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Annotation of 43BSDReno/sbin/fsdb/fsdb.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1988 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.
        !             3: .\"
        !             4: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
        !             5: .\" Computer Consoles Inc.
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided
        !             8: .\" that: (1) source distributions retain this entire copyright notice and
        !             9: .\" comment, and (2) distributions including binaries display the following
        !            10: .\" acknowledgement:  ``This product includes software developed by the
        !            11: .\" University of California, Berkeley and its contributors'' in the
        !            12: .\" documentation or other materials provided with the distribution and in
        !            13: .\" all advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software.
        !            14: .\" Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may
        !            15: .\" be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
        !            16: .\" specific prior written permission.
        !            17: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
        !            18: .\" WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
        !            19: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
        !            20: .\"
        !            21: .\"    @(#)fsdb.8      6.3 (Berkeley) 6/24/90
        !            22: .\"
        !            23: .TH FSDB 8 "June 24, 1990"
        !            24: .UC 7
        !            25: .SH NAME
        !            26: fsdb \- file system debugger
        !            27: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            28: .B fsdb
        !            29: .RB [ options ]
        !            30: special
        !            31: .SH OPTIONS
        !            32: The options available to
        !            33: .I fsdb\^
        !            34: are:
        !            35: .RS
        !            36: .PD 0
        !            37: .TP 13
        !            38: .B -?
        !            39: display usage
        !            40: .TP 13
        !            41: .B -o
        !            42: override some error conditions
        !            43: .TP 13
        !            44: .B "-p'string'\^"
        !            45: set prompt to string
        !            46: .TP 13
        !            47: .B -w
        !            48: open for write
        !            49: .PD
        !            50: .RE
        !            51: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            52: Since
        !            53: .I fsdb
        !            54: reads the disk raw,
        !            55: it is able to circumvent normal
        !            56: file system security.
        !            57: Extreme caution is advised
        !            58: in determining its availability
        !            59: on the system.
        !            60: Suggested permissions are 600
        !            61: and owned by bin.
        !            62: .PP
        !            63: .I Fsdb\^
        !            64: can be used
        !            65: to patch up 
        !            66: a damaged file system
        !            67: after a crash.
        !            68: It has conversions
        !            69: to translate block and i-numbers
        !            70: into their corresponding disk addresses.
        !            71: Also included are mnemonic offsets
        !            72: to access different parts
        !            73: of an inode.
        !            74: These greatly simplify the process
        !            75: of correcting control block entries
        !            76: or descending the file system tree.
        !            77: .PP
        !            78: .I Fsdb\^
        !            79: contains several error-checking routines
        !            80: to verify inode and block addresses.
        !            81: These can be disabled if necessary 
        !            82: by invoking 
        !            83: .I fsdb\^
        !            84: with the
        !            85: .IR \-o
        !            86: option
        !            87: or by the use of the
        !            88: .IR o
        !            89: command.
        !            90: .PP
        !            91: .I Fsdb\^
        !            92: reads a block at a time
        !            93: and will therefore work with raw as well as block
        !            94: I/O. 
        !            95: A buffer management routine 
        !            96: is used to retain commonly used
        !            97: blocks of data
        !            98: in order to reduce the number of read system calls.
        !            99: All assignment operations result
        !           100: in an immediate write-through
        !           101: of the corresponding block.
        !           102: Note that in order to modify
        !           103: any portion of the disk,
        !           104: .IR fsdb
        !           105: must be invoked with the
        !           106: .IR -w
        !           107: option.
        !           108: .PP
        !           109: Wherever possible,
        !           110: .IR adb- like
        !           111: syntax was adopted
        !           112: to promote the use
        !           113: of
        !           114: .IR fsdb
        !           115: through familiarity.
        !           116: .PP
        !           117: Numbers are considered hexadecimal by default.
        !           118: However, the user has control over how data is
        !           119: to be displayed
        !           120: or accepted.
        !           121: The
        !           122: .IR base
        !           123: command will display
        !           124: or set the input/output base.
        !           125: Once set,
        !           126: all input will default to this base
        !           127: and all output will be shown in this base.
        !           128: The base can be overriden temporarily for input by
        !           129: preceding hexadecimal numbers with '0x', preceding
        !           130: decimal numbers with '0t', or
        !           131: octal numbers with '0'.
