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1.1 ! root 1: .\" @(#)vhel1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/25/86 ! 2: .\" ! 3: .\" @(#)vhel1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/25/86 ! 4: .\" ! 5: .SH ! 6: B. Hardware ! 7: .PP ! 8: The ! 9: .UC "UNIX/32V" ! 10: operating system ! 11: runs on ! 12: a DEC VAX-11/780* ! 13: .FS ! 14: *VAX is a Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. ! 15: .FE ! 16: with at least the following equipment: ! 17: .IP ! 18: memory: 256K bytes or more. ! 19: .IP ! 20: disk: RP06, RM03, or equivalent. ! 21: .IP ! 22: tape: any 9-track MASSBUS-compatible tape drive. ! 23: .LP ! 24: The following equipment is strongly recommended: ! 25: .IP ! 26: communications controller such as DZ11 or DL11. ! 27: .IP ! 28: full duplex 96-character ASCII terminals. ! 29: .IP ! 30: extra disk for system backup. ! 31: .LP ! 32: The system is normally distributed on 9-track tape. ! 33: The minimum memory and disk space specified is enough to run ! 34: and maintain ! 35: .UC "UNIX/32V," ! 36: and to keep all source on line. ! 37: More memory will be needed ! 38: to handle ! 39: a large number of users, ! 40: big data bases, diversified complements of devices, or large ! 41: programs. ! 42: The resident code ! 43: occupies 40-55K bytes depending ! 44: on configuration; ! 45: system data also occupies 30-55K bytes. ! 46: .SH ! 47: C. Software ! 48: .PP ! 49: Most of the programs available as ! 50: .UC "UNIX/32V" ! 51: commands are listed. ! 52: Source code and printed manuals are ! 53: distributed for all of the listed software ! 54: except games. ! 55: Almost all of the code is written in C. ! 56: Commands are self-contained and do not require extra setup ! 57: information, ! 58: unless specifically noted as ``interactive.'' ! 59: Interactive programs can be made to run from a prepared script ! 60: simply by redirecting input. ! 61: Most programs intended for interactive use ! 62: (e.g., the editor) ! 63: allow for an escape to ! 64: command level (the Shell). ! 65: Most file processing commands ! 66: can also go from standard input to standard output ! 67: (``filters''). ! 68: The piping facility of the Shell may be used ! 69: to connect such filters directly to the input or output ! 70: of other programs. ! 71: .NH ! 72: Basic Software ! 73: .PP ! 74: This ! 75: includes the time-sharing operating ! 76: system with utilities, and a ! 77: compiler for the programming language C\(emenough ! 78: software to ! 79: write and run new applications ! 80: and to maintain or modify ! 81: .UC "UNIX/32V" ! 82: itself. ! 83: .NH 2 ! 84: Operating System ! 85: .sh UNIX ! 86: The basic resident code ! 87: on which everything else depends. ! 88: Supports the system calls, and maintains the file system. ! 89: A general description of ! 90: .UC UNIX ! 91: design ! 92: philosophy and system facilities appeared in ! 93: the Communications of the ACM, July, 1974. ! 94: A more extensive survey is in the Bell System Technical Journal ! 95: for July-August 1978. ! 96: Capabilities include: ! 97: .op ! 98: Reentrant code for user processes. ! 99: .op ! 100: ``Group'' access permissions for cooperative projects, ! 101: with overlapping memberships. ! 102: .op ! 103: Alarm-clock timeouts. ! 104: .op ! 105: Timer-interrupt sampling and interprocess monitoring ! 106: for debugging and measurement. ! 107: .OP ! 108: Multiplexed I/O for machine-to-machine communication. ! 109: .sh DEVICES ! 110: All I/O is logically synchronous. ! 111: I/O devices are simply files in the file system. ! 112: Normally, invisible buffering makes all physical ! 113: record structure and device characteristics transparent and exploits the ! 