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1.1 ! root 1: ED(1) UNIX Reference Manual ED(1) ! 2: ! 3: NNAAMMEE ! 4: eedd - text editor ! 5: ! 6: SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ! 7: eedd [--] [_f_i_l_e] ! 8: ! 9: DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN ! 10: EEdd is the standard text editor. ! 11: ! 12: If a _f_i_l_e argument is given, eedd simulates an ee command (see below) on the ! 13: named file; that is to say, the file is read into eedd ''ss buffer so that it ! 14: can be edited. ! 15: ! 16: -- Suppresses the printing of explanatory output and should be used ! 17: when the standard input is an editor script. ! 18: ! 19: EEdd operates on a copy of any file it is editing; changes made in the copy ! 20: have no effect on the file until a ww (write) command is given. The copy ! 21: of the text being edited resides in a temporary file called the _b_u_f_f_e_r. ! 22: ! 23: Commands to eedd have a simple and regular structure: zero or more ! 24: _a_d_d_r_e_s_s_e_s followed by a single character _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, possibly followed by ! 25: parameters to the command. These addresses specify one or more lines in ! 26: the buffer. Missing addresses are supplied by default. ! 27: ! 28: In general, only one command may appear on a line. Certain commands al- ! 29: low the addition of text to the buffer. While eedd is accepting text, it ! 30: is said to be in _i_n_p_u_t _m_o_d_e. In this mode, no commands are recognized; ! 31: all input is merely collected. Input mode is left by typing a period `..' ! 32: alone at the beginning of a line. ! 33: ! 34: EEdd supports a limited form of _r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n notation. A regular ex- ! 35: pression specifies a set of strings of characters. A member of this set ! 36: of strings is said to be _m_a_t_c_h_e_d by the regular expression. In the fol- ! 37: lowing specification for regular expressions the word `character' means ! 38: any character but newline. ! 39: ! 40: 1. Any character except a special character matches itself. Special ! 41: characters are the regular expression delimiter plus `\\[[..' and ! 42: sometimes `^^**$$'. ! 43: ! 44: 2. A `..' matches any character. ! 45: ! 46: 3. A `\' followed by any character except a digit or () matches that ! 47: character. ! 48: ! 49: 4. A nonempty string [_s] or ([^^_s]) matches any character in (or not ! 50: in) _s. In _s, `\' has no special meaning, and may only appear as ! 51: the first letter. A substring _a-_b, with _a and _b in ascending ASCII ! 52: order, stands for the inclusive range of ASCII characters. ! 53: ! 54: 5. A regular expression of form 1-4 followed by * matches a sequence ! 55: of 0 or more matches of the regular expression. ! 56: ! 57: 6. A regular expression, _x, of form 1-8, bracketed \(_x\) matches what ! 58: _x matches. ! 59: ! 60: 7. A \ followed by a digit _n matches a copy of the string that the ! 61: bracketed regular expression beginning with the _n'th \( matched. ! 62: ! 63: 8. A regular expression of form 1-8, _x, followed by a regular expres- ! 64: sion of form 1-7, _y matches a match for _x followed by a match for ! 65: _y, with the _x match being as long as possible while still permit- ! 66: ting a _y match. ! 67: 9. A regular expression of form 1-8 preceded by `^' (or followed by ! 68: `$'), is constrained to matches that begin at the left (or end at ! 69: the right) end of a line. ! 70: ! 71: 10. A regular expression of form 1-9 picks out the longest among the ! 72: leftmost matches in a line. ! 73: ! 74: 11. An empty regular expression stands for a copy of the last regular ! 75: expression encountered. ! 76: ! 77: Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify lines and in one ! 78: command (see _s below) to specify a portion of a line which is to be re- ! 79: placed. If it is desired to use one of the regular expression metachar- ! 80: acters as an ordinary character, that character may be preceded by `\'. ! 81: This also applies to the character bounding the regular expression (often ! 82: `/') and to `\' itself. ! 83: ! 84: To understand addressing in eedd it is necessary to know that at any time ! 85: there is a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _l_i_n_e. Generally speaking, the current line is the ! 86: last line affected by a command; however, the exact effect on the current ! 87: line is discussed under the description of the command. Addresses are ! 88: constructed as follows. ! 89: ! 90: 1. The character `..' addresses the current line. ! 91: ! 92: 2. The character `$$' addresses the last line of the buffer. ! 93: ! 94: 3. A decimal number _n addresses the _n'th line of the buffer. ! 95: ! 96: 4. `'_x' addresses the line marked with the name _x, which must be a ! 97: lower-case letter. Lines are marked with the _k command described ! 98: below. ! 99: ! 100: 5. A regular expression enclosed in slashes `/' addresses the line ! 