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1.1 root 1: .\" @(#)vhel1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/25/86
2: .\"
3: .\" @(#)vhel1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/25/86
4: .\"
5: .SH
6: B. Hardware
7: .PP
8: The
9: .UC "UNIX/32V"
10: operating system
11: runs on
12: a DEC VAX-11/780*
13: .FS
14: *VAX is a Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
15: .FE
16: with at least the following equipment:
17: .IP
18: memory: 256K bytes or more.
19: .IP
20: disk: RP06, RM03, or equivalent.
21: .IP
22: tape: any 9-track MASSBUS-compatible tape drive.
23: .LP
24: The following equipment is strongly recommended:
25: .IP
26: communications controller such as DZ11 or DL11.
27: .IP
28: full duplex 96-character ASCII terminals.
29: .IP
30: extra disk for system backup.
31: .LP
32: The system is normally distributed on 9-track tape.
33: The minimum memory and disk space specified is enough to run
34: and maintain
35: .UC "UNIX/32V,"
36: and to keep all source on line.
37: More memory will be needed
38: to handle
39: a large number of users,
40: big data bases, diversified complements of devices, or large
41: programs.
42: The resident code
43: occupies 40-55K bytes depending
44: on configuration;
45: system data also occupies 30-55K bytes.
46: .SH
47: C. Software
48: .PP
49: Most of the programs available as
50: .UC "UNIX/32V"
51: commands are listed.
52: Source code and printed manuals are
53: distributed for all of the listed software
54: except games.
55: Almost all of the code is written in C.
56: Commands are self-contained and do not require extra setup
57: information,
58: unless specifically noted as ``interactive.''
59: Interactive programs can be made to run from a prepared script
60: simply by redirecting input.
61: Most programs intended for interactive use
62: (e.g., the editor)
63: allow for an escape to
64: command level (the Shell).
65: Most file processing commands
66: can also go from standard input to standard output
67: (``filters'').
68: The piping facility of the Shell may be used
69: to connect such filters directly to the input or output
70: of other programs.
71: .NH
72: Basic Software
73: .PP
74: This
75: includes the time-sharing operating
76: system with utilities, and a
77: compiler for the programming language C\(emenough
78: software to
79: write and run new applications
80: and to maintain or modify
81: .UC "UNIX/32V"
82: itself.
83: .NH 2
84: Operating System
85: .sh UNIX
86: The basic resident code
87: on which everything else depends.
88: Supports the system calls, and maintains the file system.
89: A general description of
90: .UC UNIX
91: design
92: philosophy and system facilities appeared in
93: the Communications of the ACM, July, 1974.
94: A more extensive survey is in the Bell System Technical Journal
95: for July-August 1978.
96: Capabilities include:
97: .op
98: Reentrant code for user processes.
99: .op
100: ``Group'' access permissions for cooperative projects,
101: with overlapping memberships.
102: .op
103: Alarm-clock timeouts.
104: .op
105: Timer-interrupt sampling and interprocess monitoring
106: for debugging and measurement.
107: .OP
108: Multiplexed I/O for machine-to-machine communication.
109: .sh DEVICES
110: All I/O is logically synchronous.
111: I/O devices are simply files in the file system.
112: Normally, invisible buffering makes all physical
113: record structure and device characteristics transparent and exploits the
114: hardware's ability to do overlapped I/O.
115: Unbuffered physical record
116: I/O is available for unusual applications.
117: Drivers for these devices are
118: available:
119: .op
120: Asynchronous interfaces: DZ11, DL11.
121: Support for most common ASCII terminals.
122: .op
123: Automatic calling unit interface: DN11.
124: .op
125: Printer/plotter: Versatek.
126: .op
127: Magnetic tape: TE16.
128: .op
129: Pack type disk: RP06, RM03;
130: minimum-latency seek scheduling.
131: .op
132: Physical memory of VAX-11, or mapped memory in resident system.
133: .op
134: Null device.
135: .op
136: Recipies are supplied to aid the construction of drivers for:
137: .nf
138: .in +2
139: Asynchronous interface: DH11.
140: Synchronous interface: DU11.