        !           132: Hexadecimal numbers beginning with a-f or A-F must
        !           133: be preceded with '0x'
        !           134: to distinguish them from commands.
        !           135: .PP
        !           136: Disk addressing by
        !           137: .IR fsdb
        !           138: is at the byte level.
        !           139: However,
        !           140: .IR fsdb
        !           141: offers many commands to convert
        !           142: a desired inode, directory entry,
        !           143: block, superblock etc. to a
        !           144: byte address.
        !           145: Once the address has been calculated,
        !           146: .IR fsdb
        !           147: will record the result in
        !           148: .IR dot
        !           149: (see next paragraph).
        !           150: .PP
        !           151: Several global values are maintained by
        !           152: .IR fsdb :
        !           153: the current base (referred to as
        !           154: .IR base ),
        !           155: the current address (referred to as
        !           156: .IR dot ),
        !           157: the current inode (referred to as
        !           158: .IR inode ),
        !           159: the current count (referred to as
        !           160: .IR count ),
        !           161: and the current type (referred to as
        !           162: .IR type ).
        !           163: Most commands use the preset value of
        !           164: .IR dot
        !           165: in
        !           166: their execution.
        !           167: For example,
        !           168: .RS
        !           169: .PD 0
        !           170: .TP 7.2n
        !           171: > 2:inode
        !           172: .PD
        !           173: .RE
        !           174: will first set the value of
        !           175: .IR dot
        !           176: to 2, ':' will alert the start of a command,
        !           177: and the
        !           178: .IR inode
        !           179: command will set
        !           180: .IR inode
        !           181: to 2.
        !           182: A count is specified after a ','.
        !           183: Once set,
        !           184: .IR count
        !           185: will remain at this value
        !           186: until a new command is encountered
        !           187: which will then reset the value back to 1 (the default).
        !           188: So, if
        !           189: .RS
        !           190: .PD 0
        !           191: .TP 7.2n
        !           192: > 2000,400/X
        !           193: .PD
        !           194: .RE
        !           195: is typed,
        !           196: 400 hex longs are listed
        !           197: from 2000,
        !           198: and when completed,
        !           199: the value of
        !           200: .IR dot
        !           201: will be 2000 + 400 * sizeof (long).
        !           202: If a carriage-return is then typed,
        !           203: the output routine will use the
        !           204: current values of
        !           205: .IR dot ,
        !           206: .IR count ,
        !           207: and
        !           208: .IR type
        !           209: and display 400 more hex longs.
        !           210: A '*' will cause the entire block to
        !           211: be displayed.
        !           212: .PP
        !           213: End of fragment, block and file are maintained by
        !           214: .IR fsdb.
        !           215: When displaying data as fragments or blocks,
        !           216: an error message will be displayed when the end of fragment
        !           217: or block is reached.
        !           218: When displaying data using the
        !           219: .IR db,
        !           220: .IR ib,
        !           221: .IR directory,
        !           222: or
        !           223: .IR file
        !           224: commands an error message is displayed if the
        !           225: end of file is reached.
        !           226: This is mainly needed
        !           227: to avoid passing the
        !           228: end of a directory or file
        !           229: and getting unknown and unwanted results.
        !           230: .PP
        !           231: An example showing several commands and
        !           232: the use of carriage-return would be:
        !           233: .RS
        !           234: .PD 0
        !           235: .TP 7.2n
        !           236: > 2:ino; 0:dir?d
        !           237: .br
        !           238: or
        !           239: .PD
        !           240: .RE
        !           241: .RS
        !           242: .PD 0
        !           243: .TP 7.2n
        !           244: > 2:ino; 0:db:block?d
        !           245: .PD
        !           246: .RE
        !           247: The two examples are synonymous for getting to the first
        !           248: directory entry of the root of the file system.
        !           249: Once there,
        !           250: subsequent carriage-returns (or +, -) will advance to subsequent
        !           251: entries.