101: found by searching forward from the current line and stopping at ! 102: the first line containing a string that matches the regular ! 103: expression. If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning ! 104: of the buffer. ! 105: ! 106: 6. A regular expression enclosed in queries `?' addresses the line ! 107: found by searching backward from the current line and stopping at ! 108: the first line containing a string that matches the regular ! 109: expression. If necessary the search wraps around to the end of the ! 110: buffer. ! 111: ! 112: 7. An address followed by a plus sign `+' or a minus sign `-' followed ! 113: by a decimal number specifies that address plus (resp. minus) the ! 114: indicated number of lines. The plus sign may be omitted. ! 115: ! 116: 8. If an address begins with `+' or `-' the addition or subtraction is ! 117: taken with respect to the current line; e.g. `-5' is understood to ! 118: mean `.-5' . ! 119: ! 120: 9. If an address ends with `+' `-', then 1 is added (resp. ! 121: subtracted). As a consequence of this rule and rule 8, the address ! 122: `-' refers to the line before the current line. Moreover, trailing ! 123: `+' and `-' characters have cumulative effect, so `--' refers to ! 124: the current line less 2. ! 125: ! 126: 10. To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor, the ! 127: character `^' in addresses is equivalent to `-'. ! 128: ! 129: Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses. Commands which require ! 130: no addresses regard the presence of an address as an error. Commands ! 131: which accept one or two addresses assume default addresses when ! 132: insufficient are given. If more addresses are given than such a command ! 133: requires, the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used. ! 134: ! 135: Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma `,' They may ! 136: also be separated by a semicolon `;' In this case the current line `.' . ! 137: is set to the previous address before the next address is interpreted. ! 138: This feature can be used to determine the starting line for forward and ! 139: backward searches (`/' `?'). The second address of any two-address ! 140: sequence must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to ! 141: the first address. The special form `%' is an abbreviation for the ! 142: address pair `1,$'. ! 143: ! 144: In the following list of eedd commands, the default addresses are shown in ! 145: parentheses. The parentheses are not part of the address, but are used ! 146: to show that the given addresses are the default. ! 147: ! 148: As mentioned, it is generally illegal for more than one command to appear ! 149: on a line. However, most commands may be suffixed by `p' or by `l', in ! 150: which case the current line is either printed or listed respectively in ! 151: the way discussed below. Commands may also be suffixed by `n', meaning ! 152: the output of the command is to be line numbered. These suffixes may be ! 153: combined in any order. ! 154: ! 155: (.)aa ! 156: ! 157: <text> ! 158: ! 159: .. The append command reads the given text and appends it after the ! 160: addressed line. `..' is left on the last line input, if there were ! 161: any, otherwise at the addressed line. Address `0' is legal for ! 162: this command; text is placed at the beginning of the buffer. ! 163: ! 164: (..,..)cc ! 165: ! 166: <text> ! 167: ! 168: .. The change command deletes the addressed lines, then accepts input ! 169: text which replaces these lines. `..' is left at the last line in- ! 170: put; if there were none, it is left at the line preceding the ! 171: deleted lines. ! 172: ! 173: (..,..)dd ! 174: The delete command deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. ! 175: The line originally after the last line deleted becomes the current ! 176: line; if the lines deleted were originally at the end, the new last ! 177: line becomes the current line. ! 178: ! 179: ee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ! 180: The edit command causes the entire contents of the buffer to be ! 181: deleted, and then the named file to be read in. `..' is set to the ! 182: last line of the buffer. The number of characters read is typed. ! 183: _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is remembered for possible use as a default file name in a ! 184: subsequent rr or ww command. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is missing, the remembered ! 185: name is used. ! 186: ! 187: EE _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ! 188: This command is the same as ee, except that no diagnostic results ! 189: when no ww has been given since the last buffer alteration. ! 190: ! 191: ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ! 192: The filename command prints the currently remembered file name. If ! 193: _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is given, the currently remembered file name is changed to ! 194: _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. ! 