141: DECtape: TC11.
142: Fixed head disk: RS11, RS03 and RS04.
143: Cartridge-type disk: RK05.
144: Phototypesetter: Graphic Systems System/1 through DR11C.
145: .in -2
146: .fi
147: .sh BOOT
148: Procedures to get
149: .UC "UNIX/32V"
150: started.
151: .NH 2
152: User Access Control
153: .LP
154: .sh LOGIN
155: Sign on as a new user.
156: .op
157: Verify password and establish user's
158: individual and group (project) identity.
159: .op
160: Adapt to characteristics of terminal.
161: .op
162: Establish working directory.
163: .op
164: Announce presence of mail (from MAIL).
165: .op
166: Publish message of the day.
167: .op
168: Execute user-specified profile.
169: .op
170: Start command interpreter or other initial program.
171: .sh PASSWD
172: Change a password.
173: .op
174: User can change his own password.
175: .op
176: Passwords are kept encrypted for security.
177: .sh NEWGRP
178: Change working group (project).
179: Protects against unauthorized changes to projects.
180: .NH 2
181: Terminal Handling
182: .LP
183: .sh TABS
184: Set tab stops appropriately for specified terminal type.
185: .sh STTY
186: Set up options for optimal control of a terminal.
187: In so far as they are deducible from the input, these
188: options are set automatically by LOGIN.
189: .op
190: Half vs. full duplex.
191: .op
192: Carriage return+line feed vs. newline.
193: .op
194: Interpretation of tabs.
195: .op
196: Parity.
197: .op
198: Mapping of upper case to lower.
199: .op
200: Raw vs. edited input.
201: .op
202: Delays for tabs, newlines and carriage returns.
203: .NH 2
204: File Manipulation
205: .LP
206: .sh CAT
207: Concatenate one or more files onto standard output.
208: Particularly used for unadorned printing, for
209: inserting data into a pipeline,
210: and for buffering output that comes in dribs and drabs.
211: Works on any file regardless of contents.
212: .sh CP
213: Copy one file to another,
214: or a set of files to a directory.
215: Works on any file regardless of contents.
216: .sh PR
217: Print files with title, date, and page number on every page.
218: .op
219: Multicolumn output.
220: .op
221: Parallel column merge of several files.
222: .sh LPR
223: Off-line print.
224: Spools arbitrary files to the line printer.
225: .sh CMP
226: Compare two files and report if different.
227: .sh TAIL
228: Print last
229: .I n
230: lines of input
231: .op
232: May print last
233: .I n
234: characters, or from
235: .I n
236: lines or characters to end.
237: .sh SPLIT
238: Split a large file into more manageable pieces.
239: Occasionally necessary for editing (ED).
240: .sh DD
241: Physical file format translator,
242: for exchanging data with foreign
243: systems, especially IBM 370's.
244: .sh SUM
245: Sum the words of a file.
246: .NH 2
247: Manipulation of Directories and File Names
248: .LP
249: .sh RM
250: Remove a file.
251: Only the name goes away if any other names are linked to the file.
252: .OP
253: Step through a directory deleting files interactively.
254: .OP
255: Delete entire directory hierarchies.
256: .sh LN
257: ``Link'' another name (alias) to an existing file.
258: .sh MV
259: Move a file or files.
260: Used for renaming files.
261: .sh CHMOD
262: Change permissions on one or more files.
263: Executable by files' owner.
264: .sh CHOWN
265: Change owner of one or more files.
266: .sh CHGRP
267: Change group (project) to which a file belongs.
268: .sh MKDIR
269: Make a new directory.
270: .sh RMDIR
271: Remove a directory.
272: .sh CD
273: Change working directory.
274: .sh FIND
275: Prowl the directory
276: hierarchy finding
277: every file that meets
278: specified criteria.
279: .op
280: Criteria include:
281: .in +2
282: .nf
283: name matches a given pattern,
284: creation date in given range,
285: date of last use in given range,
286: given permissions,
287: given owner,
288: given special file characteristics,
289: boolean combinations of above.
290: .in -2
291: .fi
292: .op
293: Any directory may be considered to be the root.
