is a special command,
108: C-X Rubout for killing back to the beginning of a sentence,
109: because this is useful when you change your
110: mind in the middle of composing text.
111: .NH 2
112: Paragraph Commands
113: .XS \n(PN 5n
114: \*(SN Paragraph Commands
115: .XE
116: .LP
117: The \s-2JOVE\s0 commands for handling paragraphs are
118: .IP "ESC [" 20n
119: Move back to previous paragraph beginning.
120: .IP "ESC ]" 20n
121: Move forward to next paragraph end.
122: .LP
123: ESC [ moves to the beginning of the current or previous paragraph, while
124: ESC ] moves to the end of the current or next paragraph. Paragraphs are
125: delimited by lines of differing indent, or lines with text formatter
126: commands, or blank lines. \s-2JOVE\s0 knows how to deal with most indented
127: paragraphs correctly, although it can get confused by one- or two-line
128: paragraphs delimited only by indentation.
129: .NH 2
130: Text Indentation Commands
131: .XS \n(PN 5n
132: \*(SN Text Indentation Commands
133: .XE
134: .LP
135: .IP "Tab" 20n
136: Indent "appropriately" in a mode-dependent fashion.
137: .IP "LineFeed" 20n
138: Is the same as Return,
139: except it copies the indent of the line you just left.
140: .IP "ESC M" 20n
141: Moves to the line's first non-blank character.
142: .LP
143: .LP
144: The way to request indentation is with the Tab command.
145: Its precise effect depends on the major mode.
146: In \fIText\fP mode,
147: it indents to the next tab stop.
148: In \fIC\fP mode,
149: it indents to the "right" position for C programs.
150: .LP
151: To move over the indentation on a line,
152: do ESC M (\fIfirst-non-blank\fP).
153: This command,
154: given anywhere on a line,
155: positions the cursor at the first non-blank, non-tab character on the line.
156: .NH 2
157: Text Filling
158: .XS \n(PN 5n
159: \*(SN Text Filling
160: .XE
161: .LP
162: \fIAuto Fill\fP mode causes text to be \fIfilled\fP
163: (broken up into lines that fit in a specified width)
164: automatically as you type it in.
165: If you alter existing text so that it is no longer properly filled,
166: \s-2JOVE\s0 can fill it again if you ask.
167: .LP
168: Entering \fIAuto Fill\fP mode is done with ESC X \fIauto-fill-mode\fP.
169: From then on,
170: lines are broken automatically at spaces when they get longer than the
171: desired width.
172: To leave \fIAuto Fill\fP mode,
173: once again execute ESC X \fIauto-fill-mode\fP.
174: When \fIAuto Fill\fP mode is in effect,
175: the word \fBFill\fP appears in the mode line.
176: .LP
177: If you edit the middle of a paragraph,
178: it may no longer correctly be filled.
179: To refill a paragraph,
180: use the command ESC J (\fIfill-paragraph\fP).
181: It causes the paragraph that point is inside to be filled.
182: All the line breaks are removed and new ones inserted where necessary.
183: .LP
184: The maximum line width for filling is in the variable \fIright-margin\fP.
185: Both ESC J and auto-fill make sure that no line exceeds this width.
186: The value of \fIright-margin\fP is initially 78.
187: .LP
188: Normally ESC J figures out the indent of the paragraph and uses that same
189: indent when filling. If you want to change the indent of a paragraph you
190: set \fIleft-margin\fP to the new position and type C-U\ ESC\ J.
191: \fIfill-paragraph\fP, when supplied a numeric argument, uses the value of
192: \fIleft-margin\fP.
193: .LP
194: If you know where you want to set the right margin but you don't know the
195: actual value, move to where you want to set the value and use the
196: \fIright-margin-here\fP command. \fIleft-margin-here\fP does the same
197: for the \fIleft-margin\fP variable.
198: .NH 2
199: Case Conversion Commands
200: .XS \n(PN 5n
201: \*(SN Case Conversion Commands
202: .XE
203: .LP
204: .IP "ESC L" 15n
205: Convert following word to lower case.
206: .IP "ESC U" 15n
207: Convert following word to upper case.
208: .IP "ESC C" 15n
209: Capitalize the following word.
210: .LP
211: .LP
212: The word conversion commands are most useful.
213: ESC L converts the word after point to lower case,
214: moving past it.
215: Thus,
216: successive ESC L's convert successive words.
217: ESC U converts to all capitals instead,
218: while ESC C puts the first letter of the word into upper case and the
219: rest into lower case.
220: All these commands convert several words at once if given an argument.
221: They are especially convenient for
222: converting a large amount of text from all upper case to mixed case,
223: because you can move through the test using ESC L,
224: ESC U or ESC C on each word as appropriate.
225: .LP
226: When given a negative argument,
227: the word case conversion commands apply to
228: the appropriate number of words before point,
229: but do not move point.
230: This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case.
231: You can give the case conversion command and continue typing.