195: ! 196: (1,$$)gg/_r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n/_c_o_m_m_a_n_d _l_i_s_t ! 197: In the global command, the first step is to mark every line which ! 198: matches the given regular expression. Then for every such line, ! 199: the given command list is executed with `..' initially set to that ! 200: line. A single command or the first of multiple commands appears ! 201: on the same line with the global command. All lines of a multi- ! 202: line list except the last line must be ended with `\\'. AA, ii,, and cc ! 203: commands and associated input are permitted; the `..' terminating ! 204: input mode may be omitted if it would be on the last line of the ! 205: command list. The commands gg and vv are not permitted in the com- ! 206: mand list. ! 207: ! 208: (.)ii ! 209: ! 210: <text> ! 211: ! 212: .. This command inserts the given text before the addressed line. `..' ! 213: is left at the last line input, or, if there were none, at the line ! 214: before the addressed line. This command differs from the aa command ! 215: only in the placement of the text. ! 216: ! 217: (..,..++11)jj ! 218: This command joins the addressed lines into a single line; ! 219: intermediate newlines simply disappear. `..' is left at the ! 220: resulting line. ! 221: ! 222: (.)kk_x ! 223: The mark command marks the addressed line with name _x, which must ! 224: be a lower-case letter. The address form `'_x' then addresses this ! 225: line. ! 226: ! 227: (..,..)ll ! 228: The list command prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way: ! 229: non-graphic characters are printed in two-digit octal, and long ! 230: lines are folded. The _l command may be placed on the same line ! 231: after any non-i/o command. ! 232: ! 233: (..,..)mm_a ! 234: The move command repositions the addressed lines after the line ! 235: addressed by _a. The last of the moved lines becomes the current ! 236: line. ! 237: ! 238: (..,..)pp ! 239: The print command prints the addressed lines. `..' is left at the ! 240: last line printed. The pp command may be placed on the same line ! 241: after any non-i/o command. ! 242: ! 243: (..,..)PP ! 244: This command is a synonym for pp. ! 245: ! 246: qq The quit command causes eedd to exit. No automatic write of a file ! 247: is done. ! 248: ! 249: QQ This command is the same as qq, except that no diagnostic results ! 250: when no ww has been given since the last buffer alteration. ! 251: ! 252: ($$)rr _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ! 253: The read command reads in the given file after the addressed line. ! 254: If no file name is given, the remembered file name, if any, is used ! 255: (see ee and ff commands). The file name is remembered if there was ! 256: no remembered file name already. Address `0' is legal for rr and ! 257: causes the file to be read at the beginning of the buffer. If the ! 258: read is successful, the number of characters read is typed. `..' is ! 259: left at the last line read in from the file. ! 260: ! 261: (..,..)ss/_r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n/_r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t/ or ! 262: ! 263: (..,..)ss/_r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n/_r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t/gg ! 264: The substitute command searches each addressed line for an ! 265: occurrence of the specified regular expression. On each line in ! 266: which a match is found, all matched strings are replaced by the ! 267: replacement specified, if the global replacement indicator gg ap- ! 268: pears after the command. If the global indicator does not appear, ! 269: only the first occurrence of the matched string is replaced. It is ! 270: an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines. Any ! 271: punctuation character may be used instead of `//' to delimit the ! 272: regular expression and the replacement. `..' is left at the last ! 273: line substituted. An ampersand `&&' appearing in the replacement is ! 274: replaced by the string matching the regular expression. The ! 275: special meaning of `&&' in this context may be suppressed by ! 276: preceding it by `\\'. The characters `\\_n' where _n is a digit, are ! 277: replaced by the text matched by the _n'th regular subexpression ! 278: enclosed between `\\(('. and `\\))'. When nested, parenthesized ! 279: subexpressions are present, _n is determined by counting occurrences ! 280: of `\\(('. starting from the left. Lines may be split by ! 281: substituting new-line characters into them. The new-line in the ! 282: replacement string must be escaped by preceding it by `\\'. One or ! 283: two trailing delimiters may be omitted, implying the pp suffix. The ! 284: special form ss followed by _n_o delimiters repeats the most recent ! 285: substitute command on the addressed lines. The ss may be followed ! 286: by the letters rr (use the most recent regular expression for the ! 