294: .op
295: Perform specified command on each file found.
296: .NH 2
297: Running of Programs
298: .LP
299: .sh SH
300: The Shell, or command language interpreter.
301: .op
302: Supply arguments to and run any executable program.
303: .op
304: Redirect standard input, standard output, and standard error files.
305: .op
306: Pipes:
307: simultaneous execution with output of one process connected
308: to the input of another.
309: .OP
310: Compose compound commands using:
311: .in+2
312: if ... then ... else,
313: .br
314: case switches,
315: .br
316: while loops,
317: .br
318: for loops over lists,
319: .br
320: break, continue and exit,
321: .br
322: parentheses for grouping.
323: .in -2
324: .op
325: Initiate background processes.
326: .op
327: Perform Shell programs, i.e., command scripts with
328: substitutable arguments.
329: .op
330: Construct argument lists from all file names
331: satisfying specified patterns.
332: .OP
333: Take special action on traps and interrupts.
334: .OP
335: User-settable search path for finding commands.
336: .OP
337: Executes user-settable profile upon login.
338: .OP
339: Optionally announces presence of mail as it arrives.
340: .op
341: Provides variables and parameters with default setting.
342: .sh TEST
343: Tests for use in Shell conditionals.
344: .op
345: String comparison.
346: .op
347: File nature and accessibility.
348: .op
349: Boolean combinations of the above.
350: .sh EXPR
351: String computations for calculating command arguments.
352: .OP
353: Integer arithmetic
354: .OP
355: Pattern matching
356: .sh WAIT
357: Wait for termination of asynchronously running processes.
358: .sh READ
359: Read a line from terminal,
360: for interactive Shell procedure.
361: .sh ECHO
362: Print remainder of command line.
363: Useful for diagnostics or prompts in Shell programs,
364: or for inserting data into a pipeline.
365: .sh SLEEP
366: Suspend execution for a specified time.
367: .sh NOHUP
368: Run a command immune to hanging up the terminal.
369: .sh NICE
370: Run a command in low (or high) priority.
371: .sh KILL
372: Terminate named processes.
373: .sh CRON
374: Schedule regular actions at specified times.
375: .op
376: Actions are arbitrary programs.
377: .op
378: Times are
379: conjunctions of month, day of month, day of week, hour
380: and minute.
381: Ranges are specifiable for each.
382: .sh AT
383: Schedule a one-shot action for an arbitrary time.
384: .sh TEE
385: Pass data between processes and divert a copy into one or more files.
386: .NH 2
387: Status Inquiries
388: .LP
389: .sh LS
390: List the names of one, several, or all files in one or more directories.
391: .op
392: Alphabetic or temporal sorting, up or down.
393: .op
394: Optional information:
395: size,
396: owner,
397: group,
398: date last modified,
399: date last accessed,
400: permissions,
401: i-node number.
402: .sh FILE
403: Try to determine
404: what kind of information is in a file by consulting
405: the file system index and by reading the file itself.
406: .sh DATE
407: Print today's date and time.
408: Has considerable knowledge
409: of calendric and horological peculiarities.
410: .op
411: May set
412: .UC "UNIX/32V" 's
413: idea of date and time.
414: .sh DF
415: Report amount of free space on file system devices.
416: .sh DU
417: Print a summary of total space occupied by all files in a hierarchy.
418: .sh QUOT
419: Print summary of file space usage by user id.
420: .sh WHO
421: Tell who's on the system.
422: .op
423: List of presently logged in users,
424: ports and times on.
425: .op
426: Optional history of all logins and logouts.
427: .sh PS
428: Report on active processes.
429: .op
430: List your own or everybody's processes.
431: .op
432: Tell what commands are being executed.
433: .op
434: Optional status information:
435: state and scheduling info,
436: priority,
437: attached terminal,
438: what it's waiting for,
439: size.
440: .sh IOSTAT
441: Print statistics about system I/O activity.
442: .sh TTY
443: Print name of your terminal.
444: .sh PWD
445: Print name of your working directory.