        !           252: Note that
        !           253: .RS
        !           254: .PD 0
        !           255: .TP 7.2n
        !           256: > 2:inode; :ls
        !           257: .br
        !           258: or
        !           259: .PD
        !           260: .RE
        !           261: .RS
        !           262: .PD 0
        !           263: .TP 7.2n
        !           264: > :ls /
        !           265: .PD
        !           266: .RE
        !           267: is again synonymous.
        !           268: .SH EXPRESSIONS
        !           269: .PP
        !           270: The symbols recognized by
        !           271: .I fsdb\^
        !           272: are:
        !           273: .TP 7.2n
        !           274: .B carriage-return
        !           275: update the value of
        !           276: .IR dot
        !           277: by the current value of
        !           278: .IR type
        !           279: and display using the current value of
        !           280: .IR count .
        !           281: .TP 7.2n
        !           282: .B #
        !           283: numeric expressions may be composed of +, -, *, and % operators
        !           284: (evaluated left to right) and may use parentheses.  Once evaluated,
        !           285: the value of
        !           286: .IR dot
        !           287: is updated.
        !           288: .TP 7.2n
        !           289: .BI , " count"\^
        !           290: count indicator.  The global value of
        !           291: .IR count
        !           292: will be updated to 
        !           293: .IR count .
        !           294: The value of
        !           295: .IR count
        !           296: will remain until a new command is run.
        !           297: A count specifier of '*' will attempt to show a
        !           298: .IR blocks's
        !           299: worth of information.
        !           300: The default for
        !           301: .IR count
        !           302: is 1.
        !           303: .TP 7.2n
        !           304: .BI ? " f\^"
        !           305: display in structured style with format
        !           306: specifier
        !           307: .IR f
        !           308: (see FORMATTED OUTPUT section).
        !           309: .TP 7.2n
        !           310: .BI / " f\^"
        !           311: display in unstructured style with format
        !           312: specifier
        !           313: .IR f
        !           314: (see FORMATTED OUTPUT section).
        !           315: .TP 7.2n
        !           316: .B .
        !           317: the value of
        !           318: .IR dot .
        !           319: .TP 7.2n
        !           320: .BI + "e\^"
        !           321: increment the value of
        !           322: .IR dot
        !           323: by the expression
        !           324: .IR e.
        !           325: The amount actually incremented is dependent
        !           326: on the size of
        !           327: .IR type :
        !           328: .br
        !           329: .nf
        !           330:      dot = dot + e * sizeof (type)
        !           331: .fi
        !           332: The default for
        !           333: .IR e
        !           334: is 1.
        !           335: .TP 7.2n
        !           336: .BI - "e\^"
        !           337: decrement the value of
        !           338: .IR dot
        !           339: by the expression
        !           340: .IR e
        !           341: (see +).
        !           342: .TP 7.2n
        !           343: .BI * "e\^"
        !           344: multiply the value of
        !           345: .IR dot
        !           346: by the expression
        !           347: .IR e.
        !           348: Multiplication and division don't
        !           349: use
        !           350: .IR type.
        !           351: In the above calculation of
        !           352: .IR dot ,
        !           353: consider the
        !           354: sizeof (
        !           355: .IR type )
        !           356: to be 1.
        !           357: .TP 7.2n
        !           358: .BI % "e\^"
        !           359: divide the value of
        !           360: .IR dot
        !           361: by the expression
        !           362: .IR e
        !           363: (see *).
        !           364: .TP 7.2n
        !           365: .BI < " name\^"
        !           366: restore an address saved in register
        !           367: .IR name .
        !           368: .IR name
        !           369: must be a single letter or digit.
        !           370: .TP 7.2n
        !           371: .BI > " name\^"
        !           372: save an address in register
        !           373: .IR name .
        !           374: .IR name
        !           375: must be a single letter or digit.
        !           376: .TP 7.2n
        !           377: .BI = " f"
        !           378: display indicator.
        !           379: If
        !           380: .IR f
        !           381: is a legitimate format specifier
        !           382: (see FORMATTED OUTPUT
        !           383: section),
        !           384: then the value of
        !           385: .IR dot
        !           386: is displayed using
        !           387: format specifier
        !           388: .IR f .
        !           389: Otherwise,
        !           390: assignment is assumed
        !           391: (see next item).
        !           392: .TP 7.2n
        !           393: .BI = " [s] [e]\^"
        !           394: assignment indicator.