232: .LP
233: If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word,
234: it applies only to the part of the word which follows the cursor,
235: treating it as a whole word.
236: .LP
237: The other case conversion functions are \fIcase-region-upper\fP and
238: \fIcase-region-lower\fP,
239: which convert everything between point and mark to the specified case.
240: Point and mark remain unchanged.
241: .NH 2
242: Commands for Fixing Typos
243: .XS \n(PN 5n
244: \*(SN Commands for Fixing Typos
245: .XE
246: .LP
247: In this section we describe the commands that are especially useful
248: for the times when you catch a mistake on your text after you have made it,
249: or change your mind while composing text on line.
250: .IP "Rubout" 25n
251: Delete last character.
252: .IP "ESC Rubout" 25n
253: Kill last word.
254: .IP "C-X Rubout" 25n
255: Kill to beginning of sentence.
256: .IP "C-T" 25n
257: Transpose two characters.
258: .IP "C-X C-T" 25n
259: Transpose two lines.
260: .IP "ESC Minus ESC L" 25n
261: Convert last word to lower case.
262: .IP "ESC Minus ESC U" 25n
263: Convert last word to upper case.
264: .IP "ESC Minus ESC C" 25n
265: Convert last word to lower case with capital initial.
266: .LP
267: .NH 2
268: Killing Your Mistakes
269: .XS \n(PN 5n
270: \*(SN Killing Your Mistakes
271: .XE
272: .LP
273: The Rubout command is the most important correction command.
274: When used among printing (self-inserting) characters,
275: it can be thought of as canceling the last character typed.
276: .LP
277: When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters,
278: it might be more convenient to use ESC Rubout or C-X Rubout.
279: ESC Rubout kills back to the start of the last word,
280: and C-X Rubout kills back to the start of the last sentence.
281: C-X Rubout is particularly useful when
282: you are thinking of what to write as you type it,
283: in case you change your mind about phrasing.
284: ESC Rubout and C-X Rubout save the killed text for C-Y and ESC Y to retrieve.
285: .LP
286: ESC Rubout is often useful even when you have typed only a few
287: characters wrong,
288: if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't sure what you typed.
289: At such a time,
290: you cannot correct with
291: Rubout except by looking at the screen to see what you did.
292: It requires less thought to kill the whole word and start over again,
293: especially if the system is heavily loaded.
294: .LP
295: If you were typing a command or command parameters, C-G will abort the
296: command with no further processing.
297: .NH 2
298: Transposition
299: .XS \n(PN 5n
300: \*(SN Transposition
301: .XE
302: .LP
303: The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed
304: with the C-T (\fItranspose-characters\fP) command.
305: Normally,
306: C-T transposes the two characters on either side of the cursor
307: and moves the cursor forward one character. Repeating the command
308: several times "drags" a character to the right.
309: (Remember that \fIpoint\fP is considered to be between two characters,
310: even though the visible cursor in your terminal is on only one of them.)
311: When given at the end of a line,
312: rather than switching the last character of the line with the line separator,
313: which would be useless,
314: C-T transposes the last two characters on the line.
315: So,
316: if you catch your transposition error right away,
317: you can fix it with just a C-T.
318: If you don't catch it so fast,
319: you must move the cursor back to between the two characters.
320: .LP
321: To transpose two lines,
322: use the C-X C-T (\fItranspose-lines\fP) command. The line containing the
323: cursor is exchanged with the line above it; the cursor is left at the
324: beginning of the line following its original position.
325: .NH 2
326: Checking and Correcting Spelling
327: .XS \n(PN 5n
328: \*(SN Checking and Correcting Spelling
329: .XE
330: .LP
331: When you write a paper,
332: you should correct its spelling at some point close to finishing it.
333: To correct the entire buffer,
334: do ESC X \fIspell-buffer\fP.
335: This invokes the
336: .UX
337: .I spell
338: program,
339: which prints a list of all the misspelled words.
340: \s-2JOVE\s0 catches the list and places it in a
341: \s-2JOVE\s0 buffer called \fBSpell\fP.
342: You are given an opportunity to delete from that buffer any words that
343: aren't really errors;
344: then \s-2JOVE\s0 looks up each misspelled word and
345: remembers where it is in the buffer being corrected.
346: Then you can go forward to each misspelled word with C-X C-N (\fInext-error\fP)
347: and backward with C-X C-P (\fIprevious-error\fP).
348: See the section entitled \fIError Message Parsing\fP.
349: .NH 1
350: File Handling
351: .XS \n(PN
352: \*(SN File Handling
353: .XE
354: .LP
355: The basic unit of stored data is the file.
356: Each program,
357: each paper,
358: lives usually in its own file.
359: To edit a program or paper,
360: the editor must be told the name of the file that contains it.
361: This is called \fIvisiting\fP a file.
362: To make your changes to the file permanent on disk,
363: you must \fIsave\fP the file.
364: .NH 2
365: Visiting Files
366: .XS \n(PN 5n
367: \*(SN Visiting Files
368: .XE
369: .LP
370: .IP "C-X C-V" 15n
371: Visit a file.
