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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)fed.1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/29/85
6: .\"
7: .TH FED 1 "4/29/85"
8: .UC 5
9: .SH NAME
10: fed \- font editor
11: .SH SYNOPSIS
12: .B fed
13: [
14: .B \-i
15: ]
16: [
17: .B \-q
18: ]
19: name
20: .SH DESCRIPTION
21: .I Fed
22: is an editor for font files.
23: It is display oriented and must be used on an HP 2648 graphics terminal.
24: Fed does the necessary handshaking to work at 9600 baud on the 2648.
25: .PP
26: The
27: .B \-i
28: flag requests
29: .IR "inverse video mode" ,
30: where all dots are dark and the background is bright.
31: This provides a setting similar to the hardcopy output of
32: the plotter, and is useful for fonts such as the shadow
33: font where shading is important.
34: .PP
35: The
36: .B \-q
37: flag requests
38: .IR "quiet mode" ,
39: where all graphic output is suppressed.
40: This mode is useful on terminals other than the HP 2648
41: (assuming you are editing blindly) and for operations
42: such as the # and A commands, since
43: these operations do not make essential use of graphics,
44: and since suppression
45: of the graphic output speeds of
46: .I fed
47: considerably.
48: .SH FONTS
49: .PP
50: A font is a collection of up to 256
51: .IR glyphs ,
52: each of which is some pattern or design.
53: Glyphs are represented on Unix as a rectangular array
54: of dots, each of which is either dark or blank.
55: Each location in the array is called a
56: .IR pixel .
57: There are 200 pixels per inch due to the hardware of the
58: Versatec and Varian plotters.
59: .PP
60: Each glyph has, in addition to its bit pattern, a
61: .I base
62: and a
63: .IR width .
64: The base is a point, typically near the lower left of the array,
65: that represents the logical lower left point of the glyph.
66: The base is not restricted to be within the array, in fact, it is usually
67: a few locations to the left of the edge.
68: The vertical position of the base defines the
69: .IR baseline ,
70: which is held constant for all glyphs when a line is typeset.
71: Letters with descenders, such as ``g'', go below the baseline.
72: Other glyphs typically rest on the baseline.
73: .PP
74: The width is used by
75: .I troff(1)
76: to determine where to place the next glyph.
77: It need not be the same as the width of the array, although it is usually
78: about the same.
79: .PP
80: The size of the array, location of the base, and the width can vary among
81: glyphs in a font.
82: Fonts where all glyphs have the same width are called
83: .IR "fixed width fonts" ,
84: others are
85: .IR "variable width fonts" .
86: .PP
87: Attributes which do not vary among glyphs include the
88: .IR "font name" ,
89: which can be up to 11 alphabetic characters, and the
90: .IR "point size" ,
91: which is a positive integer indicating the overall size of the font.
92: A point is 1/72 inch.
93: The point size of a font is the distance, in points, from the top of
94: the tallest glyph to the bottom of the lowest.
95: The software of troff currently restricts point sizes to
96: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, and 36 point.
97: Normal text is usually 10 point.
98: .PP
99: Font files conventionally have names of the form
100: .br
101: name.pointsize
102: .br
103: for example, ``bocklin.14'' to indicate 14 point bocklin.
104: Fed will look for such a file in both the current directory
105: and /usr/lib/vfont.
106: Vtroff will only look in /usr/lib/vfont.
107: .PP
108: There is a correspondence between
109: .I glyphs
110: and
111: .I characters
112: in a font.
113: For a given font, each glyph has an ASCII character associated with it.
114: The glyph is obtained in troff by typing the associated character,
115: and in fed glyphs are also referred to by their character.
116: However, it is not required for all characters to have a glyph,
117: fonts never have more than 128 glyphs and usually have fewer.
118: .PP
119: There is usually a natural correspondence between glyphs and characters.
120: For example, the glyph which is a roman lower case `a' will generally
121: have the ascii character `a' as its corresponding character.
122: In the special font, the Greek lower case alpha has `a' as it's corresponding
123: character, upper case delta has 'D' as it's corresponding character, etc.
124: However, special fonts such as the chess font have glyphs that do not
125: appear to be related to their corresponding characters.
126: .PP
127: It is easy to confuse glyphs and characters.
128: Note, however, that the three glyphs
129: roman a, bold
130: .BR a ,
131: and italic
132: .IR a ,
133: are all different, yet all three correspond to the character `a'.