        !           395: The address pointed to by
        !           396: .IR dot
        !           397: has its contents changed to the value of the
        !           398: expression
        !           399: .IR e
        !           400: or to the
        !           401: .IR ASCII
        !           402: representation of the
        !           403: quoted (") string
        !           404: .IR s.
        !           405: This may be useful for changing
        !           406: directory names or
        !           407: .IR ASCII
        !           408: file information.
        !           409: .TP 7.2n
        !           410: .BI =+ " e\^"
        !           411: incremental assignment.
        !           412: The address pointed to by
        !           413: .IR dot
        !           414: has its contents incremented by expression
        !           415: .IR e .
        !           416: .TP 7.2n
        !           417: .BI =- " e\^"
        !           418: decremental assignment.
        !           419: The address pointed to by
        !           420: .IR dot
        !           421: has its contents decremented by expression
        !           422: .IR e .
        !           423: .SH COMMANDS
        !           424: .PP
        !           425: A command must be prefixed by a ':' character.
        !           426: Only enough letters of the command
        !           427: to uniquely
        !           428: distinguish it are needed.
        !           429: Multiple commands may be entered
        !           430: on one line by separating
        !           431: them by a space, tab or ';'.
        !           432: .PP
        !           433: In order to view a potentially
        !           434: unmounted disk in a reasonable
        !           435: manner,
        !           436: .I fsdb\^
        !           437: offers the
        !           438: .IR cd ,
        !           439: .IR pwd ,
        !           440: .IR ls
        !           441: and
        !           442: .IR find
        !           443: commands.
        !           444: The functionality of these
        !           445: commands substantially matches those of
        !           446: its
        !           447: .IR UNIX
        !           448: counterparts
        !           449: (see individual command for details).
        !           450: The '*', '?', and '[-]' wild card
        !           451: characters are available.
        !           452: .TP 7.2n
        !           453: .BI base=b
        !           454: display or set base.  As stated above,
        !           455: all input and output is governed by
        !           456: the current
        !           457: .IR base .
        !           458: If the '=b' is left off,
        !           459: the current
        !           460: .IR base
        !           461: is displayed.
        !           462: Otherwise, the current
        !           463: .IR base
        !           464: is set
        !           465: to
        !           466: .IR b.
        !           467: Note that this is interpreted
        !           468: using the old value of
        !           469: .IR base ,
        !           470: so to ensure correctness use the '0', '0t', or '0x'
        !           471: prefix when changing the
        !           472: .IR base.
        !           473: The default for
        !           474: .IR base
        !           475: is hexadecimal.
        !           476: .TP 7.2n
        !           477: .B block
        !           478: convert the value of
        !           479: .IR dot
        !           480: to a block address.
        !           481: .TP 7.2n
        !           482: .B cd dir
        !           483: change the current directory
        !           484: to directory
        !           485: .IR dir.
        !           486: The current values of
        !           487: .IR inode
        !           488: and
        !           489: .IR dot
        !           490: are also updated.
        !           491: If no
        !           492: .IR dir
        !           493: is specified,
        !           494: then change directories to
        !           495: inode 2 ("/").
        !           496: .TP 7.2n
        !           497: .B cg
        !           498: convert the value of
        !           499: .IR dot
        !           500: to a cylinder group.
        !           501: .TP 7.2n
        !           502: .B directory
        !           503: If the current
        !           504: .IR inode
        !           505: is a directory,
        !           506: then the value of
        !           507: .IR dot
        !           508: is converted to a directory
        !           509: slot offset in that directory
        !           510: and
        !           511: .IR dot
        !           512: now points to
        !           513: this entry.
        !           514: .TP 7.2n
        !           515: .B file
        !           516: the value of
        !           517: .IR dot
        !           518: is taken as
        !           519: a relative block count from the
        !           520: beginning of the file.
        !           521: The value of
        !           522: .IR dot
        !           523: is updated to the first byte
        !           524: of this block.
        !           525: .IR
        !           526: .TP 7.2n
        !           527: .BI find " dir [-name n] [-inum i]\^"
        !           528: find files by name or i-number.