372: .IP "C-X C-R" 15n
373: Same as C-X C-V.
374: .IP "C-X C-S" 15n
375: Save the visited file.
376: .IP "ESC ~" 15n
377: Tell \s-2JOVE\s0 to forget that the buffer has been changed.
378: .LP
379: .LP
380: \fIVisiting\fP a file means copying its contents into \s-2JOVE\s0 where you
381: can edit them.
382: \s-2JOVE\s0 remembers the name of the file you visited.
383: Unless you use the multiple buffer feature of \s-2JOVE\s0,
384: you can only be visiting one file at a time.
385: The name of the current selected buffer is visible in the mode line.
386: .LP
387: The changes you make with \s-2JOVE\s0 are made in a copy inside \s-2JOVE\s0.
388: The file itself is not changed.
389: The changed text is not permanent until you \fIsave\fP it in a file.
390: The first time you change the text,
391: an asterisk appears at the end of the mode line; this indicates that the text
392: contains fresh changes which will be lost unless you save them.
393: .LP
394: To visit a file,
395: use the command C-X C-V.
396: Follow the command with the name of the file you wish to visit,
397: terminated by a Return.
398: You can abort the command by typing C-G,
399: or edit the filename with many of the standard \s-2JOVE\s0 commands
400: (e.g., C-A, C-E, C-F, ESC F, ESC Rubout).
401: If the filename you wish to visit is similar to the filename in the
402: mode line (the default filename),
403: you can type C-R to insert the default and then edit it.
404: If you do type a Return to finish the command,
405: the new file's text appears on the screen,
406: and its name appears in the mode line.
407: In addition,
408: its name becomes the new default filename.
409: .LP
410: If you wish to save the file and make your changes permanent,
411: type C-X C-S.
412: After the save is finished,
413: C-X C-S prints the filename and the
414: number of characters and lines that it wrote to the file.
415: If there are no changes to save (no asterisk at the end of the mode line),
416: the file is not saved;
417: otherwise the changes saved and the asterisk at the end of
418: the mode line will disappear.
419: .LP
420: What if you want to create a file? Just visit it.
421: \s-2JOVE\s0 prints
422: \fI(New file)\fP but aside from that behaves as if you had visited an existing
423: empty file.
424: If you make any changes and save them,
425: the file is created.
426: If you visit a nonexistent file unintentionally
427: (because you typed the wrong filename),
428: go ahead and visit the file you meant.
429: If you don't save the unwanted file,
430: it is not created.
431: .LP
432: If you alter one file and then visit another in the same buffer,
433: \s-2JOVE\s0 offers to save the old one.
434: If you answer YES,
435: the old file is saved;
436: if you answer NO,
437: all the changes you have made to it since the last save are lost.
438: You should not type ahead after a file visiting
439: command,
440: because your type-ahead might answer an unexpected question
441: in a way that you would regret.
442: .LP
443: Sometimes you will change a buffer by accident.
444: Even if you undo the effect of the change by editing,
445: \s-2JOVE\s0 still knows that "the buffer has been changed".
446: You can tell \s-2JOVE\s0 to pretend that there have been no changes with the
447: ESC \s+2~\s0 command (\fImake-buffer-unmodified\fP).
448: This command simply clears the "modified" flag which
449: says that the buffer contains changes which need to be saved.
450: Even if
451: the buffer really \fIis\fP changed \s-2JOVE\s0 will still act as if it were not.
452: .LP
453: If \s-2JOVE\s0 is about to save a file and sees that the date of the version
454: on disk does not match what \s-2JOVE\s0 last read or wrote,
455: \s-2JOVE\s0 notifies you of this fact,
456: and asks what to do, because this probably means that something is wrong.
457: For example,
458: somebody else may have been editing the same file.
459: If this is so,
460: there is a good chance that your work
461: or his work will be lost if you don't take the proper steps.
462: You should first find out exactly what is going on.
463: If you determine that somebody else has modified the file,
464: save your file under a different filename and then DIFF the two files
465: to merge the two sets of changes. (The "patch" command is useful for
466: applying the results of context diffs directly).
467: Also get in touch with the other person so that the files don't diverge
468: any further.
469: .NH 2
470: How to Undo Drastic Changes to a File
471: .XS \n(PN 5n
472: \*(SN How to Undo Drastic Changes to a File
473: .XE
474: .LP
475: If you have made several extensive changes to a file and then change
476: your mind about them,
477: and you haven't yet saved them,
478: you can get rid of them by reading in the previous version of the file.
479: You can do this with the C-X C-V command,
480: to visit the unsaved version of the file.
