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Annotation of 43BSDReno/foreign/src/ed/ed.1, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1990 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"     @(#)ed.1       6.5.1.1 (Berkeley) 10/21/90
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .Dd October 21, 1990
        !             8: .Dt ED 1
        !             9: .Os ATT 7th
        !            10: .if t .ds q \(aa
        !            11: .if n .ds q '
        !            12: .Sh NAME
        !            13: .Nm ed
        !            14: .Nd text editor
        !            15: .Sh SYNOPSIS
        !            16: .Nm ed
        !            17: .Op Fl
        !            18: .Op Ar file
        !            19: .Sh DESCRIPTION
        !            20: .Nm Ed
        !            21: is the standard text editor.
        !            22: .Pp
        !            23: If a
        !            24: .Ar file
        !            25: argument is given,
        !            26: .Nm ed
        !            27: simulates an
        !            28: .Ic e
        !            29: command (see below) on the named file; that is to say,
        !            30: the file is read into
        !            31: .Nm ed 's
        !            32: buffer so that it can be edited.
        !            33: .Tw Ds
        !            34: .Tp Fl
        !            35: Suppresses the printing
        !            36: of explanatory output
        !            37: and should be used
        !            38: when the standard input is
        !            39: an editor script.
        !            40: .Tp
        !            41: .Pp
        !            42: .Nm Ed
        !            43: operates on a copy of any file it is editing; changes made
        !            44: in the copy have no effect on the file until a
        !            45: .Ic w
        !            46: (write) command is given.
        !            47: The copy of the text being edited resides
        !            48: in a temporary file called the
        !            49: .Ar buffer  .
        !            50: .Pp
        !            51: Commands to
        !            52: .Nm ed
        !            53: have a simple and regular structure: zero or
        !            54: more
        !            55: .Ar addresses
        !            56: followed by a single character
        !            57: .Ar command ,
        !            58: possibly
        !            59: followed by parameters to the command.
        !            60: These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
        !            61: Missing addresses are supplied by default.
        !            62: .Pp
        !            63: In general, only one command may appear on a line.
        !            64: Certain commands allow the
        !            65: addition of text to the buffer.
        !            66: While
        !            67: .Nm ed
        !            68: is accepting text, it is said
        !            69: to be in
        !            70: .Ar input mode .
        !            71: In this mode, no commands are recognized;
        !            72: all input is merely collected.
        !            73: Input mode is left by typing a period
        !            74: .Sq Ic \&.
        !            75: alone at the
        !            76: beginning of a line.
        !            77: .Pp
        !            78: .Nm Ed
        !            79: supports a limited form of
        !            80: .Ar regular expression
        !            81: notation.
        !            82: A regular expression specifies
        !            83: a set of strings of characters.
        !            84: A member of this set of strings is said to be
        !            85: .Ar matched
        !            86: by the regular expression.
        !            87: In the following specification for regular expressions
        !            88: the word `character' means any character but newline.
        !            89: .Tw Ds
        !            90: .Tp 1.
        !            91: Any character except a special character
        !            92: matches itself.
        !            93: Special characters are
        !            94: the regular expression delimiter plus
        !            95: .Sq Cm \e\[.
        !            96: and sometimes
        !            97: .Sq Cm ^*$ .
        !            98: .Tp 2.
        !            99: A
        !           100: .Sq Cm \&.
        !           101: matches any character.
        !           102: .Tp 3.
        !           103: A
        !           104: .Sq Li \e
        !           105: followed by any character except a digit or
        !           106: .Li (\)
        !           107: matches that character.
        !           108: .Tp 4.
        !           109: A nonempty string
        !           110: .Op Ar s
        !           111: or
        !           112: .Oo
        !           113: .Cx \&(
        !           114: .Op Cm \&^ Ar s
        !           115: .Cx \&)
        !           116: .Cx
        !           117: .Oo
        !           118: matches any character in (or not in)
        !           119: .Ar s .
        !           120: In
        !           121: .Ar s ,
        !           122: .Sq Li \e
        !           123: has no special meaning, and
        !           124: may only appear as
        !           125: the first letter.
        !           126: A substring
        !           127: .Ar a\-b ,
        !           128: with
        !           129: .Ar a
        !           130: and
        !           131: .Ar b
        !           132: in ascending ASCII order, stands for the inclusive
        !           133: range of ASCII characters.
