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Annotation of 43BSDReno/sbin/newfs/newfs.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987 The Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.
        !             3: .\"
        !             4: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided
        !             5: .\" that: (1) source distributions retain this entire copyright notice and
        !             6: .\" comment, and (2) distributions including binaries display the following
        !             7: .\" acknowledgement:  ``This product includes software developed by the
        !             8: .\" University of California, Berkeley and its contributors'' in the
        !             9: .\" documentation or other materials provided with the distribution and in
        !            10: .\" all advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software.
        !            11: .\" Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may
        !            12: .\" be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
        !            13: .\" specific prior written permission.
        !            14: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
        !            15: .\" WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
        !            16: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
        !            17: .\"
        !            18: .\"    @(#)newfs.8     6.9 (Berkeley) 6/24/90
        !            19: .\"
        !            20: .TH NEWFS 8 "June 24, 1990"
        !            21: .UC 5
        !            22: .SH NAME
        !            23: newfs, mfs \- construct a new file system
        !            24: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            25: .B newfs
        !            26: [
        !            27: .B \-N
        !            28: ] [
        !            29: .B newfs-options
        !            30: ]
        !            31: .B special
        !            32: .br
        !            33: .B mfs
        !            34: [
        !            35: .B \-F
        !            36: mount_flags
        !            37: ] [
        !            38: .B newfs-options
        !            39: ]
        !            40: .B special node
        !            41: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            42: .I Newfs
        !            43: replaces the more obtuse
        !            44: .IR mkfs (8)
        !            45: program.
        !            46: Before running 
        !            47: .I newfs
        !            48: or
        !            49: .IR mfs ,
        !            50: the disk must be labeled using 
        !            51: .IR disklabel (8).
        !            52: .I Newfs
        !            53: builds a file system on the specified special device
        !            54: basing its defaults on the information in the disk label.
        !            55: Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
        !            56: .I newfs
        !            57: has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
        !            58: The
        !            59: .B \-N
        !            60: option causes the file system parameters to be printed out
        !            61: without really creating the file system.
        !            62: .PP
        !            63: .I Mfs
        !            64: is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it
        !            65: on a specified node.
        !            66: .I Mfs
        !            67: exits and the contents of the file system are lost
        !            68: when the file system is unmounted.
        !            69: If
        !            70: .I mfs
        !            71: is sent a signal while running,
        !            72: for example during system shutdown,
        !            73: it will attempt to unmount its
        !            74: corresponding file system.
        !            75: The parameters to
        !            76: .I mfs
        !            77: are the same as those to
        !            78: .IR newfs .
        !            79: The special file is only used to read the disk label which provides
        !            80: a set of configuration parameters for the memory based file system.
        !            81: The special file is typically that of the primary swap area,
        !            82: since that is where the file system will be backed up when
        !            83: free memory gets low and the memory supporting
        !            84: the file system has to be paged.
        !            85: .PP
        !            86: The following options define the general layout policies.
        !            87: .TP 10
        !            88: .B \-b block-size
        !            89: The block size of the file system in bytes.  
        !            90: .TP 10
        !            91: .B \-f frag-size
        !            92: The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
        !            93: .TP 10
        !            94: .B \-m free space %
        !            95: The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum
        !            96: free space threshold.  The default value used is 10%.
        !            97: See
        !            98: .IR tunefs (8)
        !            99: for more details on how to set this option.
        !           100: .TP 10
        !           101: .B \-o optimization preference (``space'' or ``time'')
        !           102: The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
        !           103: allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
        !           104: If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 10%,
        !           105: the default is to optimize for space;
        !           106: if the value of minfree greater than or equal to 10%,
        !           107: the default is to optimize for time.
        !           108: See
        !           109: .IR tunefs (8)
        !           110: for more details on how to set this option.
        !           111: .TP 10
        !           112: .B \-a maxcontig
        !           113: This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will
        !           114: be laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see \-d below).
        !           115: The default value is one.
        !           116: See
        !           117: .IR tunefs (8)
        !           118: for more details on how to set this option.