114: hardware's ability to do overlapped I/O. ! 115: Unbuffered physical record ! 116: I/O is available for unusual applications. ! 117: Drivers for these devices are ! 118: available: ! 119: .op ! 120: Asynchronous interfaces: DZ11, DL11. ! 121: Support for most common ASCII terminals. ! 122: .op ! 123: Automatic calling unit interface: DN11. ! 124: .op ! 125: Printer/plotter: Versatek. ! 126: .op ! 127: Magnetic tape: TE16. ! 128: .op ! 129: Pack type disk: RP06, RM03; ! 130: minimum-latency seek scheduling. ! 131: .op ! 132: Physical memory of VAX-11, or mapped memory in resident system. ! 133: .op ! 134: Null device. ! 135: .op ! 136: Recipies are supplied to aid the construction of drivers for: ! 137: .nf ! 138: .in +2 ! 139: Asynchronous interface: DH11. ! 140: Synchronous interface: DU11. ! 141: DECtape: TC11. ! 142: Fixed head disk: RS11, RS03 and RS04. ! 143: Cartridge-type disk: RK05. ! 144: Phototypesetter: Graphic Systems System/1 through DR11C. ! 145: .in -2 ! 146: .fi ! 147: .sh BOOT ! 148: Procedures to get ! 149: .UC "UNIX/32V" ! 150: started. ! 151: .NH 2 ! 152: User Access Control ! 153: .LP ! 154: .sh LOGIN ! 155: Sign on as a new user. ! 156: .op ! 157: Verify password and establish user's ! 158: individual and group (project) identity. ! 159: .op ! 160: Adapt to characteristics of terminal. ! 161: .op ! 162: Establish working directory. ! 163: .op ! 164: Announce presence of mail (from MAIL). ! 165: .op ! 166: Publish message of the day. ! 167: .op ! 168: Execute user-specified profile. ! 169: .op ! 170: Start command interpreter or other initial program. ! 171: .sh PASSWD ! 172: Change a password. ! 173: .op ! 174: User can change his own password. ! 175: .op ! 176: Passwords are kept encrypted for security. ! 177: .sh NEWGRP ! 178: Change working group (project). ! 179: Protects against unauthorized changes to projects. ! 180: .NH 2 ! 181: Terminal Handling ! 182: .LP ! 183: .sh TABS ! 184: Set tab stops appropriately for specified terminal type. ! 185: .sh STTY ! 186: Set up options for optimal control of a terminal. ! 187: In so far as they are deducible from the input, these ! 188: options are set automatically by LOGIN. ! 189: .op ! 190: Half vs. full duplex. ! 191: .op ! 192: Carriage return+line feed vs. newline. ! 193: .op ! 194: Interpretation of tabs. ! 195: .op ! 196: Parity. ! 197: .op ! 198: Mapping of upper case to lower. ! 199: .op ! 200: Raw vs. edited input. ! 201: .op ! 202: Delays for tabs, newlines and carriage returns. ! 203: .NH 2 ! 204: File Manipulation ! 205: .LP ! 206: .sh CAT ! 207: Concatenate one or more files onto standard output. ! 208: Particularly used for unadorned printing, for ! 209: inserting data into a pipeline, ! 210: and for buffering output that comes in dribs and drabs. ! 211: Works on any file regardless of contents. ! 212: .sh CP ! 213: Copy one file to another, ! 214: or a set of files to a directory. ! 215: Works on any file regardless of contents. ! 216: .sh PR ! 217: Print files with title, date, and page number on every page. ! 218: .op ! 219: Multicolumn output. ! 220: .op ! 221: Parallel column merge of several files. ! 222: .sh LPR ! 223: Off-line print. ! 224: Spools arbitrary files to the line printer. ! 225: .sh CMP ! 226: Compare two files and report if different. ! 227: .sh TAIL ! 228: Print last ! 229: .I n ! 230: lines of input ! 231: .op ! 232: May print last ! 233: .I n ! 234: characters, or from ! 235: .I n ! 236: lines or characters to end. ! 237: .sh SPLIT ! 238: Split a large file into more manageable pieces. ! 239: Occasionally necessary for editing (ED). ! 240: .sh DD ! 241: Physical file format translator, ! 242: for exchanging data with foreign ! 