        !           134: .Tp 5.
        !           135: A regular expression of form 1\-4 followed by * matches a sequence of
        !           136: 0 or more matches of the regular expression.
        !           137: .Tp 6.
        !           138: A regular expression,
        !           139: .Ar x ,
        !           140: of form 1\-8, bracketed
        !           141: .Cx Li \e(
        !           142: .Ar x
        !           143: .Li \e)
        !           144: .Cx
        !           145: matches what
        !           146: .Ar x
        !           147: matches.
        !           148: .Tp 7.
        !           149: A \e followed by a digit
        !           150: .Ar n
        !           151: matches a copy of the string that the
        !           152: bracketed regular expression beginning with the
        !           153: .Cx Ar n
        !           154: .Cx \'th
        !           155: .Cx
        !           156: .Li \e(
        !           157: matched.
        !           158: .Tp 8.
        !           159: A regular expression of form 1\-8,
        !           160: .Ar x ,
        !           161: followed by a regular expression of form 1\-7,
        !           162: .Ar y
        !           163: matches a match for
        !           164: .Ar x
        !           165: followed by a match for
        !           166: .Ar y ,
        !           167: with the
        !           168: .Ar x
        !           169: match being as long as possible while still permitting a
        !           170: .Ar y
        !           171: match.
        !           172: .Tp 9.
        !           173: A regular expression of form 1\-8 preceded by
        !           174: .Sq Li ^
        !           175: (or followed by
        !           176: .Sq Li $ ) ,
        !           177: is constrained to matches that
        !           178: begin at the left (or end at the right) end of a line.
        !           179: .Tp 10.
        !           180: A regular expression of form 1\-9 picks out the
        !           181: longest among the leftmost matches in a line.
        !           182: .Tp 11.
        !           183: An empty regular expression stands for a copy of the
        !           184: last regular expression encountered.
        !           185: .Tp
        !           186: .Pp
        !           187: Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
        !           188: lines and in one command
        !           189: (see
        !           190: .Ar s
        !           191: below)
        !           192: to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
        !           193: If it is desired to use one of
        !           194: the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
        !           195: character, that character may be preceded by
        !           196: .Sq Li \e .
        !           197: This also applies to the character bounding the regular
        !           198: expression (often
        !           199: .Sq Li \&/ )
        !           200: and to
        !           201: .Sq Li \e
        !           202: itself.
        !           203: .Pp
        !           204: To understand addressing in
        !           205: .Nm ed
        !           206: it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
        !           207: .Ar current line.
        !           208: Generally speaking, the current line is
        !           209: the last line affected by a command; however,
        !           210: the exact effect on the current line
        !           211: is discussed under the description of
        !           212: the command.
        !           213: Addresses are constructed as follows.
        !           214: .Tw Ds
        !           215: .Tp 1.
        !           216: The character
        !           217: .Sq Ic \&.
        !           218: addresses the current line.
        !           219: .Tp 2.
        !           220: The character
        !           221: .Cx `
        !           222: .Ic $
        !           223: .Cx \'
        !           224: .Cx
        !           225: addresses the last line of the buffer.
        !           226: .Tp 3.
        !           227: A decimal number
        !           228: .Ar n
        !           229: addresses the
        !           230: .Cx Ar n
        !           231: .Cx \'th
        !           232: .Cx
        !           233: line of the buffer.
        !           234: .Tp 4.
        !           235: .Cx `\(fm
        !           236: .Ar x
        !           237: .Cx \'
        !           238: .Cx
        !           239: addresses the line marked with the name
        !           240: .Ar x  ,
        !           241: which must be a lower-case letter.
        !           242: Lines are marked with the
        !           243: .Ar k
        !           244: command described below.
        !           245: .Tp 5.
        !           246: A regular expression enclosed in slashes
        !           247: .Cx `
        !           248: .Li /
        !           249: .Cx \'
        !           250: .Cx
        !           251: addresses
        !           252: the line found by searching forward from the current line
        !           253: and stopping at the first line containing a
        !           254: string that matches the regular expression.
        !           255: If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
        !           256: buffer.
        !           257: .Tp 6.
        !           258: A regular expression enclosed in queries 
        !           259: .Cx `
        !           260: .Li ?
        !           261: .Cx \'
        !           262: .Cx
        !           263: addresses
        !           264: the line found by searching backward from the current line
        !           265: and stopping at the first line containing
        !           266: a string that matches the regular expression.