287: left hand side, instead of the most recent left hand side of a sub- ! 288: stitute command), pp (complement the setting of the pp suffix from ! 289: the previous substitution), or gg (complement the setting of the gg ! 290: suffix). These letters may be combined in any order. ! 291: ! 292: (..,..)tt_a ! 293: This command acts just like the mm command, except that a copy of ! 294: the addressed lines is placed after address _a (which may be 0). ! 295: `..' is left on the last line of the copy. ! 296: ! 297: (..,..)uu ! 298: The undo command restores the buffer to it's state before the most ! 299: recent buffer modifying command. The current line is also ! 300: restored. Buffer modifying commands are aa, cc, dd, gg, ii and vv. For ! 301: purposes of undo, gg and vv are considered to be a single buffer ! 302: modifying command. Undo is its own inverse. When eedd runs out of ! 303: memory (at about 8000 lines on any 16 bit mini-computer such as the ! 304: PDP-11) This full undo is not possible, and uu can only undo the ef- ! 305: fect of the most recent substitute on the current line. This res- ! 306: tricted undo also applies to editor scripts when eedd is invoked with ! 307: the -- option. ! 308: ! 309: (1,$$)vv/_r_e_g_u_l_a_r _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n/_c_o_m_m_a_n_d _l_i_s_t ! 310: This command is the same as the global command gg except that the ! 311: command list is executed gg with `..' initially set to every line ! 312: _e_x_c_e_p_t those matching the regular expression. (1, $) 192.Tp Cx ( 1 ! 313: ,$$)ww _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e The write command writes the addressed lines onto the ! 314: given file. If the file does not exist, it is created. The file ! 315: name is remembered if there was no remembered file name already. ! 316: If no file name is given, the remembered file name, if any, is used ! 317: (see ee and ff commands). `..' is unchanged. If the command is ! 318: successful, the number of characters written is printed. ! 319: ! 320: (1,$$)WW _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ! 321: This command is the same as ww, except that the addressed lines are ! 322: appended to the file. ! 323: ! 324: (1,$$)wwqq _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ! 325: This command is the same as ww except that afterwards a qq command is ! 326: done, exiting the editor after the file is written. 1 ++11 )zz or, ! 327: ! 328: (1++11)zz_n ! 329: This command scrolls through the buffer starting at the addressed ! 330: line. 22 (or _n, if given) lines are printed. The last line print- ! 331: ed becomes the current line. The value _n is sticky, in that it be- ! 332: comes the default for future zz commands. ! 333: ! 334: ($$)== ! 335: The line number of the addressed line is typed. `..' is unchanged ! 336: by this command. ! 337: ! 338: !!<shell command> ! 339: The remainder of the line after the `!' is sent to sh(1) to be ! 340: interpreted as a command. `..' is unchanged. ! 341: ! 342: (..++11,..++11)<newline> ! 343: An address alone on a line causes the addressed line to be printed. ! 344: A blank line alone is equivalent to ..++11 it is useful for stepping ! 345: through text. If two addresses are present with no intervening ! 346: semicolon, eedd prints the range of lines. If they are separated by ! 347: a semicolon, the second line is printed. ! 348: ! 349: If an interrupt signal (ASCII DEL) is sent, eedd prints `?interrupted' and ! 350: returns to its command level. ! 351: ! 352: Some size limitations: 512 characters per line, 256 characters per global ! 353: command list, 64 characters per file name, and, on mini computers, 128K ! 354: characters in the temporary file. The limit on the number of lines ! 355: depends on the amount of core: each line takes 2 words. ! 356: ! 357: When reading a file, eedd discards ASCII NUL characters and all characters ! 358: after the last newline. It refuses to read files containing non-ASCII ! 359: characters. ! 360: ! 361: FFIILLEESS ! 362: /_t_m_p/_e* ! 363: _e_d_h_u_p work is saved here if terminal hangs up ! 364: ! 365: ! 366: SSEEEE AALLSSOO ! 367: ex(1), sed(1), crypt(1) ! 368: B. W. Kernighan, _A _T_u_t_o_r_i_a_l _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _t_h_e _E_D _T_e_x_t _E_d_i_t_o_r ! 369: B. W. Kernighan, _A_r _A_d_v_a_n_c_e_d _e_d_i_t_i_n_g _o_n _U_N_I_X ! 370: ! 371: HHIISSTTOORRYY ! 372: The eedd command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. ! 373: ! 374: DDIIAAGGNNOOSSTTIICCSS ! 375: `name' for inaccessible file; `?self-explanatory message' for other er- ! 376: rors. ! 377: ! 378: To protect against throwing away valuable work, a qq or ee command is con- ! 379: sidered to be in error, unless a ww has occurred since the last buffer ! 380: change. A second qq or ee will be obeyed regardless. ! 381: ! 382: BBUUGGSS ! 383: The ll command mishandles DEL. ! 384: The uunnddoo command causes marks to be lost on affected lines.
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