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Annotation of 43BSDReno/sbin/fsck/fsck.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)fsck.8      6.8 (Berkeley) 2/1/90
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .TH FSCK 8 "February 1, 1990"
        !             8: .UC 4
        !             9: .de us
        !            10: \\$1\l'|0\(ul'
        !            11: ..
        !            12: .SH NAME
        !            13: fsck \- file system consistency check and interactive repair
        !            14: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            15: .B fsck
        !            16: .B \-p
        !            17: [
        !            18: .B \-m
        !            19: mode
        !            20: ]
        !            21: .br
        !            22: .B fsck
        !            23: [
        !            24: .B \-b
        !            25: block#
        !            26: ] [
        !            27: .B \-c
        !            28: ] [
        !            29: .B \-y
        !            30: ] [
        !            31: .B \-n
        !            32: ] [
        !            33: .B \-m
        !            34: mode
        !            35: ] [
        !            36: filesystem 
        !            37: ] ...
        !            38: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            39: The first form of
        !            40: .I fsck
        !            41: preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified file systems.
        !            42: It is normally used in the script
        !            43: .B /etc/rc
        !            44: during automatic reboot.
        !            45: Here
        !            46: .I fsck
        !            47: reads the table
        !            48: .B /etc/fstab
        !            49: to determine which file systems to check.
        !            50: Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw,'' ``rq'' or ``ro''
        !            51: and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
        !            52: Filesystems with pass number 1 (normally just the root filesystem)
        !            53: are checked one at a time.
        !            54: When pass 1 completes, all remaining filesystems are checked,
        !            55: running one process per disk drive.
        !            56: The disk drive containing each filesystem is inferred from the longest prefix
        !            57: of the device name that ends in a digit; the remaining characters are assumed
        !            58: to be the partition designator.
        !            59: .PP
        !            60: The system takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous
        !            61: inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
        !            62: These are limited to the following:
        !            63: .IP
        !            64: Unreferenced inodes
        !            65: .ns
        !            66: .IP
        !            67: Link counts in inodes too large
        !            68: .ns
        !            69: .IP
        !            70: Missing blocks in the free map
        !            71: .ns
        !            72: .IP
        !            73: Blocks in the free map also in files
        !            74: .ns
        !            75: .IP
        !            76: Counts in the super-block wrong
        !            77: .PP
        !            78: These are the only inconsistencies that
        !            79: .I fsck
        !            80: with the
        !            81: .B \-p
        !            82: option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
        !            83: with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
        !            84: For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
        !            85: identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
        !            86: and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a file
        !            87: system,
        !            88: .I fsck
        !            89: will print the number of files on that file system,
        !            90: the number of used and free blocks,
        !            91: and the percentage of fragmentation.
        !            92: .PP
        !            93: If sent a QUIT signal,
        !            94: .I fsck
        !            95: will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal
        !            96: return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
        !            97: This is useful when to finish the file system checks during an automatic reboot,
        !            98: but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
        !            99: .PP
        !           100: Without the
        !           101: .B \-p
        !           102: option,
        !           103: .I fsck
        !           104: audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems. 
        !           105: If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
        !           106: before each correction is attempted.
        !           107: It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
        !           108: correctable under the
        !           109: .B \-p
        !           110: option will result in some loss of data.
        !           111: The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
        !           112: output.
        !           113: The default action for each consistency correction
        !           114: is to wait for the operator to respond \fByes\fP or \fBno\fP.
        !           115: If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
        !           116: .I fsck
        !           117: will default to a 
        !           118: .BR "\-n " action.
        !           119: .PP
        !           120: .I Fsck
        !           121: has more consistency checks than
        !           122: its predecessors
        !           123: .IR "check, dcheck, fcheck, " "and" " icheck"
        !           124: combined.
        !           125: .PP
        !           126: The following flags are interpreted by
        !           127: .I fsck.
        !           128: .TP 6
        !           129: .B \-b
        !           130: Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
        !           131: the super block for the file system.  Block 32 is usually
        !           132: an alternate super block.
        !           133: .TP 6
        !           134: .B \-l
        !           135: Limit the number of parallel checks to the number specified in the following
        !           136: argument.
        !           137: By default, the limit is the number of disks, running one process per disk.
        !           138: If a smaller limit is given, the disks are checked round-robin, one filesystem
        !           139: at a time.
        !           140: .TP 6
        !           141: .B \-m
        !           142: Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
        !           143: permission bits to use when creating the lost+found directory
        !           144: rather than the default 1777.