        !           267: If necessary
        !           268: the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
        !           269: .Tp 7.
        !           270: An address followed by a plus sign
        !           271: .Cx `
        !           272: .Li +
        !           273: .Cx \'
        !           274: .Cx
        !           275: or a minus sign
        !           276: .Cx `
        !           277: .Li \-
        !           278: .Cx \'
        !           279: .Cx
        !           280: followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
        !           281: (resp. minus) the indicated number of lines.
        !           282: The plus sign may be omitted.
        !           283: .Tp 8.
        !           284: If an address begins with
        !           285: .Cx `
        !           286: .Li +
        !           287: .Cx \'
        !           288: .Cx
        !           289: or
        !           290: .Cx `
        !           291: .Li \-
        !           292: .Cx \'
        !           293: .Cx
        !           294: the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
        !           295: e.g.
        !           296: .Cx `
        !           297: .Li \-5
        !           298: .Cx \'
        !           299: .Cx
        !           300: is understood to mean
        !           301: .Cx `
        !           302: .Li .\-5
        !           303: .Cx \'
        !           304: .Cx
        !           305: .Nm .
        !           306: .Tp 9.
        !           307: If an address ends with
        !           308: .Cx `
        !           309: .Li +
        !           310: .Cx \'
        !           311: .Cx
        !           312: .Cx `
        !           313: .Li \-
        !           314: .Cx \',
        !           315: .Cx
        !           316: then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
        !           317: As a consequence of this rule and rule 8,
        !           318: the address
        !           319: .Cx `
        !           320: .Li \-
        !           321: .Cx \'
        !           322: .Cx
        !           323: refers to the line before the current line.
        !           324: Moreover,
        !           325: trailing
        !           326: .Cx `
        !           327: .Li +
        !           328: .Cx \'
        !           329: .Cx
        !           330: and
        !           331: .Cx `
        !           332: .Li \-
        !           333: .Cx \'
        !           334: .Cx
        !           335: characters
        !           336: have cumulative effect, so
        !           337: .Cx `
        !           338: .Li \-\-
        !           339: .Cx \'
        !           340: .Cx
        !           341: refers to the current
        !           342: line less 2.
        !           343: .Tp 10.
        !           344: To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
        !           345: the character
        !           346: .Cx `
        !           347: .Li ^
        !           348: .Cx \'
        !           349: .Cx
        !           350: in addresses is
        !           351: equivalent to
        !           352: .Cx `
        !           353: .Li \-
        !           354: .Cx \'.
        !           355: .Cx
        !           356: .Tp
        !           357: .Pp
        !           358: Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
        !           359: Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
        !           360: of an address as an error.
        !           361: Commands which accept one or two addresses
        !           362: assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
        !           363: If more addresses are given than such a command requires,
        !           364: the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used.
        !           365: .Pp
        !           366: Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
        !           367: .Cx `
        !           368: .Li ,
        !           369: .Cx \'
        !           370: .Cx
        !           371: They may also be separated by a semicolon
        !           372: .Cx `
        !           373: .Li ;
        !           374: .Cx \'
        !           375: .Cx
        !           376: In this case the current line 
        !           377: .Cx `
        !           378: .Li .
        !           379: .Cx \'
        !           380: .Cx
        !           381: .Nm .
        !           382: is set to
        !           383: the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
        !           384: This feature can be used to determine the starting
        !           385: line for forward and backward searches
        !           386: .Cx \&(`
        !           387: .Li /
        !           388: .Cx \'
        !           389: .Cx
        !           390: .Cx `
        !           391: .Li ?
        !           392: .Cx \').
        !           393: .Cx
        !           394: The second address of any two-address sequence
        !           395: must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
        !           396: The special form
        !           397: .Cx `
        !           398: .Li \&%
        !           399: .Cx \'
        !           400: .Cx
        !           401: is an abbreviation for the address pair
        !           402: .Cx `
        !           403: .Li 1,$
        !           404: .Cx \'.
        !           405: .Cx
        !           406: .Pp
        !           407: In the following list of
        !           408: .Nm ed
        !           409: commands, the default addresses
        !           410: are shown in parentheses.
        !           411: The parentheses are not part of
        !           412: the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
        !           413: the default.
        !           414: .Pp
        !           415: As mentioned, it is generally illegal for more than one
        !           416: command to appear on a line.