243: systems, especially IBM 370's. ! 244: .sh SUM ! 245: Sum the words of a file. ! 246: .NH 2 ! 247: Manipulation of Directories and File Names ! 248: .LP ! 249: .sh RM ! 250: Remove a file. ! 251: Only the name goes away if any other names are linked to the file. ! 252: .OP ! 253: Step through a directory deleting files interactively. ! 254: .OP ! 255: Delete entire directory hierarchies. ! 256: .sh LN ! 257: ``Link'' another name (alias) to an existing file. ! 258: .sh MV ! 259: Move a file or files. ! 260: Used for renaming files. ! 261: .sh CHMOD ! 262: Change permissions on one or more files. ! 263: Executable by files' owner. ! 264: .sh CHOWN ! 265: Change owner of one or more files. ! 266: .sh CHGRP ! 267: Change group (project) to which a file belongs. ! 268: .sh MKDIR ! 269: Make a new directory. ! 270: .sh RMDIR ! 271: Remove a directory. ! 272: .sh CD ! 273: Change working directory. ! 274: .sh FIND ! 275: Prowl the directory ! 276: hierarchy finding ! 277: every file that meets ! 278: specified criteria. ! 279: .op ! 280: Criteria include: ! 281: .in +2 ! 282: .nf ! 283: name matches a given pattern, ! 284: creation date in given range, ! 285: date of last use in given range, ! 286: given permissions, ! 287: given owner, ! 288: given special file characteristics, ! 289: boolean combinations of above. ! 290: .in -2 ! 291: .fi ! 292: .op ! 293: Any directory may be considered to be the root. ! 294: .op ! 295: Perform specified command on each file found. ! 296: .NH 2 ! 297: Running of Programs ! 298: .LP ! 299: .sh SH ! 300: The Shell, or command language interpreter. ! 301: .op ! 302: Supply arguments to and run any executable program. ! 303: .op ! 304: Redirect standard input, standard output, and standard error files. ! 305: .op ! 306: Pipes: ! 307: simultaneous execution with output of one process connected ! 308: to the input of another. ! 309: .OP ! 310: Compose compound commands using: ! 311: .in+2 ! 312: if ... then ... else, ! 313: .br ! 314: case switches, ! 315: .br ! 316: while loops, ! 317: .br ! 318: for loops over lists, ! 319: .br ! 320: break, continue and exit, ! 321: .br ! 322: parentheses for grouping. ! 323: .in -2 ! 324: .op ! 325: Initiate background processes. ! 326: .op ! 327: Perform Shell programs, i.e., command scripts with ! 328: substitutable arguments. ! 329: .op ! 330: Construct argument lists from all file names ! 331: satisfying specified patterns. ! 332: .OP ! 333: Take special action on traps and interrupts. ! 334: .OP ! 335: User-settable search path for finding commands. ! 336: .OP ! 337: Executes user-settable profile upon login. ! 338: .OP ! 339: Optionally announces presence of mail as it arrives. ! 340: .op ! 341: Provides variables and parameters with default setting. ! 342: .sh TEST ! 343: Tests for use in Shell conditionals. ! 344: .op ! 345: String comparison. ! 346: .op ! 347: File nature and accessibility. ! 348: .op ! 349: Boolean combinations of the above. ! 350: .sh EXPR ! 351: String computations for calculating command arguments. ! 352: .OP ! 353: Integer arithmetic ! 354: .OP ! 355: Pattern matching ! 356: .sh WAIT ! 357: Wait for termination of asynchronously running processes. ! 358: .sh READ ! 359: Read a line from terminal, ! 360: for interactive Shell procedure. ! 361: .sh ECHO ! 362: Print remainder of command line. ! 363: Useful for diagnostics or prompts in Shell programs, ! 364: or for inserting data into a pipeline. ! 365: .sh SLEEP ! 366: Suspend execution for a specified time. ! 367: .sh NOHUP ! 368: Run a command immune to hanging up the terminal. ! 369: .sh NICE ! 370: Run a command in low (or high) priority. ! 371: .sh KILL ! 372: Terminate named processes. ! 