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1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1988 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.
        !             3: .\"
        !             4: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
        !             5: .\" provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
        !             6: .\" duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
        !             7: .\" advertising materials, and other materials related to such
        !             8: .\" distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
        !             9: .\" by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
        !            10: .\" University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
        !            11: .\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
        !            12: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
        !            13: .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
        !            14: .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
        !            15: .\"
        !            16: .\"    @(#)vaxhints.t  1.3 (Berkeley) 3/7/89
        !            17: .\"
        !            18: .ds lq ``
        !            19: .ds rq ''
        !            20: .ds 4B 4.3BSD-tahoe
        !            21: .nr Vx 1               \" VAX version
        !            22: .ds Mc VAX
        !            23: .ds mC vax
        !            24: .ds Dk hp
        !            25: .ds Dn RM80
        !            26: .ds Pa g
        !            27: .ds Ps 4.3BSD
        !            28: .bd S B 3
        !            29: .TL
        !            30: Hints on Upgrading a 4.3BSD VAX System to 4.3BSD-Tahoe
        !            31: .br
        !            32: July 14, 1988
        !            33: .AU
        !            34: Michael J. Karels
        !            35: .AI
        !            36: Computer Systems Research Group
        !            37: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
        !            38: University of California, Berkeley
        !            39: Berkeley, California  94720
        !            40: (415) 642-7780
        !            41: .de IR
        !            42: \\fI\\$1\|\\fP\\$2
        !            43: ..
        !            44: .de UX
        !            45: UNIX\\$1
        !            46: ..
        !            47: .PP
        !            48: This set of notes is extracted from 
        !            49: \fIInstalling and Operating \*(4B UNIX* on the VAX.\(dg\fP
        !            50: .FS
        !            51: *\s-2UNIX\s0 is a register trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries.
        !            52: .FE
        !            53: .FS
        !            54: \(dgDEC, VAX, IDC, SBI, UNIBUS and MASSBUS are trademarks of
        !            55: Digital Equipment Corporation.
        !            56: .FE
        !            57: It is intended to highlight changes in \*(4B
        !            58: that will affect installation on existing VAX systems,
        !            59: and to point out areas of the documentation that should be examined
        !            60: before installing this system.
        !            61: It is \fInot\fP intended to substitute for the standard documentation,
        !            62: but only to point out areas that have changed and that should be examined.
        !            63: Not all of the documentation is provided in printed form,
        !            64: but all of it is in the /usr/doc and /usr/src/man directories on
        !            65: the distribution tape.
        !            66: .PP
        !            67: \fBNote that the \*(4B release contains only Tahoe filesystems and executable
        !            68: images.\fP
        !            69: The \*(4B distribution tape supplied by Berkeley
        !            70: cannot be used to bootstrap a VAX without a running 4.2BSD or 4.3BSD system.
        !            71: If you are not currently running 4.2BSD or 4.3BSD you will
        !            72: have to do a full bootstrap using a 4.3BSD tape;
        !            73: to install the \*(4B release, the new sources must then be loaded
        !            74: and compiled.
        !            75: It is possible to make a boot tape that can be used with additional machines
        !            76: by extracting the sources in the distribution tape on a VAX, compiling,
        !            77: and making a tape using the procedures described in Appendix A
        !            78: of \fIInstalling and Operating \*(4B UNIX on the VAX.\fP
        !            79: .PP
        !            80: If you are running 4.2BSD or \*(Ps, upgrading your system
        !            81: involves replacing your kernel and system utilities.
        !            82: Binaries compiled under \*(Ps will work without recompilation
        !            83: under \*(4B, though they may run faster if they are recompiled.
        !            84: Binaries compiled under 4.2BSD will probably work without recompilation,
        !            85: but it is a good idea to recompile and relink because of the many changes
        !            86: in header files and libraries since 4.2BSD.
        !            87: Conversion from 4.2BSD is probably done most easily by booting from a 4.3BSD
        !            88: distribution tape, then using that system to load and compile the sources
        !            89: from \*(4B.
