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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)fsck.8 6.8 (Berkeley) 2/1/90
6: .\"
7: .TH FSCK 8 "February 1, 1990"
8: .UC 4
9: .de us
10: \\$1\l'|0\(ul'
11: ..
12: .SH NAME
13: fsck \- file system consistency check and interactive repair
14: .SH SYNOPSIS
15: .B fsck
16: .B \-p
17: [
18: .B \-m
19: mode
20: ]
21: .br
22: .B fsck
23: [
24: .B \-b
25: block#
26: ] [
27: .B \-c
28: ] [
29: .B \-y
30: ] [
31: .B \-n
32: ] [
33: .B \-m
34: mode
35: ] [
36: filesystem
37: ] ...
38: .SH DESCRIPTION
39: The first form of
40: .I fsck
41: preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified file systems.
42: It is normally used in the script
43: .B /etc/rc
44: during automatic reboot.
45: Here
46: .I fsck
47: reads the table
48: .B /etc/fstab
49: to determine which file systems to check.
50: Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw,'' ``rq'' or ``ro''
51: and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
52: Filesystems with pass number 1 (normally just the root filesystem)
53: are checked one at a time.
54: When pass 1 completes, all remaining filesystems are checked,
55: running one process per disk drive.
56: The disk drive containing each filesystem is inferred from the longest prefix
57: of the device name that ends in a digit; the remaining characters are assumed
58: to be the partition designator.
59: .PP
60: The system takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous
61: inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
62: These are limited to the following:
63: .IP
64: Unreferenced inodes
65: .ns
66: .IP
67: Link counts in inodes too large
68: .ns
69: .IP
70: Missing blocks in the free map
71: .ns
72: .IP
73: Blocks in the free map also in files
74: .ns
75: .IP
76: Counts in the super-block wrong
77: .PP
78: These are the only inconsistencies that
79: .I fsck
80: with the
81: .B \-p
82: option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
83: with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
84: For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
85: identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
86: and the nature of the correction. After successfully correcting a file
87: system,
88: .I fsck
89: will print the number of files on that file system,
90: the number of used and free blocks,
91: and the percentage of fragmentation.
92: .PP
93: If sent a QUIT signal,
94: .I fsck
95: will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal
96: return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
97: This is useful when to finish the file system checks during an automatic reboot,
98: but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
99: .PP
100: Without the
101: .B \-p
102: option,
103: .I fsck
104: audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems.
105: If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
106: before each correction is attempted.
107: It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
108: correctable under the
109: .B \-p
110: option will result in some loss of data.
111: The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
112: output.
113: The default action for each consistency correction
114: is to wait for the operator to respond \fByes\fP or \fBno\fP.
115: If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
116: .I fsck
117: will default to a
118: .BR "\-n " action.
119: .PP
120: .I Fsck
121: has more consistency checks than
122: its predecessors
123: .IR "check, dcheck, fcheck, " "and" " icheck"
124: combined.
125: .PP
126: The following flags are interpreted by
127: .I fsck.
128: .TP 6
129: .B \-b
130: Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
131: the super block for the file system. Block 32 is usually
132: an alternate super block.
133: .TP 6
134: .B \-l
135: Limit the number of parallel checks to the number specified in the following
136: argument.
137: By default, the limit is the number of disks, running one process per disk.
138: If a smaller limit is given, the disks are checked round-robin, one filesystem
139: at a time.
140: .TP 6
141: .B \-m
142: Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
143: permission bits to use when creating the lost+found directory
144: rather than the default 1777.
145: In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
146: by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
147: set of permissions such as 700.
148: .TP 6
149: .B \-y
150: Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
151: .IR fsck ;
152: this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
153: to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
154: .TP 6
155: .B \-n
156: Assume a no response to all questions asked by
157: .I fsck
158: except for ``CONTINUE?'', which is assumed to be affirmative;
159: do not open the file system for writing.
160: .TP 6
161: .B \-c
162: If the file system is in the old (static table) format,
163: convert it to the new (dynamic table) format.
164: If the file system is in the new format,
165: convert it to the old format provided the old format
166: can support the filesystem configuration.
167: In interactive mode,
168: .I fsck
169: will list the direction the conversion is to be made
170: and ask whether the conversion should be done.
171: If a negative answer is given,
172: no further operations are done on the filesystem.
173: In preen mode,
174: the direction of the conversion is listed and done if
175: possible without user interaction.
176: Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
177: are being converted at once.
178: The format of a file system can be determined from the
179: first line of output from
180: .IR dumpfs (8).
181: .PP
182: If no filesystems are given to
183: .I fsck
184: then a default list of file systems is read from
185: the file
186: .BR /etc/fstab .
187: .PP
188: .ne 10
189: Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
190: .TP 6
191: 1.
192: Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
193: .br
194: .br
195: .ns
196: .TP 6
197: 2.
198: Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
199: .br
200: .br
201: .ns
202: .TP 6
203: 3.
204: Incorrect link counts.
205: .br
206: .br
207: .ns
208: .TP 6
209: 4.
210: Size checks:
211: .br
212: .ns
213: .IP "" 12
214: Directory size not of proper format.
215: .br
216: Partially truncated file.
217: .br
218: .br
219: .ns
220: .TP 6
221: 5.
222: Bad inode format.
223: .br
224: .br
225: .ns
226: .TP 6
227: 6.
228: Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
229: .br
230: .br
231: .ns
232: .TP 6
233: 7.
234: Directory checks:
235: .br
236: .br
237: .ns
238: .IP "" 12
239: File pointing to unallocated inode.
240: .br
241: Inode number out of range.
242: .br
243: Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
244: or having the wrong inode number.
245: .br
246: .br
247: .ns
248: .TP 6
249: 8.
250: Super Block checks:
251: .br
252: .br
253: .ns
254: .IP "" 12
255: More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
256: .br
257: .br
258: .ns
259: .TP 6
260: 9.
261: Bad free block map format.
262: .br
263: .br
264: .ns
265: .TP 6
266: 10.
267: Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
268: .PP
269: Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
270: with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
271: placing them in the
272: .B lost+found
273: directory.
274: The name assigned is the inode number.
275: If the
276: .I lost+found
277: directory does not exist, it is created.
278: If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
279: .PP
280: Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
281: the raw device should always be used.
282: .SH FILES
283: .br
284: .ns
285: .TP 21
286: /etc/fstab
287: contains default list of file systems to check.
288: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
289: The diagnostics produced by
290: .I fsck
291: are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
292: ``Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program'' (SMM:5).
293: .SH "SEE ALSO"
294: fstab(5),
295: fs(5),
296: fsdb(8),
297: newfs(8),
298: mkfs(8),
299: reboot(8)
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