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1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1986 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)0.t 4.3 (Berkeley) 5/20/86
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .if n .ND
        !             8: .TL
        !             9: Fsck \- The UNIX\(dg File System Check Program
        !            10: .EH 'SMM:5-%''The \s-2UNIX\s+2 File System Check Program'
        !            11: .OH 'The \s-2UNIX\s+2 File System Check Program''SMM:5-%'
        !            12: .AU
        !            13: Marshall Kirk McKusick
        !            14: .AI
        !            15: Computer Systems Research Group
        !            16: Computer Science Division
        !            17: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
        !            18: University of California, Berkeley
        !            19: Berkeley, CA  94720
        !            20: .AU
        !            21: T. J. Kowalski
        !            22: .AI
        !            23: Bell Laboratories
        !            24: Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
        !            25: .AB
        !            26: .FS
        !            27: \(dgUNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
        !            28: .FE
        !            29: .FS
        !            30: This work was done under grants from
        !            31: the National Science Foundation under grant MCS80-05144,
        !            32: and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under
        !            33: Arpa Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under
        !            34: Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235.
        !            35: .FE
        !            36: This document reflects the use of
        !            37: .I fsck
        !            38: with the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD file system organization.  This
        !            39: is a revision of the
        !            40: original paper written by
        !            41: T. J. Kowalski.
        !            42: .PP
        !            43: File System Check Program (\fIfsck\fR)
        !            44: is an interactive file system check and repair program.
        !            45: .I Fsck
        !            46: uses the redundant structural information in the
        !            47: UNIX file system to perform several consistency checks.
        !            48: If an inconsistency is detected, it is reported
        !            49: to the operator, who may elect to fix or ignore
        !            50: each inconsistency.
        !            51: These inconsistencies result from the permanent interruption
        !            52: of the file system updates, which are performed every
        !            53: time a file is modified.
        !            54: Unless there has been a hardware failure,
        !            55: .I fsck
        !            56: is able to repair corrupted file systems
        !            57: using procedures based upon the order in which UNIX honors
        !            58: these file system update requests.
        !            59: .PP
        !            60: The purpose of this document is to describe the normal updating
        !            61: of the file system,
        !            62: to discuss the possible causes of file system corruption,
        !            63: and to present the corrective actions implemented
        !            64: by
        !            65: .I fsck.
        !            66: Both the program and the interaction between the
        !            67: program and the operator are described.
        !            68: .sp 2
        !            69: .LP
        !            70: Revised July 16, 1985
        !            71: .AE
        !            72: .LP
        !            73: .bp
        !            74: .ce
        !            75: .B "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
        !            76: .LP
        !            77: .sp 1
        !            78: .nf
        !            79: .B "1.  Introduction"
        !            80: .LP
        !            81: .sp .5v
        !            82: .nf
        !            83: .B "2.  Overview of the file system
        !            84: 2.1.    Superblock
        !            85: 2.2.    Summary Information
        !            86: 2.3.    Cylinder groups
        !            87: 2.4.    Fragments
        !            88: 2.5.    Updates to the file system
        !            89: .LP
        !            90: .sp .5v
        !            91: .nf
        !            92: .B "3.  Fixing corrupted file systems
        !            93: 3.1.    Detecting and correcting corruption
        !            94: 3.2.    Super block checking
        !            95: 3.3.    Free block checking
        !            96: 3.4.    Checking the inode state
        !            97: 3.5.    Inode links
        !            98: 3.6.    Inode data size
        !            99: 3.7.    Checking the data associated with an inode
        !           100: 3.8.    File system connectivity
        !           101: .LP
        !           102: .sp .5v
        !           103: .nf
        !           104: .B Acknowledgements
        !           105: .LP
        !           106: .sp .5v
        !           107: .nf
        !           108: .B References
        !           109: .LP
        !           110: .sp .5v
        !           111: .nf
        !           112: .B "4.  Appendix A
        !           113: 4.1.     Conventions
        !           114: 4.2.     Initialization
        !           115: 4.3.     Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes
        !           116: 4.4.     Phase 1b - Rescan for more Dups
        !           117: 4.5.     Phase 2 - Check Pathnames
        !           118: 4.6.     Phase 3 - Check Connectivity
        !           119: 4.7.     Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts
        !           120: 4.8.     Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups
        !           121: 4.9.     Cleanup
        !           122: .ds RH Introduction
        !           123: .bp

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