        !            90: Sites not running 4.3BSD should read
        !            91: \fIInstalling and Operating 4.3BSD on the VAX\fP
        !            92: as well as the \*(4B version of that document.
        !            93: .PP
        !            94: The easiest upgrade path from 4.2BSD or \*(Ps
        !            95: (depending on your file system configuration)
        !            96: is to build
        !            97: new root and \fI/usr\fP file systems on unused partitions,
        !            98: then copy or merge site specific files
        !            99: into their corresponding files on the new system.
        !           100: All user file systems can be retained unmodified,
        !           101: except that the new \fIfsck\fP should be run
        !           102: before they are mounted (see below).
        !           103: If there is insufficient space to load the new root and \fI/usr\fP
        !           104: filesystems before reusing the existing partitions,
        !           105: it is \fBSTRONGLY\fP advised that you make full dumps of each filesystem
        !           106: on magtape before beginning.
        !           107: It is also desirable to run file system checks
        !           108: of all filesystems to be converted to \*(4B before shutting down.
        !           109: If you are running a system older than 4.2BSD, you will have to
        !           110: dump and restore your file systems.
        !           111: In either case, this is an excellent time to review your disk configuration
        !           112: for possible tuning of the layout.
        !           113: .PP
        !           114: If converting from 4.2BSD or \*(Ps, your old
        !           115: file systems must be converted.
        !           116: The standard disk partitions in \*(4B are the same as those
        !           117: in 4.2BSD and \*(Ps,
        !           118: except for those on the DEC UDA50.
        !           119: If you've modified the partition
        !           120: sizes from the original BSD or CCI ones, and are not already using the
        !           121: \*(4B disk labels, you will have to modify the default disk partion
        !           122: tables in the kernel.  Make the necessary table changes and boot
        !           123: your custom kernel \fBBEFORE\fP trying to access any of your old
        !           124: file systems!  After doing this, if necessary, the remaining filesystems
        !           125: may be converted in place by running the \*(4B version of
        !           126: .IR fsck (8)
        !           127: on each filesystem and allowing it to make the necessary corrections.
        !           128: The new version of \fIfsck\fP is more
        !           129: strict about the size of directories than the version supplied with 4.2BSD.
        !           130: Thus the first time that it is run on a 4.2BSD file system,
        !           131: it will produce messages of the form:
        !           132: .DS
        !           133: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           134: \fBDIRECTORY ...: LENGTH\fP xx \fBNOT MULTIPLE OF 512 (ADJUSTED)\fP
        !           135: .\}
        !           136: .if \n(Th \{\
        !           137: \fBDIRECTORY ...: LENGTH\fP xx \fBNOT MULTIPLE OF 1024 (ADJUSTED)\fP
        !           138: .\}
        !           139: .DE
        !           140: Length ``xx'' will be the size of the directory;
        !           141: it will be expanded to the next multiple of
        !           142: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           143: 512
        !           144: .\}
        !           145: .if \n(Th \{\
        !           146: 1024
        !           147: .\}
        !           148: bytes.
        !           149: The new \fIfsck\fP will also set default \fIinterleave\fP and
        !           150: \fInpsect\fP (number of physical sectors per track) values on older
        !           151: file systems, in which these fields were unused spares; this correction
        !           152: will produce messages of the form:
        !           153: .DS
        !           154: \fBIMPOSSIBLE INTERLEAVE=0 IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)\fP*
        !           155: \fBIMPOSSIBLE NPSECT=0 IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)\fP
        !           156: .DE
        !           157: .FS
        !           158: * The defaults are to set \fIinterleave\fP to 1 and
        !           159: \fInpsect\fP to \fInsect\fP;
        !           160: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           161: this is correct on many drives.
        !           162: Notable exceptions are the RM80 and RA81,
        !           163: where npsect should be set to
        !           164: one more than nsect.