481: .NH 2
482: Recovering from system/editor crashes
483: .XS \n(PN 5n
484: \*(SN Recovering from system/editor crashes
485: .XE
486: .LP
487: JOVE does not have \fIAuto Save\fP mode, but it does provide a way to
488: recover your work in the event of a system or editor crash. JOVE saves
489: information about the files you're editing every so many changes to a
490: buffer to make recovery possible. Since a relatively small amount of
491: information is involved it's hardly even noticeable when JOVE does this. The
492: variable "sync-frequency" says how often to save the necessary
493: information, and the default is every 50 changes. 50 is a very
494: reasonable number: if you are writing a paper you will not lose more than
495: the last 50 characters you typed, which is less than the average length
496: of a line.
497: .NH 2
498: Miscellaneous File Operations
499: .XS \n(PN 5n
500: \*(SN Miscellaneous File Operations
501: .XE
502: .LP
503: .LP
504: ESC X \fIwrite-file\fP <file><return> writes the contents of the buffer
505: into the file <file>,
506: and then visits that file.
507: It can be thought of as a way of "changing the name" of
508: the file you are visiting.
509: Unlike C-X C-S,
510: \fIwrite-file\fP saves even if the buffer has not been changed.
511: C-X C-W is another way of getting this command.
512: .LP
513: ESC X \fIinsert-file\fP <file><return> inserts the contents of <file> into the
514: buffer at point,
515: leaving point unchanged before the contents.
516: You can also use C-X C-I to get this command.
517: .LP
518: ESC X \fIwrite-region\fP <file><return> writes the region (the text between
519: point and mark) to the specified file.
520: It does not set the visited filename.
521: The buffer is not changed.
522: .LP
523: ESC X \fIappend-region\fP <file><return> appends the region to <file>.
524: The text is added to the end of <file>.
525: .NH 1
526: Using Multiple Buffers
527: .XS \n(PN
528: \*(SN Using Multiple Buffers
529: .XE
530: .LP
531: When we speak of "the buffer",
532: which contains the text you are editing,
533: we have given the impression that there is only one.
534: In fact,
535: there may be many of them,
536: each with its own body of text.
537: At any time only one buffer can be \fIselected\fP and available for editing,
538: but it isn't hard to switch to a different one.
539: Each buffer individually remembers which file it is visiting,
540: what modes are in effect,
541: and whether there are any changes that need saving.
542: .IP "C-X B" 15n
543: Select or create a buffer.
544: .IP "C-X C-F" 15n
545: Visit a file in its own buffer.
546: .IP "C-X C-B" 15n
547: List the existing buffers.
548: .IP "C-X K" 15n
549: Kill a buffer.
550: .LP
551: Each buffer in \s-2JOVE\s0 has a single name,
552: which normally doesn't change.
553: A buffer's name can be any length.
554: The name of the currently selected buffer
555: and the name of the file visited in it
556: are visible in the mode line when you are at top level.
557: A newly started \s-2JOVE\s0 has only one buffer,
558: named \fBMain\fP, unless you specified files to edit in the
559: shell command that started \s-2JOVE\s0.
560: .NH 2
561: Creating and Selecting Buffers
562: .XS \n(PN 5n
563: \*(SN Creating and Selecting Buffers
564: .XE
565: .LP
566: To create a new buffer,
567: you need only think of a name for it (say, FOO)
568: and then do C-X B FOO<return>,
569: which is the command C-X B (\fIselect-buffer\fP) followed by the name.
570: This makes a new,
571: empty buffer (if one by that name didn't previously exist)
572: and selects it for editing.
573: The new buffer is not visiting any file,
574: so if you try to save it you will be asked for the filename to use.
575: Each buffer has its own major mode;
576: the new buffer's major mode is \fIText\fP mode by default.
577: .LP
578: To return to buffer FOO later after having switched to another,
579: the same command C-X B FOO<return> is used,
580: since C-X B can tell whether a buffer named FOO exists already or not.
581: C-X B Main<return> reselects the buffer Main that \s-2JOVE\s0 started out with.
582: Just C-X B<return> reselects the previous buffer.
583: Repeated C-X B<return>'s alternate between the last two buffers selected.
584: .LP
585: You can also read a file into its own newly created buffer,
586: all with one command: C-X C-F (\fIfind-file\fP),
587: followed by the filename.
588: The name of the buffer is the last element of the file's pathname.
589: C-F stands for "Find",
590: because if the specified file already resides in a buffer in your \s-2JOVE\s0,
591: that buffer is reselected.
592: So you need not remember whether you have brought the file in already or not.
593: A buffer created by C-X C-F can be reselected later with C-X B or C-X C-F,
594: whichever you find more convenient.
595: Nonexistent files can be created with C-X C-F just as they can with C-X C-V.
596: .NH 2
597: Using Existing Buffers
598: .XS \n(PN 5n
599: \*(SN Using Existing Buffers
600: .XE
601: .LP
602: To get a list of all the buffers that exist,
603: do C-X C-B (\fIlist-buffers\fP).
604: Each buffer's type,
605: name,
606: and visited filename is printed.
607: An asterisk before the buffer name indicates a
608: buffer which contains changes that have not been saved. The number
609: that appears at the beginning of a line in a C-X C-B listing is that
610: buffer's \fIbuffer number\fP.