        !           529: .IR find
        !           530: recursively searches
        !           531: directory
        !           532: .IR dir
        !           533: and below for filenames whose
        !           534: i-number matches
        !           535: .IR i
        !           536: or whose name
        !           537: matches pattern
        !           538: .IR n .
        !           539: Note that only one of the two options
        !           540: (-name or -inum)
        !           541: may be used at one time.
        !           542: Also, the -print is not needed or
        !           543: accepted.
        !           544: .TP 7.2n
        !           545: .BI fill "=p\^"
        !           546: fill an area of disk with pattern
        !           547: .IR p.
        !           548: The area of disk
        !           549: is delimited by
        !           550: .IR dot
        !           551: and
        !           552: .IR count .
        !           553: .TP 7.2n
        !           554: .B fragment
        !           555: convert the value of
        !           556: .IR dot
        !           557: to
        !           558: a fragment address.
        !           559: The only difference between the
        !           560: .IR fragment
        !           561: command and the
        !           562: .IR block
        !           563: command is the amount that
        !           564: is able to be displayed.
        !           565: .TP 7.2n
        !           566: .B inode
        !           567: convert the value of
        !           568: .IR dot
        !           569: to an inode address.
        !           570: If successful,
        !           571: the current value of
        !           572: .IR inode
        !           573: will be updated as well as
        !           574: the value of
        !           575: .IR dot.
        !           576: As a convenient shorthand,
        !           577: if ':inode' appears at the
        !           578: beginning of the line,
        !           579: the value of
        !           580: .IR dot
        !           581: is set to the current
        !           582: .IR inode
        !           583: and that inode is displayed
        !           584: in inode format.
        !           585: .TP 7.2n
        !           586: .BI ls " [-R] [-l] pat1 pat2 ...\^"
        !           587: list directories or files.
        !           588: If no file is specified,
        !           589: the current directory is assumed.
        !           590: Either or both of the
        !           591: options may be used (but, if used,
        !           592: .IR must
        !           593: be specified before the
        !           594: filename specifiers).
        !           595: Also, as stated above,
        !           596: wild card characters are
        !           597: available and multiple
        !           598: arguments may be given.
        !           599: The long listing shows only
        !           600: the i-number and the name;
        !           601: use the
        !           602: .IR inode
        !           603: command with '?i'
        !           604: to get more information.
        !           605: .TP 7.2n
        !           606: .B override
        !           607: toggle the value of override.
        !           608: Some error conditions may be
        !           609: overriden
        !           610: if override is toggled on.
        !           611: .TP 7.2n
        !           612: .BI prompt " p\^"
        !           613: change the fsdb prompt to
        !           614: .IR p.
        !           615: .IR p
        !           616: must be surrounded by (")s.
        !           617: .TP 7.2n
        !           618: .B pwd
        !           619: display the current working directory.
        !           620: .TP 7.2n
        !           621: .B quit
        !           622: quit
        !           623: .IR fsdb .
        !           624: .TP 7.2n
        !           625: .B sb
        !           626: the value of
        !           627: .IR dot
        !           628: is taken as a cylinder group
        !           629: number and then converted to
        !           630: the address of the superblock
        !           631: in that cylinder group.
        !           632: As a shorthand, ':sb' at
        !           633: the beginning of a line
        !           634: will set the value of
        !           635: .IR dot
        !           636: to 
        !           637: .IR the
        !           638: superblock and display it
        !           639: in superblock format.
        !           640: .TP 7.2n
        !           641: .B !
        !           642: escape to shell
        !           643: .SH INODE COMMANDS
        !           644: In addition to the above commands,
        !           645: there are several commands that deal with inode
        !           646: fields and operate directly on the current
        !           647: .IR inode
        !           648: (they still require the ':').
        !           649: They may be used to more easily display
        !           650: or change the particular fields.
        !           651: The value of
        !           652: .IR dot
        !           653: is only used by the ':db'
        !           654: and ':ib' commands.
        !           655: Upon completion of the command,
        !           656: the value of
        !           657: .IR dot
        !           658: is changed to point to
        !           659: that particular field.
        !           660: For example,
        !           661: .RS
        !           662: .PD 0
        !           663: .TP 7.2n
        !           664: > :ln=+1
        !           665: .PD
        !           666: .RE
        !           667: would
        !           668: increment the link count of the current
        !           669: .IR inode
        !           670: and set the value of
        !           671: .IR dot
        !           672: to the address of the link
        !           673: count field.