        !           119: .TP 10
        !           120: .B \-d rotdelay
        !           121: This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds)
        !           122: to service a transfer completion
        !           123: interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk.
        !           124: The default is 4 milliseconds.
        !           125: See
        !           126: .IR tunefs (8)
        !           127: for more details on how to set this option.
        !           128: .TP 10
        !           129: .B \-e maxbpg
        !           130: This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file can
        !           131: allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
        !           132: allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
        !           133: The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
        !           134: See
        !           135: .IR tunefs (8)
        !           136: for more details on how to set this option.
        !           137: .TP 10
        !           138: .B \-i number of bytes per inode
        !           139: This specifies the density of inodes in the file system.
        !           140: The default is to create an inode for each 2048 bytes of data space.
        !           141: If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
        !           142: to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
        !           143: .TP 10
        !           144: .B \-c #cylinders/group
        !           145: The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
        !           146: The default value used is 16.
        !           147: .TP 10
        !           148: .B \-s size
        !           149: The size of the file system in sectors.
        !           150: .PP
        !           151: The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. 
        !           152: Their default values are taken from the disk label.
        !           153: Changing these defaults is useful only when using
        !           154: .I newfs
        !           155: to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used
        !           156: on a different type of disk than the one on which it is initially
        !           157: created (for example on a write-once disk).
        !           158: Note that changing any of these values from their
        !           159: defaults will make it impossible for 
        !           160: .I fsck
        !           161: to find the alternate superblocks if the standard super block is lost.
        !           162: .TP 10
        !           163: .B \-r revolutions/minute
        !           164: The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
        !           165: .TP 10
        !           166: .B \-S sector-size
        !           167: The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
        !           168: .TP 10
        !           169: .B \-u sectors/track
        !           170: The number of sectors/track available for data
        !           171: allocation by the file system.
        !           172: This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for
        !           173: bad block replacement (see \fB\-p\fP below).
        !           174: .TP 10
        !           175: .B \-t #tracks/cylinder
        !           176: The number of tracks/cylinder available for data
        !           177: allocation by the file system.
        !           178: .TP 10
        !           179: .B \-p spare sectors per track
        !           180: Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
        !           181: that occupy space at the end of each track.
        !           182: They are not counted as part of the sectors/track (\fB\-u\fP)
        !           183: since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
        !           184: .TP 10
        !           185: .B \-x spare sectors per cylinder
        !           186: Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
        !           187: that occupy space at the end of the last track in the cylinder.
        !           188: They are deducted from the sectors/track (\fB\-u\fP)
        !           189: of the last track of each cylinder
        !           190: since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
        !           191: .TP 10
        !           192: .B \-l hardware sector interleave
        !           193: Used to describe perturbations in the media format to
        !           194: compensate for a slow controller.
        !           195: Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track,
        !           196: specified as the denominator of the ratio:
        !           197: .nf
        !           198:        sectors read / sectors passed over
        !           199: .fi
        !           200: Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2
        !           201: implies logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical
        !           202: sector 1.
        !           203: .TP 10
        !           204: .B \-k sector 0 skew, per track
        !           205: Used to describe perturbations in the media format to
        !           206: compensate for a slow controller.
        !           207: Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N
        !           208: relative to sector 0 on track N-1 on the same cylinder.
        !           209: .PP
        !           210: The following option applies only to
        !           211: .IR mfs .
        !           212: .TP 10
        !           213: .B \-F mount flags
        !           214: Used to pass in a decimal numeric value to be passed
        !           215: as mount flags when running as a memory based file system.
        !           216: This option is primarily intended for use when
        !           217: .I mfs
        !           218: is started by the
        !           219: .IR mount (8)
        !           220: command.
        !           221: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           222: disktab(5),
        !           223: fs(5),
        !           224: disklabel(8),
        !           225: diskpart(8),
        !           226: fsck(8),
        !           227: format(8),
        !           228: tunefs(8)
        !           229: .PP
        !           230: M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, R. Fabry,
        !           231: ``A Fast File System for UNIX'',
        !           232: \fIACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2\fP, 3.
        !           233: pp 181-197, August 1984.
        !           234: (reprinted in the System Manager's Manual, SMM:14)

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