        !           165: This affects only performance (and in the case
        !           166: of the RA81, at least, virtually unmeasurably).
        !           167: .\}
        !           168: .if \n(Th \{\
        !           169: this is correct on all drives supported on the CCI.
        !           170: .\}
        !           171: .FE
        !           172: File systems that have had their interleave and npsect values
        !           173: set will be diagnosed by the old \fIfsck\fP as having a bad superblock;
        !           174: the old \fIfsck\fP will run only if given an alternate superblock
        !           175: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           176: (\fIfsck \-b32\fP),
        !           177: .\}
        !           178: .if \n(Th \{\
        !           179: (\fIfsck \-b16\fP),
        !           180: .\}
        !           181: in which case it will re-zero these fields.
        !           182: The \*(4B kernel will internally set these fields to their defaults
        !           183: if fsck has not done so; again, the
        !           184: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           185: \fI\-b32\fP
        !           186: .\}
        !           187: .if \n(Th \{\
        !           188: \fI\-b16\fP
        !           189: .\}
        !           190: option may be
        !           191: necessary for running the old \fIfsck\fP.
        !           192: .PP
        !           193: In addition, \*(4B removes several limits on file system sizes
        !           194: that were present in both 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD.
        !           195: The limited file systems
        !           196: continue to work in \*(4B, but should be converted
        !           197: as soon as it is convenient
        !           198: by running \fIfsck\fP with the \fI\-c\fP option.
        !           199: If no file systems have been so converted,
        !           200: the sequence \fIfsck \-p \-c\fP will update all of them,
        !           201: fix the interleave and npsect fields,
        !           202: and fix any incorrect directory lengths
        !           203: all at once.
        !           204: The new unlimited file system formats are treated as read-only
        !           205: by older systems.
        !           206: A second \fIfsck \-c\fP, however, will
        !           207: reconvert the new format to the old if none of the static limits
        !           208: of the old file system format have been exceeded.
        !           209: The new file systems are otherwise
        !           210: compatible between 4.2BSD, \*(Ps, and \*(4B,
        !           211: though running a \*(4B file system under older systems
        !           212: may cause more of the above
        !           213: messages to be generated the next time it is \fIfsck\fP'ed on \*(4B.
        !           214: .NH 2
        !           215: Hints on converting from 4.3BSD to \*(4B
        !           216: .PP
        !           217: The largest visible change between 4.3BSD to \*(4B
        !           218: (other than the addition of support for the Tahoe processor)
        !           219: is the addition of support for disk labels.
        !           220: This facility allows each disk or disk pack to contain all geometry
        !           221: information about the disk and the partition layout for the disk.
        !           222: Disk labels are supported on all disk types on the Tahoe machines,
        !           223: and on hp and ra/rd disks on the VAX.
        !           224: See
        !           225: .IR disklabel (8)
        !           226: and
        !           227: .IR disklabel (5).
        !           228: Installation of this facility requires use of the new kernel and device
        !           229: drivers, bootstraps and other standalone programs,
        !           230: /etc/disktab,
        !           231: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           232: .IR bad144 (8V),
        !           233: .\}
        !           234: .IR newfs (8),
        !           235: and probably other programs.
        !           236: .if \n(Vx \{\
        !           237: .PP
        !           238: \*(4B includes support for the VAX 8200 and 8250,
        !           239: with support for the KDB-50 disk controller on the VAX BI bus,
        !           240: contributed by Chris Torek.
        !           241: .PP
        !           242: The bootstrap programs have been fixed to work on MicroVAX IIs
        !           243: and VAXstation II's with QVSS (VS II) or QDSS (GPX) displays;
        !           244: the kernel includes support for these displays, courtesy of Digital
        !           245: Equipment Corp.
        !           246: In order to install the bootstrap on RD52/53/54 disks with
        !           247: .IR disklabel (8),
        !           248: the new /etc/disktab must be used,
        !           249: or the block 0 bootstrap must be explictly listed as /usr/mdec/rdboot
        !           250: (\fInot\fP raboot).