373: .sh CRON ! 374: Schedule regular actions at specified times. ! 375: .op ! 376: Actions are arbitrary programs. ! 377: .op ! 378: Times are ! 379: conjunctions of month, day of month, day of week, hour ! 380: and minute. ! 381: Ranges are specifiable for each. ! 382: .sh AT ! 383: Schedule a one-shot action for an arbitrary time. ! 384: .sh TEE ! 385: Pass data between processes and divert a copy into one or more files. ! 386: .NH 2 ! 387: Status Inquiries ! 388: .LP ! 389: .sh LS ! 390: List the names of one, several, or all files in one or more directories. ! 391: .op ! 392: Alphabetic or temporal sorting, up or down. ! 393: .op ! 394: Optional information: ! 395: size, ! 396: owner, ! 397: group, ! 398: date last modified, ! 399: date last accessed, ! 400: permissions, ! 401: i-node number. ! 402: .sh FILE ! 403: Try to determine ! 404: what kind of information is in a file by consulting ! 405: the file system index and by reading the file itself. ! 406: .sh DATE ! 407: Print today's date and time. ! 408: Has considerable knowledge ! 409: of calendric and horological peculiarities. ! 410: .op ! 411: May set ! 412: .UC "UNIX/32V" 's ! 413: idea of date and time. ! 414: .sh DF ! 415: Report amount of free space on file system devices. ! 416: .sh DU ! 417: Print a summary of total space occupied by all files in a hierarchy. ! 418: .sh QUOT ! 419: Print summary of file space usage by user id. ! 420: .sh WHO ! 421: Tell who's on the system. ! 422: .op ! 423: List of presently logged in users, ! 424: ports and times on. ! 425: .op ! 426: Optional history of all logins and logouts. ! 427: .sh PS ! 428: Report on active processes. ! 429: .op ! 430: List your own or everybody's processes. ! 431: .op ! 432: Tell what commands are being executed. ! 433: .op ! 434: Optional status information: ! 435: state and scheduling info, ! 436: priority, ! 437: attached terminal, ! 438: what it's waiting for, ! 439: size. ! 440: .sh IOSTAT ! 441: Print statistics about system I/O activity. ! 442: .sh TTY ! 443: Print name of your terminal. ! 444: .sh PWD ! 445: Print name of your working directory. ! 446: .NH 2 ! 447: Backup and Maintenance ! 448: .LP ! 449: .sh MOUNT ! 450: Attach a device containing ! 451: a file system to ! 452: the tree of directories. ! 453: Protects against nonsense arrangements. ! 454: .sh UMOUNT ! 455: Remove the file system contained on a device ! 456: from the tree of directories. ! 457: Protects against removing a busy device. ! 458: .sh MKFS ! 459: Make a new file system on a device. ! 460: .sh MKNOD ! 461: Make an i-node (file system entry) for a special file. ! 462: Special files are ! 463: physical devices, ! 464: virtual devices, physical memory, etc. ! 465: .sh TP ! 466: .sh TAR ! 467: Manage file archives on magnetic tape or DECtape. ! 468: TAR is newer. ! 469: .op ! 470: Collect files into an archive. ! 471: .op ! 472: Update DECtape archive by date. ! 473: .op ! 474: Replace or delete DECtape files. ! 475: .op ! 476: Print table of contents. ! 477: .op ! 478: Retrieve from archive. ! 479: .sh DUMP ! 480: Dump the file system ! 481: stored on a specified device, selectively by date, or indiscriminately. ! 482: .sh RESTOR ! 483: Restore a dumped file system, ! 484: or selectively retrieve parts thereof. ! 485: .sh SU ! 486: Temporarily become the super user with all the rights and privileges ! 487: thereof. ! 488: Requires a password. ! 489: .sh DCHECK ! 490: .sh ICHECK ! 491: .sh NCHECK ! 492: Check consistency of file system. ! 493: .op ! 494: Print gross statistics: ! 495: number of files, ! 496: number of directories, ! 497: number of special files, ! 498: space used, ! 499: space free. ! 500: .op ! 501: Report duplicate use of space. ! 