        !           417: However, most commands may be suffixed by `p'
        !           418: or by `l', in which case
        !           419: the current line is either
        !           420: printed or listed respectively
        !           421: in the way discussed below.
        !           422: Commands may also be suffixed by `n',
        !           423: meaning the output of the command is to
        !           424: be line numbered.
        !           425: These suffixes may be combined in any order.
        !           426: .Tw Ds
        !           427: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           428: .Ic .
        !           429: .Cx \&)
        !           430: .Ic a
        !           431: .Cx
        !           432: .Tp <text>
        !           433: .Tp Ic \&.
        !           434: The append command reads the given text
        !           435: and appends it after the addressed line.
        !           436: .Sq Ic \&.
        !           437: is left
        !           438: on the last line input, if there
        !           439: were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
        !           440: Address `0' is legal for this command; text is placed
        !           441: at the beginning of the buffer.
        !           442: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           443: .Ic \&.
        !           444: .Cx \&,
        !           445: .Ic \&.
        !           446: .Cx \&)
        !           447: .Ic \&c
        !           448: .Cx
        !           449: .Tp <text>
        !           450: .Tp Ic \&.
        !           451: The change
        !           452: command deletes the addressed lines, then accepts input
        !           453: text which replaces these lines.
        !           454: .Sq Ic \&.
        !           455: is left at the last line input; if there were none,
        !           456: it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
        !           457: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           458: .Ic \&.
        !           459: .Cx \&,
        !           460: .Ic \&.
        !           461: .Cx \&)
        !           462: .Ic \&d
        !           463: .Cx
        !           464: The delete command deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.
        !           465: The line originally after the last line deleted becomes the current line;
        !           466: if the lines deleted were originally at the end,
        !           467: the new last line becomes the current line.
        !           468: .Tp Cx Ic \&e
        !           469: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           470: .Ar filename
        !           471: .Cx
        !           472: The edit
        !           473: command causes the entire contents of the buffer to be deleted,
        !           474: and then the named file to be read in.
        !           475: .Sq Ic \&.
        !           476: is set to the last line of the buffer.
        !           477: The number of characters read is typed.
        !           478: .Ar filename
        !           479: is remembered for possible use as a default file name
        !           480: in a subsequent
        !           481: .Ic r
        !           482: or
        !           483: .Ic w
        !           484: command.
        !           485: If
        !           486: .Ar filename
        !           487: is missing, the remembered name is used.
        !           488: .Tp Cx Ic E
        !           489: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           490: .Ar filename
        !           491: .Cx
        !           492: This command is the same as
        !           493: .Ic e ,
        !           494: except that no diagnostic results when no
        !           495: .Ic w
        !           496: has been given since the last buffer alteration.
        !           497: .Tp Cx Ic f
        !           498: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           499: .Ar filename
        !           500: .Cx
        !           501: The filename command prints the currently remembered file name.
        !           502: If
        !           503: .Ar filename
        !           504: is given,
        !           505: the currently remembered file name is changed to
        !           506: .Ar filename .
        !           507: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           508: .Ic \&1
        !           509: .Cx \&,
        !           510: .Ic \&$
        !           511: .Cx \&)
        !           512: .Ic \&g
        !           513: .Ar/regular expression/command list
        !           514: .Cx
        !           515: In the global
        !           516: command, the first step is to mark every line which matches
        !           517: the given regular expression.
        !           518: Then for every such line, the
        !           519: given command list is executed with
        !           520: .Cx `
        !           521: .Ic \&.
        !           522: .Cx \'
        !           523: .Cx
        !           524: initially set to that line.
        !           525: A single command or the first of multiple commands
        !           526: appears on the same line with the global command.
        !           527: All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must be ended with
        !           528: .Cx `
        !           529: .Ic \&\e
        !           530: .Cx \'.
        !           531: .Cx
        !           532: .Ic A ,
        !           533: .Ic i,
        !           534: and
        !           535: .Ic c
        !           536: commands and associated input are permitted;
        !           537: the
        !           538: .Cx `
        !           539: .Ic \&.
        !           540: .Cx \'
        !           541: .Cx
        !           542: terminating input mode may be omitted if it would be on the
        !           543: last line of the command list.
        !           544: The commands
        !           545: .Ic g
        !           546: and
        !           547: .Ic v
        !           548: are not permitted in the command list.