446: .NH 2
447: Backup and Maintenance
448: .LP
449: .sh MOUNT
450: Attach a device containing
451: a file system to
452: the tree of directories.
453: Protects against nonsense arrangements.
454: .sh UMOUNT
455: Remove the file system contained on a device
456: from the tree of directories.
457: Protects against removing a busy device.
458: .sh MKFS
459: Make a new file system on a device.
460: .sh MKNOD
461: Make an i-node (file system entry) for a special file.
462: Special files are
463: physical devices,
464: virtual devices, physical memory, etc.
465: .sh TP
466: .sh TAR
467: Manage file archives on magnetic tape or DECtape.
468: TAR is newer.
469: .op
470: Collect files into an archive.
471: .op
472: Update DECtape archive by date.
473: .op
474: Replace or delete DECtape files.
475: .op
476: Print table of contents.
477: .op
478: Retrieve from archive.
479: .sh DUMP
480: Dump the file system
481: stored on a specified device, selectively by date, or indiscriminately.
482: .sh RESTOR
483: Restore a dumped file system,
484: or selectively retrieve parts thereof.
485: .sh SU
486: Temporarily become the super user with all the rights and privileges
487: thereof.
488: Requires a password.
489: .sh DCHECK
490: .sh ICHECK
491: .sh NCHECK
492: Check consistency of file system.
493: .op
494: Print gross statistics:
495: number of files,
496: number of directories,
497: number of special files,
498: space used,
499: space free.
500: .op
501: Report duplicate use of space.
502: .op
503: Retrieve lost space.
504: .op
505: Report inaccessible files.
506: .op
507: Check consistency of directories.
508: .op
509: List names of all files.
510: .sh CLRI
511: Peremptorily expunge a file and its space from a file system.
512: Used to repair damaged file systems.
513: .sh SYNC
514: Force all outstanding I/O on the system to completion.
515: Used to shut down gracefully.
516: .NH 2
517: Accounting
518: .LP
519: The timing information on which the reports are based can be
520: manually cleared or shut off completely.
521: .sh AC
522: Publish cumulative connect time report.
523: .op
524: Connect time by user or by day.
525: .op
526: For all users or for selected users.
527: .sh SA
528: Publish Shell accounting
529: report.
530: Gives usage information on each command executed.
531: .op
532: Number of times used.
533: .op
534: Total system time, user time and elapsed time.
535: .op
536: Optional averages and percentages.
537: .op
538: Sorting on various fields.
539: .NH 2
540: Communication
541: .LP
542: .sh MAIL
543: Mail a message to one or more users.
544: Also used to read and dispose of incoming mail.
545: The presence of mail is announced by LOGIN
546: and optionally by SH.
547: .op
548: Each message can be disposed of individually.
549: .op
550: Messages can be saved in files or forwarded.
551: .sh CALENDAR
552: Automatic reminder service for events of today and tomorrow.
553: .sh WRITE
554: Establish direct terminal communication with another user.
555: .sh WALL
556: Write to all users.
557: .sh MESG
558: Inhibit receipt of messages from WRITE and WALL.
559: .sh CU
560: Call up another time-sharing system.
561: .OP
562: Transparent interface to remote machine.
563: .OP
564: File transmission.
565: .OP
566: Take remote input from local file or put remote output
567: into local file.
568: .OP
569: Remote system need not be
570: .UC "UNIX/32V" .
571: .sh UUCP
572: .UC UNIX
573: to
574: .UC UNIX
575: copy.
576: .OP
577: Automatic queuing until line becomes available
578: and remote machine is up.
579: .OP
580: Copy between two remote machines.
581: .op
582: Differences, mail, etc., between two machines.
583: .NH 2
584: Basic Program Development Tools
585: .LP
586: Some of these utilities are used as integral parts of
587: the higher level languages described in section 2.
588: .sh AR
589: Maintain archives and libraries.
590: Combines several files into one for housekeeping efficiency.
591: .op
592: Create new archive.
593: .op
594: Update archive by date.
595: .op
596: Replace or delete files.
597: .op
598: Print table of contents.
599: .op
600: Retrieve from archive.
601: .sh AS
602: Assembler.