502: .op ! 503: Retrieve lost space. ! 504: .op ! 505: Report inaccessible files. ! 506: .op ! 507: Check consistency of directories. ! 508: .op ! 509: List names of all files. ! 510: .sh CLRI ! 511: Peremptorily expunge a file and its space from a file system. ! 512: Used to repair damaged file systems. ! 513: .sh SYNC ! 514: Force all outstanding I/O on the system to completion. ! 515: Used to shut down gracefully. ! 516: .NH 2 ! 517: Accounting ! 518: .LP ! 519: The timing information on which the reports are based can be ! 520: manually cleared or shut off completely. ! 521: .sh AC ! 522: Publish cumulative connect time report. ! 523: .op ! 524: Connect time by user or by day. ! 525: .op ! 526: For all users or for selected users. ! 527: .sh SA ! 528: Publish Shell accounting ! 529: report. ! 530: Gives usage information on each command executed. ! 531: .op ! 532: Number of times used. ! 533: .op ! 534: Total system time, user time and elapsed time. ! 535: .op ! 536: Optional averages and percentages. ! 537: .op ! 538: Sorting on various fields. ! 539: .NH 2 ! 540: Communication ! 541: .LP ! 542: .sh MAIL ! 543: Mail a message to one or more users. ! 544: Also used to read and dispose of incoming mail. ! 545: The presence of mail is announced by LOGIN ! 546: and optionally by SH. ! 547: .op ! 548: Each message can be disposed of individually. ! 549: .op ! 550: Messages can be saved in files or forwarded. ! 551: .sh CALENDAR ! 552: Automatic reminder service for events of today and tomorrow. ! 553: .sh WRITE ! 554: Establish direct terminal communication with another user. ! 555: .sh WALL ! 556: Write to all users. ! 557: .sh MESG ! 558: Inhibit receipt of messages from WRITE and WALL. ! 559: .sh CU ! 560: Call up another time-sharing system. ! 561: .OP ! 562: Transparent interface to remote machine. ! 563: .OP ! 564: File transmission. ! 565: .OP ! 566: Take remote input from local file or put remote output ! 567: into local file. ! 568: .OP ! 569: Remote system need not be ! 570: .UC "UNIX/32V" . ! 571: .sh UUCP ! 572: .UC UNIX ! 573: to ! 574: .UC UNIX ! 575: copy. ! 576: .OP ! 577: Automatic queuing until line becomes available ! 578: and remote machine is up. ! 579: .OP ! 580: Copy between two remote machines. ! 581: .op ! 582: Differences, mail, etc., between two machines. ! 583: .NH 2 ! 584: Basic Program Development Tools ! 585: .LP ! 586: Some of these utilities are used as integral parts of ! 587: the higher level languages described in section 2. ! 588: .sh AR ! 589: Maintain archives and libraries. ! 590: Combines several files into one for housekeeping efficiency. ! 591: .op ! 592: Create new archive. ! 593: .op ! 594: Update archive by date. ! 595: .op ! 596: Replace or delete files. ! 597: .op ! 598: Print table of contents. ! 599: .op ! 600: Retrieve from archive. ! 601: .sh AS ! 602: Assembler. ! 603: .op ! 604: Creates object program consisting of ! 605: .in+2 ! 606: .nf ! 607: code, normally read-only and sharable, ! 608: initialized data or read-write code, ! 609: uninitialized data. ! 610: .in -2 ! 611: .fi ! 612: .op ! 613: Relocatable object code is directly executable without ! 614: further transformation. ! 615: .op ! 616: Object code normally includes a symbol table. ! 617: .op ! 618: ``Conditional jump'' instructions become ! 619: branches or branches plus jumps depending on distance. ! 620: .sh Library ! 621: The basic run-time library. ! 622: These routines are used freely by all software. ! 623: .op ! 624: Buffered character-by-character I/O. ! 625: .op ! 626: Formatted input and output conversion (SCANF and PRINTF) ! 627: for standard input and output, files, in-memory conversion. ! 628: .op ! 