611: You can select a buffer by typing its number in place of its name.
612: If a buffer with that number doesn't already exist,
613: a new buffer is created with that number as its name.
614: .LP
615: If several buffers have modified text in them,
616: you should save some of them with C-X C-M (\fIwrite-modified-files\fP).
617: This finds all the buffers that need saving and then saves them.
618: Saving the buffers this way is much
619: easier and more efficient (but more dangerous)
620: than selecting each one and typing C-X C-S.
621: If you give C-X C-M an argument, \s-2JOVE\s0 will ask for confirmation
622: before saving each buffer.
623: .LP
624: ESC X \fIrename-buffer\fP <new name><return> changes the name of the currently
625: selected buffer.
626: .LP
627: ESC X \fIerase-buffer\fP <buffer name><return> erases the contents of the
628: <buffer name> without deleting the buffer entirely.
629: .NH 2
630: Killing Buffers
631: .XS \n(PN 5n
632: \*(SN Killing Buffers
633: .XE
634: .LP
635: After you use a \s-2JOVE\s0 for a while,
636: it may fill up with buffers which you no longer need.
637: Eventually you can reach a point where trying to
638: create any more results in an "out of memory" or "out of lines"
639: error.
640: When this happens you will want to kill some buffers with the
641: C-X K (\fIdelete-buffer\fP) command.
642: You can kill the buffer FOO by doing C-X K FOO<return>.
643: If you type C-X K <return> JOVE will kill the previously selected buffer.
644: If you try to kill a buffer that needs saving \s-2JOVE\s0
645: will ask you to confirm it.
646: .LP
647: If you need to kill several buffers, use the command \fIkill-some-buffers\fP.
648: This prompts you with the name of each buffer and asks for confirmation
649: before killing that buffer.
650: .NH 1
651: Controlling the Display
652: .XS \n(PN
653: \*(SN Controlling the Display
654: .XE
655: .LP
656: Since only part of a large file will fit on the screen,
657: \s-2JOVE\s0 tries to show the part that is likely to be interesting.
658: The display control commands allow you to see a different part of the file.
659: .IP "C-L" 15n
660: Reposition point at a specified vertical position,
661: OR clear and redraw the screen with point in the same place.
662: .IP "C-V" 15n
663: Scroll forwards (a screen or a few lines).
664: .IP "ESC V" 15n
665: Scroll backwards.
666: .IP "C-Z" 15n
667: Scroll forward some lines.
668: .IP "ESC Z" 15n
669: Scroll backwards some lines.
670: .LP
671: .LP
672: The terminal screen is rarely large enough to display all of your
673: file.
674: If the whole buffer doesn't fit on the screen,
675: \s-2JOVE\s0 shows a contiguous portion of it,
676: containing
677: .I point.
678: It continues to show approximately the same portion
679: until point moves outside of what is displayed;
680: then \s-2JOVE\s0 chooses a new portion centered around the new
681: .I point.
682: This is \s-2JOVE\s0's guess as to what you are most interested in seeing,
683: but if the guess is wrong,
684: you can use the display control commands to see a different portion.
685: The available screen area through which you can see part of
686: the buffer is called \fIthe window\fP,
687: and the choice of where in the
688: buffer to start displaying is also called \fIthe window\fP. (When
689: there is only one window, it plus the mode line and the input line take
690: up the whole screen).
691: .LP
692: First we describe how \s-2JOVE\s0 chooses a new window position on its own.
693: The goal is usually to place
694: .I point
695: half way down the window.
696: This is controlled by the variable \fIscroll-step\fP,
697: whose value is the number of
698: lines above the bottom or below the top of the window that the line
699: containing point is placed.
700: A value of 0 (the initial value) means center
701: .I point
702: in the window.
703: .LP
704: The basic display control command is C-L (\fIredraw-display\fP).
705: In its simplest form,
706: with no argument,
707: it tells \s-2JOVE\s0 to choose a new window position,
708: centering point half way from the top as usual.
709: .LP
710: C-L with a positive argument chooses a new window so as to put point
711: that many lines from the top.
712: An argument of zero puts point on the very top line.
713: Point does not move with respect to the text; rather,
714: the text and point move rigidly on the screen.
715: .LP
716: If point stays on the same line,
717: the window is first cleared and then redrawn.
718: Thus,
719: two C-L's in a row are guaranteed to clear the current window.
720: ESC C-L will clear and redraw the entire screen.
721: .LP
722: The \fIscrolling\fP commands C-V,
723: ESC V,
724: C-Z,
725: and ESC Z,
726: let you move the whole display up or down a few lines.
727: C-V (\fInext-page\fP) with an
728: argument shows you that many more lines at the bottom of the screen,
729: moving the text and point up together as C-L might.
730: C-V with a
731: negative argument shows you more lines at the top of the screen,
732: as does ESC V (\fIprevious-page\fP) with a positive argument.
733: .LP
734: To read the buffer a window at a time,
735: use the C-V command with no argument.