134: When this is multiplied by the large number of font styles and point
135: sizes, there are many glyphs that match a single character,
136: (but only one in a particular font).
137: .SH "FED ORGANIZATION"
138: .PP
139: Fed organizes the screen into 21
140: .I windows
141: in a 3 by 7 array.
142: Each window is 100 by 100 pixels,
143: meaning that the maximum height and width of a glyph is 100 pixels.
144: Since the HP 2648 has a resolution of 100 dots per inch, glyphs
145: displayed on the screen and printer will be double the actual
146: height and width, even when fully zoomed out.
147: There is a
148: .IR "current window" ,
149: which will be marked with a square border.
150: There are two
151: .IR pens ,
152: called
153: .I fine
154: and
155: .IR bold .
156: The fine pen is one pixel wide,
157: the bold pen can range from two pixels to ten pixels in diameter.
158: The default width of the bold pen is taken from the point size
159: implied by the file name.
160: The point size is not otherwise used.
161: There are also fine and bold
162: .IR erasers .
163: .PP
164: There are two locations in the window, called the
165: .I cursor
166: and the
167: .IR mark .
168: These tools are used to draw on glyphs.
169: .PP
170: Sometimes the cursor is on, in which case it is indicated by the
171: hardware graphics cursor of the terminal, a cross. The cursor is
172: considered to be located at the center of the cross.
173: Sometimes the
174: .I "rubber band line"
175: is turned on, showing the path a line drawn would traverse.
176: This line runs from the mark to the cursor, and is the only
177: way the mark is graphically visible.
178: .SH COMMANDS
179: Commands to fed are single characters, sometimes followed by any
180: needed arguments.
181: The commands used by fed were chosen to be as similar to
182: .IR vi (1)
183: commands as was reasonable.
184: Another distinction is that certain commands are in upper case.
185: These commands were deliberately made hard to type because they
186: cause a large change in the state of the editor and should not
187: be done by accident.
188: In a few cases there are both upper and lower case commands with
189: the same letter.
190: .PP
191: .IR "Alphanumeric Keypad" :
192: Note that this is the keypad on the far right.
193: The graphics keypad on the near right will not work.
194: These keys are each synonyms for other commands.
195: They are arranged in a manner that causes the five
196: arrow keys to behave sensibly,
197: but the others need to be memorized or stickers
198: placed on the keys.
199: They are provided for convenience only,
200: and the user can avoid memorization simply
201: by using the mnemonic letter keys instead.
202: .PP
203: The layout is as follows:
204: .ta 1i 2i 3i
205: .nf
206: undo (u) rezoom ( ) fillin (f)
207: move (m) up (k) draw (d)
208: left (h) base (b) right (l)
209: setdot (.) down (j) cleardot (>)
210: .fi
211: .DT
212: .PP
213: The arrow keys move the cursor one pixel in the indicated direction.
214: The cursor is turned on if it was off.
215: Note that the alphanumeric keys (far right) must be used.
216: The graphics keys (near right) will appear to move the cursor but
217: it will not be moved internally.
218: The cursor cannot be moved outside the current window.
219: .PP
220: .IR "^L" :
221: Redraw the screen. This is useful if an I/O error or background
222: process has caused the screen to get messed up.
223: .PP
224: .IR b :
225: Move the cursor to the base of the window.
226: This is the default location of the cursor.
227: .PP
228: .IR c :
229: If the cursor is on, turn it off.
230: Otherwise, turn it on.
231: .PP
232: .IR d :
233: Draw a line from the mark to the cursor.
234: The currently selected tool (fine pen, bold pen, fine eraser, bold eraser)
235: is used.
236: The cursor is turned off.
237: The mark is moved to the location of the cursor.
238: .PP
239: .IR f :
240: Fill in the current hole.
241: The cursor must be in a completely enclosed empty (white) area.
242: The area is set to black.
243: If this command is invoked on the outside or there are any leaks
244: to the outside, the entire outside will be filled in.
245: (Undo is useful in this case.)
246: Filling in cannot jump diagonals,
247: but can rather only spread in the four orthogonal directions.
248: .PP
249: .IR "g <x>" :
250: Get a glyph.
251: X can be any character.
252: The glyph corresponding to x is put in a window, and this
253: window is made the current window.
254: The glyph is centered horizontally in the window.
255: The baseline is located at row 70 from the top of the window.
256: The pen and cursor are placed at the base,
257: and the cursor is turned off.
258: The glyph must exist.