        !           145: In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
        !           146: by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
        !           147: set of permissions such as 700.
        !           148: .TP 6
        !           149: .B  \-y
        !           150: Assume a yes response to all questions asked by 
        !           151: .IR fsck ;
        !           152: this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
        !           153: to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
        !           154: .TP 6
        !           155: .B  \-n
        !           156: Assume a no response to all questions asked by 
        !           157: .I fsck
        !           158: except for ``CONTINUE?'', which is assumed to be affirmative;
        !           159: do not open the file system for writing.
        !           160: .TP 6
        !           161: .B  \-c
        !           162: If the file system is in the old (static table) format,
        !           163: convert it to the new (dynamic table) format.
        !           164: If the file system is in the new format,
        !           165: convert it to the old format provided the old format
        !           166: can support the filesystem configuration.
        !           167: In interactive mode,
        !           168: .I fsck
        !           169: will list the direction the conversion is to be made
        !           170: and ask whether the conversion should be done.
        !           171: If a negative answer is given,
        !           172: no further operations are done on the filesystem.
        !           173: In preen mode,
        !           174: the direction of the conversion is listed and done if
        !           175: possible without user interaction.
        !           176: Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
        !           177: are being converted at once.
        !           178: The format of a file system can be determined from the
        !           179: first line of output from 
        !           180: .IR dumpfs (8).
        !           181: .PP
        !           182: If no filesystems are given to 
        !           183: .I fsck
        !           184: then a default list of file systems is read from
        !           185: the file
        !           186: .BR /etc/fstab .
        !           187: .PP
        !           188: .ne 10
        !           189: Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
        !           190: .TP 6
        !           191: 1.
        !           192: Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
        !           193: .br
        !           194: .br
        !           195: .ns
        !           196: .TP 6
        !           197: 2.
        !           198: Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
        !           199: .br
        !           200: .br
        !           201: .ns
        !           202: .TP 6
        !           203: 3.
        !           204: Incorrect link counts.
        !           205: .br
        !           206: .br
        !           207: .ns
        !           208: .TP 6
        !           209: 4.
        !           210: Size checks:
        !           211: .br
        !           212: .ns
        !           213: .IP "" 12
        !           214: Directory size not of proper format.
        !           215: .br
        !           216: Partially truncated file.
        !           217: .br
        !           218: .br
        !           219: .ns
        !           220: .TP 6
        !           221: 5.
        !           222: Bad inode format.
        !           223: .br
        !           224: .br
        !           225: .ns
        !           226: .TP 6
        !           227: 6.
        !           228: Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
        !           229: .br
        !           230: .br
        !           231: .ns
        !           232: .TP 6
        !           233: 7.
        !           234: Directory checks:
        !           235: .br
        !           236: .br
        !           237: .ns
        !           238: .IP "" 12
        !           239: File pointing to unallocated inode.
        !           240: .br
        !           241: Inode number out of range.
        !           242: .br
        !           243: Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
        !           244: or having the wrong inode number.
        !           245: .br
        !           246: .br
        !           247: .ns
        !           248: .TP 6
        !           249: 8.
        !           250: Super Block checks:
        !           251: .br
        !           252: .br
        !           253: .ns
        !           254: .IP "" 12
        !           255: More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
        !           256: .br
        !           257: .br
        !           258: .ns
        !           259: .TP 6
        !           260: 9.
        !           261: Bad free block map format.
        !           262: .br
        !           263: .br
        !           264: .ns
        !           265: .TP 6
        !           266: 10.
        !           267: Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
        !           268: .PP
        !           269: Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
        !           270: with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
        !           271: placing them in the 
        !           272: .B lost+found
        !           273: directory.
        !           274: The name assigned is the inode number.
        !           275: If the
        !           276: .I lost+found
        !           277: directory does not exist, it is created.
        !           278: If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
        !           279: .PP
        !           280: Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
        !           281: the raw device should always be used.
        !           282: .SH FILES
        !           283: .br
        !           284: .ns
        !           285: .TP 21
        !           286: /etc/fstab
        !           287: contains default list of file systems to check.
        !           288: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
        !           289: The diagnostics produced by 
        !           290: .I fsck
        !           291: are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
        !           292: ``Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program'' (SMM:5).
        !           293: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           294: fstab(5),
        !           295: fs(5),
        !           296: fsdb(8),
        !           297: newfs(8),
        !           298: mkfs(8),
        !           299: reboot(8)

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