736: It takes the last line at the bottom of the window and puts
737: it at the top,
738: followed by nearly a whole window of lines not visible before.
739: Point is put at the top of the window.
740: Thus, each C-V shows the "next page of text",
741: except for one line of overlap to provide context.
742: To move backward,
743: use ESC V without an argument,
744: which moves a whole window backwards (again with a line of overlap).
745: .LP
746: C-Z and ESC Z scroll one line forward and one line backward,
747: respectively.
748: These are convenient for moving in units of lines
749: without having to type a numeric argument.
750: .NH 2
751: Multiple Windows
752: .XS \n(PN 5n
753: \*(SN Multiple Windows
754: .XE
755: .LP
756: \s-2JOVE\s0 allows you to split the screen into two or more \fIwindows\fP and
757: use them to display parts of different files,
758: or different parts of the same file.
759: .IP "C-X 2" 15n
760: Divide the current window into two smaller ones.
761: .IP "C-X 1" 15n
762: Delete all windows but the current one.
763: .IP "C-X D" 15n
764: Delete current window.
765: .IP "C-X N" 15n
766: Switch to the next window.
767: .IP "C-X P" 15n
768: Switch to the previous window.
769: .IP "C-X O" 15n
770: Same as C-X P.
771: .IP "C-X ^" 15n
772: Make this window bigger.
773: .IP "ESC C-V" 15n
774: Scroll the other window.
775: .LP
776: .LP
777: When using \fImultiple window\fP mode,
778: the text portion of the screen
779: is divided into separate parts called \fIwindows\fP,
780: which can display different pieces of text.
781: Each window can display different files,
782: or parts of the same file.
783: Only one of the windows is
784: .I active;
785: that is
786: the window which the cursor is in.
787: Editing normally takes place in that window alone.
788: To edit in another window,
789: you would give a command to move the cursor to the other window,
790: and then edit there.
791: .LP
792: Each window displays a mode line for the buffer it's displaying.
793: This is useful to keep track of which window corresponds with which
794: file. In addition, the mode line serves as a separator between windows.
795: By setting the variable \fImode-line-should-standout\fP to "on" you can
796: have \s-2JOVE\s0 display the mode-line in reverse video (assuming your
797: particular terminal has the reverse video capability).
798: .LP
799: The command C-X 2 (\fIsplit-current-window\fP) enters multiple window mode.
800: A new mode line appears across the middle of the screen,
801: dividing the text display area into two halves.
802: Both windows contain the same buffer and display the same position in it,
803: namely where point was at the time you issued the command.
804: The cursor moves to the second window.
805: .LP
806: To return to viewing only one window,
807: use the command C-X 1 (\fIdelete-other-windows\fP).
808: The current window expands to fill the whole screen,
809: and the other windows disappear until the next C-X 2.
810: (The buffers and their contents are unaffected by any of the
811: window operations).
812: .LP
813: While there is more than one window,
814: you can use C-X N (\fInext-window\fP) to switch to the next window,
815: and C-X P (\fIprevious-window\fP) to switch to the previous one.
816: If you are in the bottom window and you type C-X N,
817: you will be placed in the top window,
818: and the same kind of thing happens when you type C-X P in the top window,
819: namely you will be placed in the bottom window.
820: C-X O is the same as C-X P.
821: It stands for "other window" because when there are only two windows,
822: repeated use of this command will switch between the two windows.
823: .LP
824: Often you will be editing one window while using the other just for reference.
825: Then,
826: the command ESC C-V (\fIpage-next-window\fP) is very useful.
827: It scrolls the next window,
828: as if you switched to the next window,
829: typed C-V,
830: and switched back,
831: without your having to do all that.
832: With a negative argument,
833: ESC C-V will do an ESC V in the next window.
834: .LP
835: When a window splits,
836: both halves are approximately the same size.
837: You can redistribute the screen space between the windows with
838: the C-X ^ (\fIgrow-window\fP) command.
839: It makes the currently selected window grow one line bigger,
840: or as many lines as is specified with a numeric argument.
841: Use ESC X \fIshrink-window\fP to make the current window smaller.
842: .NH 2
843: Multiple Windows and Multiple Buffers
844: .XS \n(PN 5n
845: \*(SN Multiple Windows and Multiple Buffers
846: .XE
847: .LP
848: Buffers can be selected independently in each window.
849: The C-X B command selects a new buffer in whichever window contains
850: the cursor.
851: Other windows' buffers do not change.
852: .LP
853: You can view the same buffer in more than one window.
854: Although the same buffer appears in both windows,
855: they have different values of point,
856: so you can move around in one window while the other window
857: continues to show the same text.
858: Then,
859: having found one place you wish to refer to, you can go back into the
860: other window with C-X O or C-X P to make your changes.
861: .LP
862: If you have the same buffer in both windows,
863: you must beware of trying to visit a different file in one of
864: the windows with C-X C-V,
865: because if you bring a new file into this buffer,
866: it will replaced the old file in \fIboth\fP windows.