        !           674: .TP 7.2n
        !           675: .B at
        !           676: access time.
        !           677: .TP 7.2n
        !           678: .B bs
        !           679: block size.
        !           680: .TP 7.2n
        !           681: .B ct
        !           682: creation time.
        !           683: .TP 7.2n
        !           684: .B db
        !           685: use the current value of
        !           686: .IR dot
        !           687: as a direct block index,
        !           688: where direct blocks number from
        !           689: 0 - 11.
        !           690: In order to display the block
        !           691: itself, you need to 'pipe' this
        !           692: result into the
        !           693: .IR block
        !           694: or
        !           695: .IR fragment
        !           696: command.
        !           697: For example,
        !           698: .br
        !           699: .nf
        !           700:      > 1:db:block,20/X
        !           701: .fi
        !           702: would get the contents of
        !           703: data block field 1 from the inode and
        !           704: convert it to a block address.
        !           705: 20 longs are then displayed in hexadecimal
        !           706: (see FORMATTED OUTPUT section).
        !           707: .TP 7.2n
        !           708: .B gid
        !           709: group id.
        !           710: .TP 7.2n
        !           711: .B ib
        !           712: use the current value of
        !           713: .IR dot
        !           714: as an indirect block index
        !           715: where indirect blocks number from
        !           716: 0 - 2.
        !           717: This will only get the indirect block itself
        !           718: (the block containing the pointers to the actual blocks).
        !           719: Use the
        !           720: .IR file
        !           721: command and start at block 12 to get to the actual
        !           722: blocks.
        !           723: .TP 7.2n
        !           724: .B ln
        !           725: link count.
        !           726: .TP 7.2n
        !           727: .B mt
        !           728: modification time.
        !           729: .TP 7.2n
        !           730: .B md
        !           731: mode.
        !           732: .TP 7.2n
        !           733: .B maj
        !           734: major device number.
        !           735: .TP 7.2n
        !           736: .B min
        !           737: minor device number.
        !           738: .TP 7.2n
        !           739: .B nm
        !           740: although listed here,
        !           741: this command actually
        !           742: operates on the directory
        !           743: name field.
        !           744: Once poised at the desired
        !           745: directory entry (using the
        !           746: .IR directory
        !           747: command),
        !           748: this command will allow
        !           749: you to change or display
        !           750: the directory name.
        !           751: For example,
        !           752: .br
        !           753: .nf
        !           754:      > 7:dir:nm="foo"
        !           755: .fi
        !           756: will get the 7th directory
        !           757: entry of the current
        !           758: .IR inode
        !           759: and change its name to foo.
        !           760: Note that names
        !           761: cannot be made larger than the
        !           762: field is set up for.
        !           763: If an attempt is made,
        !           764: the string is truncated to fit
        !           765: and a warning message to this
        !           766: effect is displayed.
        !           767: .TP 7.2n
        !           768: .B sz
        !           769: file size.
        !           770: .TP 7.2n
        !           771: .B uid
        !           772: user id.
        !           773: .SH FORMATTED OUTPUT
        !           774: .PP
        !           775: There are two styles
        !           776: and many format types.
        !           777: The two styles are structured and
        !           778: unstructured.
        !           779: Structured output is used to display
        !           780: inodes, directories, superblocks and the
        !           781: like.
        !           782: Unstructured just displays
        !           783: raw data.
        !           784: The following table shows the
        !           785: different ways of displaying:
        !           786: .TP 7.2n
        !           787: .B ?
        !           788: .RS
        !           789: .PD 0
        !           790: .TP 13
        !           791: .B c
        !           792: display as cylinder groups
        !           793: .TP 13
        !           794: .B i
        !           795: display as inodes
        !           796: .TP 13
        !           797: .B d
        !           798: display as directories
        !           799: .TP 13
        !           800: .B s
        !           801: display as superblocks
        !           802: .PD
        !           803: .RE
        !           804: .TP 7.2n
        !           805: .B /
        !           806: .RS
        !           807: .PD 0
        !           808: .TP 13
        !           809: .B b
        !           810: display as bytes
        !           811: .TP 13
        !           812: .B c
        !           813: display as characters
        !           814: .TP 13
        !           815: .B o O
        !           816: display as octal shorts or longs
        !           817: .TP 13
        !           818: .B d D
        !           819: display as decimal shorts or longs
        !           820: .TP 13
        !           821: .B x X
        !           822: display as hexadecimal shorts or longs
        !           823: .PD
        !           824: .RE
        !           825: .PP
        !           826: The format specifier immediately follows
        !           827: the '/' or '?' character.