        !           549: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           550: .Ic .
        !           551: .Cx \&)
        !           552: .Ic i
        !           553: .Cx
        !           554: .Tp <text>
        !           555: .Tp Ic \&.
        !           556: This command inserts the given text before the addressed line.
        !           557: .Cx `
        !           558: .Ic \&.
        !           559: .Cx \'
        !           560: .Cx
        !           561: is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
        !           562: at the line before the addressed line.
        !           563: This command differs from the
        !           564: .Ic a
        !           565: command only in the placement of the
        !           566: text.
        !           567: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           568: .Ic \&.
        !           569: .Cx \&,
        !           570: .Ic \&.+1
        !           571: .Cx \&)
        !           572: .Ic \&j
        !           573: .Cx
        !           574: This command joins the addressed lines into a single line;
        !           575: intermediate newlines simply disappear.
        !           576: .Cx `
        !           577: .Ic \&.
        !           578: .Cx \'
        !           579: .Cx
        !           580: is left at the resulting line.
        !           581: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           582: .Ic .
        !           583: .Cx \&)
        !           584: .Ic k
        !           585: .Ar x
        !           586: .Cx
        !           587: The mark command marks the addressed line with
        !           588: name
        !           589: .Ar x ,
        !           590: which must be a lower-case letter.
        !           591: The address form
        !           592: .Cx `\(fm
        !           593: .Ar x
        !           594: .Cx \'
        !           595: .Cx
        !           596: then addresses this line.
        !           597: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           598: .Ic \&.
        !           599: .Cx \&,
        !           600: .Ic \&.
        !           601: .Cx \&)
        !           602: .Ic \&l
        !           603: .Cx
        !           604: The list command
        !           605: prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
        !           606: non-graphic characters are
        !           607: printed in two-digit octal,
        !           608: and long lines are folded.
        !           609: The
        !           610: .Ar l
        !           611: command may be placed on the same line after any non-i/o
        !           612: command.
        !           613: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           614: .Ic \&.
        !           615: .Cx \&,
        !           616: .Ic \&.
        !           617: .Cx \&)
        !           618: .Ic \&m
        !           619: .Ar a
        !           620: .Cx
        !           621: The move command repositions the addressed lines after the line
        !           622: addressed by
        !           623: .Ar a  .
        !           624: The last of the moved lines becomes the current line.
        !           625: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           626: .Ic \&.
        !           627: .Cx \&,
        !           628: .Ic \&.
        !           629: .Cx \&)
        !           630: .Ic \&p
        !           631: .Cx
        !           632: The print command prints the addressed lines.
        !           633: .Cx `
        !           634: .Ic \&.
        !           635: .Cx \'
        !           636: .Cx
        !           637: is left at the last line printed.
        !           638: The
        !           639: .Ic p
        !           640: command
        !           641: may
        !           642: be placed on the same line after any non-i/o command.
        !           643: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           644: .Ic \&.
        !           645: .Cx \&,
        !           646: .Ic \&.
        !           647: .Cx \&)
        !           648: .Ic \&P
        !           649: .Cx
        !           650: This command is a synonym for
        !           651: .Ic p .
        !           652: .Tp Ic q
        !           653: The quit command causes
        !           654: .Nm ed
        !           655: to exit.
        !           656: No automatic write
        !           657: of a file is done.
        !           658: .Tp Ic Q
        !           659: This command is the same as
        !           660: .Ic q ,
        !           661: except that no diagnostic results when no
        !           662: .Ic w
        !           663: has been given since the last buffer alteration.
        !           664: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           665: .Ic $
        !           666: .Cx \&)
        !           667: .Ic r
        !           668: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           669: .Ar filename
        !           670: .Cx
        !           671: The read command
        !           672: reads in the given file after the addressed line.
        !           673: If no file name is given,
        !           674: the remembered file name, if any, is used
        !           675: (see
        !           676: .Ic e
        !           677: and
        !           678: .Ic f
        !           679: commands).
        !           680: The file name is remembered if there was no
        !           681: remembered file name already.
        !           682: Address `0' is legal for
        !           683: .Ic r
        !           684: and causes the
        !           685: file to be read at the beginning of the buffer.
        !           686: If the read is successful, the number of characters
        !           687: read is typed.
        !           688: .Cx `
        !           689: .Ic \&.