867: To view different files in different windows,
868: you must switch buffers in one of the windows first
869: (with C-X B or C-X C-F, perhaps).
870: .LP
871: A convenient "combination" command for viewing something in another
872: window is C-X 4 (\fIwindow-find\fP).
873: With this command you can ask to see any specified buffer,
874: file or tag in the other window.
875: Follow the C-X 4 with either B and a buffer name,
876: F and a filename,
877: or T and a tag name.
878: This switches to the other window and finds there what you specified.
879: If you were previously in one-window mode,
880: multiple-window mode is entered.
881: C-X 4 B is similar to C-X 2 C-X B.
882: C-X 4 F is similar to C-X 2 C-X C-F.
883: C-X 4 T is similar to C-X 2 C-X
884: T.
885: The difference is one of efficiency,
886: and also that C-X 4 works equally well if you are already using two windows.
887: .NH 1
888: Processes Under \s-2JOVE\s0
889: .XS \n(PN
890: \*(SN Processes Under \s-2JOVE\s0
891: .XE
892: .LP
893: Another feature in \s-2JOVE\s0 is its ability to interact with
894: .UX
895: in a useful way.
896: You can run other
897: .UX
898: commands from \s-2JOVE\s0 and catch their output in \s-2JOVE\s0 buffers.
899: In this chapter we will discuss the different
900: ways to run and interact with
901: .UX
902: commands.
903: .NH 2
904: Non-interactive
905: .UX
906: commands
907: .XS \n(PN 5n
908: \*(SN Non-interactive
909: .XE
910: .LP
911: To run a
912: .UX
913: command from \s-2JOVE\s0 just type "C-X !" followed by the name
914: of the command terminated with Return.
915: For example,
916: to get a list of all the users on the system,
917: you do:
918: .DS I
919: C-X ! who<return>
920: .DE
921: Then \s-2JOVE\s0 picks a reasonable buffer in which the output from the
922: command will be placed.
923: E.g.,
924: "who" uses a buffer called \fBwho\fP;
925: "ps alx" uses \fBps\fP;
926: and "fgrep -n foo *.c" uses \fBfgrep\fP.
927: If \s-2JOVE\s0
928: wants to use a buffer that already exists it first erases the old contents.
929: If the buffer it selects holds a file,
930: not output from a previous shell command,
931: you must first delete that buffer with C-X K.
932: .LP
933: Once \s-2JOVE\s0 has picked a buffer it puts that buffer in a window so you
934: can see the command's output as it is running.
935: If there is only one window \s-2JOVE\s0 will automatically make another one.
936: Otherwise,
937: \s-2JOVE\s0
938: tries to pick the most convenient window which isn't the current one.
939: .LP
940: It's not a good idea to type anything while the command is running.
941: There are two reasons for this:
942: .IP (i)
943: \s-2JOVE\s0 won't see the characters (thus won't execute them) until the
944: command finishes,
945: so you may forget what you've typed.
946: .IP (ii)
947: Although \s-2JOVE\s0 won't know what you've typed,
948: it
949: .I will
950: know that you've typed something,
951: and then it will try to be "smart" and not update the
952: display until it's interpreted what you've typed.
953: But,
954: of course,
955: \s-2JOVE\s0 won't interpret what you type until the
956: .UX
957: command completes,
958: so you're left with the uneasy feeling you get when you
959: don't know what the hell the computer is doing*.
960: .FS
961: *This is a bug and should be fixed,
962: but probably won't be for a while.
963: .FE
964: .LP
965: If you want to interrupt the command for some reason (perhaps you
966: mistyped it, or you changed your mind) you can type C-].
967: Typing this
968: inside \s-2JOVE\s0 while a process is running is the same as typing C-C when
969: you are outside \s-2JOVE\s0,
970: namely the process stops in a hurry.
971: .LP
972: When the command finishes, \s-2JOVE\s0 puts you back in the window in which
973: you started.
974: Then it prints a message indicating whether or not the command
975: completed successfully in its (the command's) opinion.
976: That is,
977: if the command had what it considers an error
978: (or you interrupt it with C-])
979: \s-2JOVE\s0 will print an appropriate message.
980:
981: .NH 2
982: Limitations of Non-Interactive Processes
983: .XS \n(PN 5n
984: \*(SN Limitations of Non-Interactive Processes
985: .XE
986: .LP
987: The reason these are called non-interactive processes is that you
988: can't type any input to them; you can't interact with them; they can't
989: ask you questions because there is no way for you to answer.
990: For example,
991: you can't run a command interpreter (a shell), or
992: .I mail
993: or
994: .I crypt
995: with C-X ! because there is no way to provide it with input.
996: Remember that \s-2JOVE\s0 (not the process in the window)
997: is listening to your keyboard,
998: and \s-2JOVE\s0 waits until the process dies before it looks at
999: what you type.
1000: .LP
1001: C-X ! is useful for running commands that do some output and then exit.