        !           828: The values displayed by '/b' and all '?'
        !           829: formats are displayed in the current
        !           830: .IR base .
        !           831: Also,
        !           832: .IR type
        !           833: is appropriately updated
        !           834: upon completion.
        !           835: .SH EXAMPLES
        !           836: .TP 16
        !           837: > 2000+400%(20+20)=D
        !           838: will display 2010 in decimal (use of
        !           839: .IR fsdb
        !           840: as a calculator
        !           841: for complex arithmetic).
        !           842: .TP 16
        !           843: > 386:ino?i
        !           844: display i-number 386 in an inode format.
        !           845: This now becomes the current
        !           846: .IR inode .
        !           847: .TP 16
        !           848: > :ln=4
        !           849: changes the link count for the 
        !           850: current
        !           851: .IR inode
        !           852: to 4.
        !           853: .TP 16
        !           854: > :ln=+1
        !           855: increments the link count by 1.
        !           856: .TP 16
        !           857: > :ct=X
        !           858: display the creation time as a hexadecimal long.
        !           859: .TP 16
        !           860: > :mt=t
        !           861: display the modification time in time format.
        !           862: .TP 16
        !           863: > 0:file/c
        !           864: displays, in
        !           865: .IR ASCII ,
        !           866: block zero of the file associated
        !           867: with the
        !           868: current
        !           869: .IR inode .
        !           870: .TP 16
        !           871: > 2:ino,*?d
        !           872: displays the first blocks worth of directory entries for
        !           873: the root inode of this file system.
        !           874: It will stop prematurely if the eof is reached.
        !           875: .TP 16
        !           876: > 5:dir:inode; 0:file,*/c
        !           877: changes the current inode to that
        !           878: associated with the 5th directory entry
        !           879: (numbered from zero)
        !           880: of the current
        !           881: .IR inode.
        !           882: The first logical block of the file
        !           883: is then displayed in
        !           884: .IR ASCII .
        !           885: .TP 16
        !           886: > :sb
        !           887: displays the superblock of this file system.
        !           888: .TP 16
        !           889: > 1:cg?c
        !           890: displays cylinder group information and summary
        !           891: for cylinder group 1.
        !           892: .TP 16
        !           893: > 2:inode; 7:dir=3
        !           894: changes the i-number for the 
        !           895: seventh directory slot in the root directory to 3.
        !           896: .TP 16
        !           897: > 7:dir:nm="name"
        !           898: changes the name field
        !           899: in the directory slot to
        !           900: .IR name .
        !           901: .TP 16
        !           902: > 2:db:block,*?d
        !           903: displays the third block of the current
        !           904: .IR inode
        !           905: as directory entries.
        !           906: .TP 16
        !           907: > 3c3:fragment,20:fill=0x20
        !           908: get fragment 3c3 and fill 20
        !           909: .IR type
        !           910: elements
        !           911: with 0x20.
        !           912: .TP 16
        !           913: > 2050=0xffff
        !           914: set the contents of address 2050 to 0xffffffff.
        !           915: 0xffffffff may be truncated depending on the current
        !           916: .IR type.
        !           917: .TP 16
        !           918: > 1c92434="this is some text"
        !           919: will place the
        !           920: .IR ASCII
        !           921: for the string at
        !           922: 1c92434.
        !           923: .SH SEE ALSO
        !           924: fsck(8), dir(4), fs(4).
        !           925: .SH BUGS
        !           926: .PP
        !           927: Extreme caution is advised in
        !           928: determining the availability
        !           929: of
        !           930: .IR fsdb
        !           931: on the system.
        !           932: Suggested permissions are 600 and
        !           933: owned by bin.

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