        !           690: .Cx \'
        !           691: .Cx
        !           692: is left at the last line read in from the file.
        !           693: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           694: .Ic \&.
        !           695: .Cx \&,
        !           696: .Ic \&.
        !           697: .Cx \&)
        !           698: .Ic \&s
        !           699: .Ar/regular expression/replacement/
        !           700: .Cx \&\tor
        !           701: .Cx
        !           702: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           703: .Ic \&.
        !           704: .Cx \&,
        !           705: .Ic \&.
        !           706: .Cx \&)
        !           707: .Ic \&s
        !           708: .Ar/regular expression/replacement/
        !           709: .Ic \&g
        !           710: .Cx
        !           711: The substitute command searches each addressed
        !           712: line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
        !           713: On each line in which a match is found,
        !           714: all matched strings are replaced by the replacement specified,
        !           715: if the global replacement indicator
        !           716: .Ic \&g
        !           717: appears after the command.
        !           718: If the global indicator does not appear, only the first occurrence
        !           719: of the matched string is replaced.
        !           720: It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
        !           721: Any punctuation character
        !           722: may be used instead of
        !           723: .Cx `
        !           724: .Ic \&/
        !           725: .Cx \'
        !           726: .Cx
        !           727: to delimit the regular expression
        !           728: and the replacement.
        !           729: .Cx `
        !           730: .Ic \&.
        !           731: .Cx \'
        !           732: .Cx
        !           733: is left at the last line substituted.
        !           734: An ampersand
        !           735: .Cx `
        !           736: .Ic \&&
        !           737: .Cx \'
        !           738: .Cx
        !           739: appearing in the replacement
        !           740: is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
        !           741: The special meaning of
        !           742: .Cx `
        !           743: .Ic \&&
        !           744: .Cx \'
        !           745: .Cx
        !           746: in this context may be
        !           747: suppressed by preceding it by
        !           748: .Cx `
        !           749: .Ic \&\e
        !           750: .Cx \'.
        !           751: .Cx
        !           752: The characters
        !           753: .Cx `
        !           754: .Ic \&\e
        !           755: .Ar n
        !           756: .Cx \'
        !           757: .Cx
        !           758: where
        !           759: .Ar n
        !           760: is a digit,
        !           761: are replaced by the text matched by the
        !           762: .Cx Ar n
        !           763: .Cx \'th
        !           764: .Cx
        !           765: regular subexpression
        !           766: enclosed between
        !           767: .Cx `
        !           768: .Ic \&\e\&(
        !           769: .Cx \'.
        !           770: .Cx
        !           771: and
        !           772: .Cx `
        !           773: .Ic \&\e\&)
        !           774: .Cx \'.
        !           775: .Cx
        !           776: When
        !           777: nested, parenthesized subexpressions
        !           778: are present,
        !           779: .Ar n
        !           780: is determined by counting occurrences of
        !           781: .Cx `
        !           782: .Ic \&\e\&(
        !           783: .Cx \'.
        !           784: .Cx
        !           785: starting from the left.
        !           786: Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters into them.
        !           787: The new-line in the
        !           788: replacement string
        !           789: must be escaped by preceding it by
        !           790: .Cx `
        !           791: .Ic \&\e
        !           792: .Cx \'.
        !           793: .Cx
        !           794: One or two trailing delimiters may be omitted,
        !           795: implying the
        !           796: .Ic p
        !           797: suffix.
        !           798: The special form
        !           799: .Ic s
        !           800: followed by
        !           801: .Ar no
        !           802: delimiters
        !           803: repeats the most recent substitute command
        !           804: on the addressed lines.
        !           805: The
        !           806: .Ic s
        !           807: may be followed by the letters
        !           808: .Ic r
        !           809: (use the most recent regular expression for the
        !           810: left hand side, instead of the most recent
        !           811: left hand side of a substitute command),
        !           812: .Ic p
        !           813: (complement the setting of the
        !           814: .Ic p
        !           815: suffix from the previous substitution), or
        !           816: .Ic g
        !           817: (complement the setting of the
        !           818: .Ic g
        !           819: suffix).
        !           820: These letters may be combined in any order.
        !           821: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           822: .Ic \&.
        !           823: .Cx \&,
        !           824: .Ic \&.