603: .op
604: Creates object program consisting of
605: .in+2
606: .nf
607: code, normally read-only and sharable,
608: initialized data or read-write code,
609: uninitialized data.
610: .in -2
611: .fi
612: .op
613: Relocatable object code is directly executable without
614: further transformation.
615: .op
616: Object code normally includes a symbol table.
617: .op
618: ``Conditional jump'' instructions become
619: branches or branches plus jumps depending on distance.
620: .sh Library
621: The basic run-time library.
622: These routines are used freely by all software.
623: .op
624: Buffered character-by-character I/O.
625: .op
626: Formatted input and output conversion (SCANF and PRINTF)
627: for standard input and output, files, in-memory conversion.
628: .op
629: Storage allocator.
630: .op
631: Time conversions.
632: .op
633: Number conversions.
634: .op
635: Password encryption.
636: .op
637: Quicksort.
638: .op
639: Random number generator.
640: .op
641: Mathematical function library, including
642: trigonometric functions and inverses,
643: exponential, logarithm, square root,
644: bessel functions.
645: .sh ADB
646: Interactive debugger.
647: .op
648: Postmortem dumping.
649: .OP
650: Examination of arbitrary files, with no limit on size.
651: .op
652: Interactive breakpoint debugging with the debugger as a separate
653: process.
654: .OP
655: Symbolic reference to local and global variables.
656: .op
657: Stack trace for C programs.
658: .OP
659: Output formats:
660: .in+2
661: .nf
662: 1-, 2-, or 4-byte integers in octal, decimal, or hex
663: .br
664: single and double floating point
665: .br
666: character and string
667: .br
668: disassembled machine instructions
669: .br
670: .fi
671: .in-2
672: .op
673: Patching.
674: .OP
675: Searching for integer, character, or floating patterns.
676: .sh OD
677: Dump any file.
678: Output options include any combination of
679: octal or decimal or hex by words,
680: octal by bytes,
681: ASCII,
682: opcodes,
683: hexadecimal.
684: .op
685: Range of dumping is controllable.
686: .sh LD
687: Link edit.
688: Combine relocatable object files.
689: Insert required routines from specified libraries.
690: .op
691: Resulting code is sharable by default.
692: .sh LORDER
693: Places object file names in proper order for loading,
694: so that files depending on others come after them.
695: .sh NM
696: Print the namelist (symbol table) of an object program.
697: Provides control over the style and order of
698: names that are printed.
699: .sh SIZE
700: Report the memory requirements
701: of one or more object files.
702: .sh STRIP
703: Remove the relocation and symbol table information from
704: an object file to save space.
705: .sh TIME
706: Run a command and report timing information on it.
707: .sh PROF
708: Construct a profile of time spent per routine
709: from statistics gathered by time-sampling the
710: execution of a program.
711: .op
712: Subroutine call frequency and average times for C programs.
713: .sh MAKE
714: Controls creation of large programs.
715: Uses a control file specifying source file dependencies
716: to make new version;
717: uses time last changed to deduce minimum amount of work necessary.
718: .op
719: Knows about CC, YACC, LEX, etc.
720: .NH 2
721: UNIX/32V Programmer's Manual
722: .LP
723: .sh Manual
724: Machine-readable version of the
725: .UC "UNIX/32V"
726: Programmer's Manual.
727: .op
728: System overview.
729: .op
730: All commands.
731: .op
732: All system calls.
733: .op
734: All subroutines in C and assembler libraries.
735: .op
736: All devices and other special files.
737: .op
738: Formats of file system and kinds
739: of files known to system software.
740: .op
741: Boot and maintenance procedures.
742: .sh MAN
743: Print specified manual section on your terminal.
744: .NH 2
745: Computer-Aided Instruction
746: .LP
747: .sh LEARN
748: A program for interpreting CAI scripts, plus scripts
749: for learning about
750: .UC "UNIX/32V"
751: by using it.
752: .op
753: Scripts for basic files and commands,
754: editor,
755: advanced files and commands,
756: .UC EQN ,
757: .UC MS
758: macros,
759: C programming language.
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