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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)stdio.3 6.2 (Berkeley) 5/13/86
6: .\"
7: .TH STDIO 3S "May 13, 1986"
8: .UC 4
9: .SH NAME
10: stdio \- standard buffered input/output package
11: .SH SYNOPSIS
12: .B #include <stdio.h>
13: .PP
14: .SM
15: .B FILE
16: .B *stdin;
17: .br
18: .SM
19: .B FILE
20: .B *stdout;
21: .br
22: .SM
23: .B FILE
24: .B *stderr;
25: .SH DESCRIPTION
26: The functions described in section 3S constitute a user-level buffering
27: scheme. The in-line macros
28: .I getc
29: and
30: .IR putc (3S)
31: handle characters quickly. The higher level routines
32: .IR gets ,
33: .IR fgets ,
34: .IR scanf ,
35: .IR fscanf ,
36: .IR fread ,
37: .IR puts ,
38: .IR fputs ,
39: .IR printf ,
40: .IR fprintf ,
41: .IR fwrite
42: all use
43: .I getc
44: and
45: .IR putc ;
46: they can be freely intermixed.
47: .PP
48: A file with associated buffering is called a
49: .IR stream ,
50: and is declared to be a pointer to a defined type
51: .SM
52: .BR FILE .
53: .IR Fopen (3S)
54: creates certain descriptive data for a stream
55: and returns a pointer to designate the stream in all further transactions.
56: There are three normally open streams with constant pointers declared in
57: the include file and associated with the standard open files:
58: .TP 10n
59: .B stdin
60: standard input file
61: .br
62: .ns
63: .TP
64: .B stdout
65: standard output file
66: .br
67: .ns
68: .TP
69: .B stderr
70: standard error file
71: .PP
72: A constant `pointer'
73: .SM
74: .B NULL
75: (0)
76: designates no stream at all.
77: .PP
78: An integer constant
79: .SM
80: .B EOF
81: (\-1) is returned upon end of file or error by integer functions that
82: deal with streams.
83: .PP
84: Any routine that uses the standard input/output package
85: must include the header file
86: .RI < stdio.h >
87: of pertinent macro definitions.
88: The functions and constants mentioned in sections labeled 3S
89: are declared in the include file and need no further declaration.
90: The constants, and the following `functions' are
91: implemented as macros; redeclaration of these names is perilous:
92: .IR getc ,
93: .IR getchar ,
94: .IR putc ,
95: .IR putchar ,
96: .IR feof ,
97: .IR ferror ,
98: .IR fileno .
99: .SH "SEE ALSO"
100: open(2), close(2), read(2), write(2), fread(3S), fseek(3S), f*(3S)
101: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
102: The value
103: .SM
104: .B EOF
105: is returned uniformly to indicate that a
106: .SM
107: .B FILE
108: pointer has not been initialized with
109: .IR fopen ,
110: input (output) has been attempted on an output (input) stream, or a
111: .SM
112: .B FILE
113: pointer designates corrupt or otherwise unintelligible
114: .SM
115: .B FILE
116: data.
117: .PP
118: For purposes of efficiency, this implementation of the standard library
119: has been changed to line buffer output to a terminal by default and attempts
120: to do this transparently by flushing the output whenever a
121: .IR read (2)
122: from the standard input is necessary. This is almost always transparent,
123: but may cause confusion or malfunctioning of programs which use
124: standard i/o routines but use
125: .IR read (2)
126: themselves to read from the standard input.
127: .PP
128: In cases where a large amount of computation is done after printing
129: part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to
130: .IR fflush (3S)
131: the standard output before going off and computing so that the output
132: will appear.
133: .SH BUGS
134: The standard buffered functions do not interact well with certain other
135: library and system functions, especially \fIvfork\fP and \fIabort\fP.
136: .SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS"
137: .sp 2
138: .nf
139: .ta \w'setlinebuf'u+2n +\w'setbuf.3s'u+10n
140: \fIName\fP \fIAppears on Page\fP \fIDescription\fP
141: .ta \w'setlinebuf'u+4n +\w'setbuf.3s'u+4n
142: .sp 5p
143: clearerr ferror.3s stream status inquiries
144: fclose fclose.3s close or flush a stream
145: fdopen fopen.3s open a stream
146: feof ferror.3s stream status inquiries
147: ferror ferror.3s stream status inquiries
148: fflush fclose.3s close or flush a stream
149: fgetc getc.3s get character or word from stream
150: fgets gets.3s get a string from a stream
151: fileno ferror.3s stream status inquiries
152: fopen fopen.3s open a stream
153: fprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
154: fputc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
155: fputs puts.3s put a string on a stream
156: fread fread.3s buffered binary input/output
157: freopen fopen.3s open a stream
158: fscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
159: fseek fseek.3s reposition a stream
160: ftell fseek.3s reposition a stream
161: fwrite fread.3s buffered binary input/output
162: getc getc.3s get character or word from stream
163: getchar getc.3s get character or word from stream
164: gets gets.3s get a string from a stream
165: getw getc.3s get character or word from stream
166: printf printf.3s formatted output conversion
167: putc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
168: putchar putc.3s put character or word on a stream
169: puts puts.3s put a string on a stream
170: putw putc.3s put character or word on a stream
171: rewind fseek.3s reposition a stream
172: scanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
173: setbuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
174: setbuffer setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
175: setlinebuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
176: sprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
177: sscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
178: ungetc ungetc.3s push character back into input stream
179: .fi
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