        !           825: .Cx \&)
        !           826: .Ic \&t
        !           827: .Ar a
        !           828: .Cx
        !           829: This command acts just like the
        !           830: .Ic m
        !           831: command, except that a copy of the addressed lines is placed
        !           832: after address
        !           833: .Ad a
        !           834: (which may be 0).
        !           835: .Cx `
        !           836: .Ic \&.
        !           837: .Cx \'
        !           838: .Cx
        !           839: is left on the last line of the copy.
        !           840: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           841: .Ic \&.
        !           842: .Cx \&,
        !           843: .Ic \&.
        !           844: .Cx \&)
        !           845: .Ic \&u
        !           846: .Cx
        !           847: The undo command restores the buffer to it's state
        !           848: before the most recent buffer modifying command.
        !           849: The current line is also restored.
        !           850: Buffer modifying commands are
        !           851: .Ic a , c , d , g , i , k , m , r , s , t ,
        !           852: and
        !           853: .Ic v .
        !           854: For purposes of undo,
        !           855: .Ic g
        !           856: and
        !           857: .Ic v
        !           858: are considered to be a single buffer modifying command.
        !           859: Undo is its own inverse.
        !           860: When
        !           861: .Nm ed
        !           862: runs out of memory
        !           863: (at about 8000 lines on any 16 bit mini-computer
        !           864: such as the PDP-11)
        !           865: This full undo is not possible, and
        !           866: .Ic u
        !           867: can only undo the effect of the most recent
        !           868: substitute on the current line.
        !           869: This restricted undo also applies to editor scripts
        !           870: when
        !           871: .Nm ed
        !           872: is invoked with the
        !           873: .Fl
        !           874: option.
        !           875: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           876: .Ic \&1
        !           877: .Cx \&,
        !           878: .Ic \&$
        !           879: .Cx \&)
        !           880: .Ic \&v
        !           881: .Ar/regular expression/command list
        !           882: .Cx
        !           883: This command is the same as the global command
        !           884: .Ic g
        !           885: except that the command list is executed
        !           886: .Ic g
        !           887: with
        !           888: .Cx `
        !           889: .Ic \&.
        !           890: .Cx \'
        !           891: .Cx
        !           892: initially set to every line
        !           893: .Em except
        !           894: those
        !           895: matching the regular expression.
        !           896: (1, $)\w filename
        !           897: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           898: .Ic \&1
        !           899: .Cx \&,
        !           900: .Ic \&$
        !           901: .Cx \&)
        !           902: .Ic \&w
        !           903: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           904: .Ar filename
        !           905: .Cx
        !           906: The write command writes the addressed lines onto
        !           907: the given file.
        !           908: If the file does not exist,
        !           909: it is created.
        !           910: The file name is remembered if there was no
        !           911: remembered file name already.
        !           912: If no file name is given,
        !           913: the remembered file name, if any, is used
        !           914: (see
        !           915: .Ic e
        !           916: and
        !           917: .Ic f
        !           918: commands).
        !           919: .Cx `
        !           920: .Ic \&.
        !           921: .Cx \'
        !           922: .Cx
        !           923: is unchanged.
        !           924: If the command is successful, the number of characters written is
        !           925: printed.
        !           926: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           927: .Ic \&1
        !           928: .Cx \&,
        !           929: .Ic \&$
        !           930: .Cx \&)
        !           931: .Ic \&W
        !           932: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           933: .Ar filename
        !           934: .Cx
        !           935: This command is the same as
        !           936: .Ic w ,
        !           937: except that the addressed lines are appended to the file.
        !           938: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           939: .Ic \&1
        !           940: .Cx \&,
        !           941: .Ic \&$
        !           942: .Cx \&)
        !           943: .Ic \&wq
        !           944: .Cx \&\ \&
        !           945: .Ar filename
        !           946: .Cx
        !           947: This command is the same as
        !           948: .Ic w
        !           949: except that afterwards a
        !           950: .Ic q
        !           951: command is done,
        !           952: exiting the editor
        !           953: after the file is written.
        !           954: .Ic \&1
        !           955: .Ic \&+1
        !           956: .Cx \&)
        !           957: .Ic \&z
        !           958: .Cx \&\ \ \&or,
        !           959: .Cx
        !           960: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           961: .Ic \&1
        !           962: .Ic \&+1
        !           963: .Cx \&)
        !           964: .Ic \&z
        !           965: .Ar n
        !           966: .Cx
        !           967: This command scrolls through the buffer starting at the addressed line.