        !           251: .\}
        !           252: .PP
        !           253: The order in which daemons are started by /etc/rc and /etc/rc.local
        !           254: has changed, and network initialization has been split into /etc/netstart.
        !           255: Look at the prototype files, and modify /etc/rc.local as necessary.
        !           256: .PP
        !           257: \*(4B includes the Olson
        !           258: timezone implementation, which uses timezone and daylight-savings-time
        !           259: rules loaded from files in /etc/zoneinfo; see
        !           260: .IR ctime (3)
        !           261: and
        !           262: .IR tzfile (5).
        !           263: .PP
        !           264: The type of the
        !           265: .IR sprintf (3S)
        !           266: function has been changed from \fIchar *\fP in 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD
        !           267: to \fIint\fP as in the proposed ANSI C standard and in System V.
        !           268: Programers are discouraged from using the return value from
        !           269: .I sprintf
        !           270: until this change is ubiquitous.
        !           271: Fortunately, the previous return value from
        !           272: .I sprintf
        !           273: was essentially useless.
        !           274: .PP
        !           275: The ownership and modes of some directories have changed.
        !           276: The \fIat\fP programs now run set-user-id ``root'' instead of ``daemon.''
        !           277: Also, the uucp directory no longer needs to be publicly writable,
        !           278: as \fItip\fP reverts to privileged status to remove its lock files.
        !           279: After copying your version of /usr/spool, you should do:
        !           280: .DS
        !           281: \fB#\fP \fIchown \-R root /usr/spool/at\fP
        !           282: \fB#\fP \fIchown \-R uucp.daemon /usr/spool/uucp\fP
        !           283: \fB#\fP \fIchmod \-R o\-w /usr/spool/uucp\fP
        !           284: .DE
        !           285: .PP
        !           286: The MAKEHOSTS file has moved from /usr/hosts to /usr.
        !           287: .PP
        !           288: The source versions of the manual pages have been moved from
        !           289: /usr/man/man[1-8] to /usr/src/man, /usr/src/new/man, and /usr/src/local/man.
        !           290: Local manual pages should be moved into their respective source code
        !           291: directories, or into /usr/src/local/man/man[1-8], and Makefiles changed to
        !           292: install the formatted manual pages into /usr/local/man/cat[1-8].  The shell
        !           293: script /usr/man/manroff calls nroff with the standard manual arguments.  An 
        !           294: example of installing a manual page might be:
        !           295: .DS
        !           296: \fB#\fP \fI/usr/man/manroff example.2 > example.0\fP
        !           297: \fB#\fP \fIinstall -o bin -g bin -m 444 example.0 /usr/local/man/cat2\fP
        !           298: .DE
        !           299: .PP
        !           300: If you are using the name server, your \fIsendmail\fP configuration
        !           301: file will need some minor updates to accommodate it.
        !           302: See the ``Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide'' and the sample
        !           303: \fIsendmail\fP configuration files in /usr/src/usr.lib/sendmail/cf.
        !           304: The sendmail.cf's supplied with this release are alleged to be
        !           305: ``generic'', but have only really seen use at Berkeley.  In particular
        !           306: there are two points to watch out for.  First, all host names in the
        !           307: sendmail.cf itself must be fully qualified names.  Second, the
        !           308: sendmail.cf's assume you have a /usr/lib/sendmail that was compiled
        !           309: with the resolver library (i.e., not hosttables). This is necessary
        !           310: to canonicalize unqualified names into fully-qualified names (e.g.,
        !           311: foo -> foo.bar.com).  Using these .cf files with a host table can
        !           312: probably be done, but it will be difficult.
        !           313: Be sure to regenerate your sendmail frozen configuration file after
        !           314: installation of your updated configuration file with the command
        !           315: \fI/usr/lib/sendmail -bz\fP.
        !           316: The aliases file,
        !           317: /usr/lib/aliases has also been changed to add certain well-known addresses.
        !           318: 

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