1002: For example,
1003: it's very useful to use with the C compiler to
1004: catch compilation error messages (see Compiling C Programs),
1005: or with the \fIgrep\fP commands.
1006: .NH 2
1007: Interactive Processes \(em Run a Shell in a Window
1008: .XS \n(PN 5n
1009: \*(SN Interactive Processes \(em Run a Shell in a Window
1010: .XE
1011: .LP
1012: Some versions of \s-2JOVE\s0\(dg
1013: .FS
1014: \(dg For example, the version provided with 4.3BSD.
1015: .FE
1016: have the capability of running interactive
1017: processes.
1018: This is more useful than non-interactive processes for
1019: certain types of jobs:
1020: .IP (i)
1021: You can go off and do some editing while the command is running.
1022: This is useful for commands that do sporadic output and run for fairly long
1023: periods of time.
1024: .IP (ii)
1025: Unlike non-interactive processes,
1026: you can type input to these.
1027: In addition,
1028: you can edit what you type with the power of all the \s-2JOVE\s0
1029: commands \fIbefore\fP you send the input to the process.
1030: This is a really important feature,
1031: and is especially useful for running a shell in a window.
1032: .IP (iii)
1033: Because you can continue with normal editing while one of the
1034: processes is running,
1035: you can create a bunch of contexts and manage them
1036: (select them, delete them, or temporarily put them aside)
1037: with \s-2JOVE\s0's window and buffer mechanisms.
1038: .LP
1039: Although we may have given an image of processes being attached to
1040: .I windows,
1041: in fact they are attached to
1042: .I buffers.
1043: Therefore,
1044: once an \fIi-process\fP is running you can select another buffer into that window,
1045: or if you wish you can delete the window altogether.
1046: If you reselect that buffer later it will be up to date.
1047: That is,
1048: even though the
1049: buffer wasn't visible it was still receiving output from the process.
1050: You don't have to worry about missing anything when the buffer isn't visible.
1051: .NH 2
1052: Advantages of Running Processes in \s-2JOVE\s0 Windows.
1053: .XS \n(PN 5n
1054: \*(SN Advantages of Running Processes in \s-2JOVE\s0 Windows.
1055: .XE
1056: .LP
1057: There are several advantages to running a shell in a window.
1058: What you type isn't seen immediately by the process;
1059: instead \s-2JOVE\s0 waits until
1060: you type an entire line before passing it on to the process to read.
1061: This means that before you type <return>
1062: all of \s-2JOVE\s0's editing
1063: capabilities are available for fixing errors on your input line.
1064: If you discover an error at the beginning of the line,
1065: rather than erasing the whole line and starting over,
1066: you can simply move to the error,
1067: correct it,
1068: move back and continue typing.
1069: .LP
1070: Another feature is that you have the entire history of your session in
1071: a \s-2JOVE\s0 buffer.
1072: You don't have to worry about output from a command
1073: moving past the top of the screen.
1074: If you missed some output you can
1075: move back through it with ESC V and other commands.
1076: In addition,
1077: you can save yourself retyping a command (or a similar one) by sending
1078: edited versions of previous commands, or edit the output of one command
1079: to become a list of commands to be executed ("immediate shell scripts").
1080: .NH 2
1081: Differences between Normal and I-process Buffers
1082: .XS \n(PN 5n
1083: \*(SN Differences between Normal and I-process Buffers
1084: .XE
1085: .LP
1086: \s-2JOVE\s0 behaves differently in several ways when you are in an \fIi-process\fP
1087: buffer.
1088: Most obviously, <return> does different things
1089: depending on both your position in the buffer and on the state of the process.
1090: In the normal case,
1091: when point is at the end of the buffer,
1092: Return does what you'd expect: it inserts a line-separator and then
1093: sends the line to the process.
1094: If you are somewhere else in the buffer,
1095: possibly positioned at a previous command that you want to edit,
1096: Return will place a copy of that line
1097: (with the prompt discarded if there is one)
1098: at the end of the buffer and move you there.
1099: Then you can edit the line and type Return as in the normal case.
1100: If the process has died for some reason,
1101: Return does nothing.
1102: It doesn't even insert itself.
1103: If that happens unexpectedly,
1104: you should type ESC X \fIlist-processes\fP<return>
1105: to get a list of each process and its state.
1106: If your process died abnormally,
1107: \fIlist-processes\fP may help you figure out why.
1108: .NH 2
1109: How to Run a Shell in a Window
1110: .XS \n(PN 5n
1111: \*(SN How to Run a Shell in a Window
1112: .XE
1113: .LP
1114: Type ESC X \fIshell\fP<return> to start up a shell.
1115: As with C-X !,
1116: \s-2JOVE\s0 will
1117: create a buffer,
1118: called \fB*shell*\-1\fP,
1119: and select a window for this new buffer.
1120: But unlike C-X ! you will be left in the new window.
1121: Now,
1122: the shell process is said to be attached to \fBshell\-1\fP.
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