        !           968: 22 (or
        !           969: .Ar n ,
        !           970: if given)
        !           971: lines are printed.
        !           972: The last line printed becomes the current line.
        !           973: The value
        !           974: .Ar n
        !           975: is sticky, in that it becomes the default for
        !           976: future
        !           977: .Ic z
        !           978: commands.
        !           979: .Tp Cx \&(
        !           980: .Ic \&$
        !           981: .Cx \&)
        !           982: .Ic \&=
        !           983: .Cx
        !           984: The line number of the addressed line is typed.
        !           985: .Cx `
        !           986: .Ic \&.
        !           987: .Cx \'
        !           988: .Cx
        !           989: is unchanged by this command.
        !           990: .Tp Cx Ic \&!
        !           991: .Cx <shell\ command>
        !           992: .Cx
        !           993: The remainder of the line after the `!' is sent
        !           994: to
        !           995: .Xr sh  1
        !           996: to be interpreted as a command.
        !           997: .Cx `
        !           998: .Ic \&.
        !           999: .Cx \'
        !          1000: .Cx
        !          1001: is unchanged.
        !          1002: .Tp Cx \&(
        !          1003: .Ic \&.+1
        !          1004: .Cx \&,
        !          1005: .Ic \&.+1
        !          1006: .Cx \&)
        !          1007: .Cx <newline>
        !          1008: .Cx
        !          1009: An address alone on a line causes the addressed line to be printed.
        !          1010: A blank line alone is equivalent to
        !          1011: .Ic .+1
        !          1012: it is useful
        !          1013: for stepping through text.
        !          1014: If two addresses are present with no
        !          1015: intervening semicolon,
        !          1016: .Nm ed
        !          1017: prints the range of lines.
        !          1018: If they are separated by a semicolon,
        !          1019: the second line is printed.
        !          1020: .Tp
        !          1021: .Pp
        !          1022: If an interrupt signal (ASCII DEL) is sent,
        !          1023: .Nm ed
        !          1024: prints
        !          1025: .Sq Li ?interrupted
        !          1026: and returns to its command level.
        !          1027: .Pp
        !          1028: Some size limitations:
        !          1029: 512 characters per line,
        !          1030: 256 characters per global command list,
        !          1031: 64 characters per file name,
        !          1032: and, on mini computers,
        !          1033: 128K characters in the temporary file.
        !          1034: The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of core:
        !          1035: each line takes 2 words.
        !          1036: .Pp
        !          1037: When reading a file,
        !          1038: .Nm ed
        !          1039: discards ASCII NUL characters
        !          1040: and all characters after the last newline.
        !          1041: It refuses to read files containing non-ASCII characters.
        !          1042: .Sh FILES
        !          1043: .Dw edhup
        !          1044: .Di L
        !          1045: .Dp Pa /tmp/e*
        !          1046: .Dp Pa edhup
        !          1047: work is saved here if terminal hangs up
        !          1048: .Dp
        !          1049: .Sh SEE ALSO
        !          1050: .Xr ex 1 ,
        !          1051: .Xr sed 1 ,
        !          1052: .Xr crypt 1
        !          1053: .br
        !          1054: B. W. Kernighan,
        !          1055: .Em A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
        !          1056: .br
        !          1057: B. W. Kernighan,
        !          1058: .Em Ar Advanced editing on UNIX
        !          1059: .Sh HISTORY
        !          1060: The
        !          1061: .Nm ed
        !          1062: command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.
        !          1063: .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
        !          1064: .Sq Li name
        !          1065: for inaccessible file;
        !          1066: .Sq Li ?self-explanatory message
        !          1067: for other errors.
        !          1068: .Pp
        !          1069: To protect against throwing away valuable work,
        !          1070: a
        !          1071: .Ic q
        !          1072: or
        !          1073: .Ic e
        !          1074: command is considered to be in error, unless a
        !          1075: .Ic w
        !          1076: has occurred since the last buffer change.
        !          1077: A second
        !          1078: .Ic q
        !          1079: or
        !          1080: .Ic e
        !          1081: will be obeyed regardless.
        !          1082: .Sh BUGS
        !          1083: The
        !          1084: .Ic l
        !          1085: command mishandles
        !          1086: .Li DEL .
        !          1087: .br
        !          1088: The
        !          1089: .Ic undo
        !          1090: command causes marks to be lost on affected lines.

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