259: .PP
260: .IR h ,
261: .IR j ,
262: .IR k ,
263: and
264: .I l
265: are accepted to mean
266: left, down, up, and right, respectively.
267: They are synonymous with the alphanumeric arrow keys.
268: They have the same meanings as in
269: .IR vi(1) .
270: .PP
271: .IR "m" :
272: Move the mark to the current location of the cursor.
273: The cursor is turned on.
274: .PP
275: .IR "n <x>" :
276: New glyph.
277: This is similar to
278: .IR g ,
279: except that the glyph must
280: .I not
281: exist.
282: It is used to create a new glyph.
283: A blank window is created, centered at (50, 70) as in g.
284: .PP
285: .IR p :
286: Print the contents of the screen.
287: An HP 2631 printer must be connected to the terminal.
288: The screen is copied to the printer.
289: If in inverse video mode,
290: the screen is changed to normal video mode before the print,
291: and then changed back after the print.
292: .PP
293: .IR r :
294: If the rubber band line is on, turn it off.
295: Otherwise, turn it on.
296: .PP
297: .IR "s <what> [<where>]" :
298: Set <what> to <where>.
299: What and where are single characters.
300: The possibilities are:
301: .RS
302: .PP
303: .IR spf :
304: Set pen fine.
305: (`l' for light is also accepted.)
306: .PP
307: .IR spb :
308: set pen bold.
309: (`h' for heavy is also accepted.)
310: .PP
311: .IR sd :
312: Set draw.
313: The pen is used instead of the eraser.
314: .PP
315: .IR se :
316: Set erase.
317: The eraser is used instead of the pen.
318: .PP
319: .IR ss<n> :
320: Set size of bold pen.
321: <n> is a digit from 1 to 9.
322: The size of the bold pen is set accordingly.
323: This also affects the bold eraser.
324: .RE
325: .PP
326: .IR u :
327: Undo. The previous change to the current window is undone.
328: Note that undo is on a window by window basis, so that
329: commands that affect characters or more than one window cannot be undone.
330: .PP
331: .IR "z <n>" :
332: Zoom to level n.
333: The screen is blown up by a factor of n.
334: This only affects the appearance of the screen
335: to make it easy to see the individual dots,
336: and does not affect the size of the glyph or
337: the result of a print command.
338: Zooming to 1 shows the entire screen, a level of 3 or 4
339: is probably good for editing glyphs.
340: When a message is printed on the screen, fed automatically
341: zooms out to level 1 so you can read the message.
342: Hitting space will zoom back.
343: z followed by <return> zooms out without changing the previous zoom.
344: .PP
345: .IR space :
346: Zoom back to the level most recently requested by the z command.
347: .PP
348: .IR "A <i/e/r> <first> <last> [<oldps> <newps>]" :
349: .br
350: Artificially italicize/embolden/resize a range of glyphs in the current font.
351: Enter i for italicize, e for embolden, or r for resize,
352: and the first and last character in the range desired.
353: If you are resizing you will also have to enter the old and new point
354: size, each terminated by a return.
355: Each glyph is gotten and changed on the screen visibly.
356: Glyphs are italicized by slanting them to the right at a slope of 1/5.
357: They are emboldened by smearing them to the right a number if pixels
358: equal to the current heavy pen size.
359: They are resized with an algorithm which translates all on bits
360: to the new position.
361: These operations will be considerably faster if the
362: .B \-q
363: option is in effect,
364: since much overhead is involved in the graphic display.
365: .PP
366: .IR B :
367: Move the base to the cursor.
368: The cursor is turned on.
369: .PP
370: .IR "C <from> <to>" :
371: Copy the glyph in character <from> to character <to>.
372: If <from> has a window on the screen, that window is
373: given to <to>.
374: .PP
375: .IR "D <from> <through>" :
376: Delete a range of characters in the font, from <from> through <through>
377: inclusive. To delete a single character type it twice.
378: .PP
379: .IR "E <file>" :
380: Edit the named file.
381: If changes have been made to the current file,
382: confirmation will be requested.
383: (Either 'y' or 'E' is accepted.)
384: The file name is terminated with return.
385: .PP
386: .IR "F <first> <last>" :
387: Show the font on the screen.
388: The characters in the specified range are shown.
389: The width values are used to get natural spacing.
390: The display will remain until another command is typed,
391: at which time the previous display will be redrawn and
392: the new command will be executed.
393: As a special case, a ``p'' command will print the results
394: of the ``F'' command instead of the previous display.