629: Storage allocator. ! 630: .op ! 631: Time conversions. ! 632: .op ! 633: Number conversions. ! 634: .op ! 635: Password encryption. ! 636: .op ! 637: Quicksort. ! 638: .op ! 639: Random number generator. ! 640: .op ! 641: Mathematical function library, including ! 642: trigonometric functions and inverses, ! 643: exponential, logarithm, square root, ! 644: bessel functions. ! 645: .sh ADB ! 646: Interactive debugger. ! 647: .op ! 648: Postmortem dumping. ! 649: .OP ! 650: Examination of arbitrary files, with no limit on size. ! 651: .op ! 652: Interactive breakpoint debugging with the debugger as a separate ! 653: process. ! 654: .OP ! 655: Symbolic reference to local and global variables. ! 656: .op ! 657: Stack trace for C programs. ! 658: .OP ! 659: Output formats: ! 660: .in+2 ! 661: .nf ! 662: 1-, 2-, or 4-byte integers in octal, decimal, or hex ! 663: .br ! 664: single and double floating point ! 665: .br ! 666: character and string ! 667: .br ! 668: disassembled machine instructions ! 669: .br ! 670: .fi ! 671: .in-2 ! 672: .op ! 673: Patching. ! 674: .OP ! 675: Searching for integer, character, or floating patterns. ! 676: .sh OD ! 677: Dump any file. ! 678: Output options include any combination of ! 679: octal or decimal or hex by words, ! 680: octal by bytes, ! 681: ASCII, ! 682: opcodes, ! 683: hexadecimal. ! 684: .op ! 685: Range of dumping is controllable. ! 686: .sh LD ! 687: Link edit. ! 688: Combine relocatable object files. ! 689: Insert required routines from specified libraries. ! 690: .op ! 691: Resulting code is sharable by default. ! 692: .sh LORDER ! 693: Places object file names in proper order for loading, ! 694: so that files depending on others come after them. ! 695: .sh NM ! 696: Print the namelist (symbol table) of an object program. ! 697: Provides control over the style and order of ! 698: names that are printed. ! 699: .sh SIZE ! 700: Report the memory requirements ! 701: of one or more object files. ! 702: .sh STRIP ! 703: Remove the relocation and symbol table information from ! 704: an object file to save space. ! 705: .sh TIME ! 706: Run a command and report timing information on it. ! 707: .sh PROF ! 708: Construct a profile of time spent per routine ! 709: from statistics gathered by time-sampling the ! 710: execution of a program. ! 711: .op ! 712: Subroutine call frequency and average times for C programs. ! 713: .sh MAKE ! 714: Controls creation of large programs. ! 715: Uses a control file specifying source file dependencies ! 716: to make new version; ! 717: uses time last changed to deduce minimum amount of work necessary. ! 718: .op ! 719: Knows about CC, YACC, LEX, etc. ! 720: .NH 2 ! 721: UNIX/32V Programmer's Manual ! 722: .LP ! 723: .sh Manual ! 724: Machine-readable version of the ! 725: .UC "UNIX/32V" ! 726: Programmer's Manual. ! 727: .op ! 728: System overview. ! 729: .op ! 730: All commands. ! 731: .op ! 732: All system calls. ! 733: .op ! 734: All subroutines in C and assembler libraries. ! 735: .op ! 736: All devices and other special files. ! 737: .op ! 738: Formats of file system and kinds ! 739: of files known to system software. ! 740: .op ! 741: Boot and maintenance procedures. ! 742: .sh MAN ! 743: Print specified manual section on your terminal. ! 744: .NH 2 ! 745: Computer-Aided Instruction ! 746: .LP ! 747: .sh LEARN ! 748: A program for interpreting CAI scripts, plus scripts ! 749: for learning about ! 750: .UC "UNIX/32V" ! 751: by using it. ! 752: .op ! 753: Scripts for basic files and commands, ! 754: editor, ! 755: advanced files and commands, ! 756: .UC EQN , ! 757: .UC MS ! 758: macros, ! 759: C programming language.
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