395: .PP
396: .IR "I <h/v>" :
397: Invert the current glyph about a horizontal or vertical axis,
398: as indicated by
399: .I h
400: or
401: .IR v .
402: The axis runs up the center of the window.
403: The base can be subsequently positioned with the
404: .I B
405: command.
406: .PP
407: .IR K :
408: Kill the current glyph.
409: All dots are set to blank.
410: The glyph is not removed from the font.
411: This is used for redrawing a glyph from scratch or
412: replacing it with another glyph.
413: .PP
414: .IR "M <from> <to>" :
415: Move a glyph from <from> to <to>.
416: This is just like the copy command but the original is deleted.
417: .PP
418: .IR "N <file>" :
419: Write out the current file, if necessary, and edit the new file specified.
420: The file name is terminated with return.
421: .PP
422: .IR "P <first> <last> <file>" :
423: Partial read from a file.
424: A file and the first and last characters in the range are prompted for.
425: Characters not in the range are left unmodified,
426: characters in the range are handled as in the R command.
427: .PP
428: .IR Q :
429: Quit the editor, without saving any work.
430: If changes have been made confirmation will be required
431: (either `Q' or 'y' is taken as `yes'.)
432: .PP
433: .IR "R <file>" :
434: Read in the named file on top of the current file.
435: Glyphs are merged wherever possible.
436: If there is a conflict, you will be asked whether fed should
437: take the glyph from the file (f) or buffer (b).
438: Responding with F or B will lock in that mode for the remainder of the read.
439: The file name is terminated with a return.
440: .PP
441: .IR "T <text>" :
442: .PP
443: Typeset the line of text on the terminal.
444: This is similar to the F command except that
445: the given text is arranged on the screen, so
446: you can see how some particular combination of characters would look.
447: .PP
448: .IR V :
449: Toggle whether editing is being done in inverse video mode.
450: .PP
451: .IR "W <file>" :
452: Write the buffer out onto the named file,
453: which is terminated by return.
454: A null file name means the current file name.
455: .PP
456: .IR "ZZ" :
457: Exit fed.
458: A write is done, if necessary,
459: followed by a quit.
460: This is the normal way to leave fed.
461: The Z must be doubled for compatibility with
462: .IR vi .
463: .PP
464: .IR "." :
465: Turn on the dot under the cursor.
466: The cursor is turned off.
467: .PP
468: .IR ">" :
469: Turn off the dot under the cursor.
470: The cursor is turned off.
471: .PP
472: .IR "# <char> <field> <value>" :
473: Edit a numerical field.
474: This only makes sense if the glyph has not been gotten
475: .RI ( g
476: or
477: .IR n )
478: yet,
479: since otherwise the values are taken from window specific things
480: such as the base.
481: Fed does not do any sanity checking, but just substitutes the value input.
482: Fields are the first letter of any field from the dispatch structure
483: (see vfont(5)), specifically, these fields are
484: .IR addr ,
485: .IR nbytes ,
486: .IR left ,
487: .IR right ,
488: .IR up ,
489: .IR down ,
490: and
491: .IR width .
492: The number, which may be signed, is terminated by a newline.
493: .SH FILES
494: /usr/lib/vfont/*.*
495: .SH SEE ALSO
496: vfont(5), vfontinfo(1), vtroff(1), vwidth(1)
497: .SH AUTHOR
498: Mark Horton
499: .SH BUGS
500: Attempting to use the second 128 characters would be folly.
501: Fed has never been tested on such fonts, and at a bare minimum
502: there would be problems trying to input 8 bit characters.
503: .PP
504: The character DEL is interpreted by the tty driver to mean interrupt.
505: Hence the corresponding glyph cannot be accessed.
506: The
507: .IR start ,
508: .IR stop ,
509: and
510: .I quit
511: characters are turned off, but other characters used by the
512: new tty driver must be quoted with ^V.
513: .PP
514: Changed widths are not copied to the width table used by troff.
515: This only matters if logical widths are changed, or if
516: glyphs are moved around.
517: For these cases,
518: .I vwidth(1)
519: must be used.
520: .PP
521: The artificial operations don't do a very good job.
522: The quality possible from blowing a font up is in general poor.
523: Italicizing tends to make edges that were previously slanted very ragged.
524: However, these operations are better than nothing at all and are
525: a reasonable first approximation for hand fixing.
526: .PP
527: The HP 2648 Terminal on which this runs has been stolen.
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