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1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1986 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)install.mn  6.2 (Berkeley) 5/30/86
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .ds h0 "USENET Version B Installation
        !             8: .ds h1
        !             9: .ds h2 "SMM:10-%
        !            10: .ds f0 
        !            11: .ds f1
        !            12: .ds f2 
        !            13: .mt
        !            14: USENET Version B Installation
        !            15: .au
        !            16: Matt Glickman
        !            17: .ai
        !            18: Computer Science Division
        !            19: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
        !            20: University of California
        !            21: Berkeley, California 94720
        !            22: .au
        !            23: Revised by Mark Horton for version 2.10
        !            24: Revised by Rick Adams for version 2.10.3
        !            25: .hn
        !            26: Introduction
        !            27: .pg
        !            28: This document is intended to help
        !            29: a USENET site install and maintain the network news software.
        !            30: Please ask questions of Rick Adams\*(dg;
        !            31: .fn
        !            32: \*(dg ARPANET: [email protected], UUCP: seismo!rick
        !            33: .ef
        !            34: such questions will help to point out areas that need
        !            35: to be addressed here.
        !            36: .pg
        !            37: The overall order of things to do is:
        !            38: .lp (a)
        !            39: Find somebody to link up with.
        !            40: You need a network connection of some kind,
        !            41: for example,
        !            42: ARPANET or UUCP.
        !            43: If you must use UUCP and have no connections,
        !            44: you must have at least a dialup and preferably a dialer,
        !            45: and find someone willing to call your machine.
        !            46: The USENET directory may be helpful in finding some other site geographically
        !            47: near yours to hook up to.
        !            48: .lp (b)
        !            49: Create a
        !            50: .i localize.sh
        !            51: script to make local changes to the makefile and
        !            52: .i defs.h
        !            53: files. (Section 2 gives more details about creating
        !            54: .i localize.sh \&.)
        !            55: Once you're finished editing
        !            56: .i localize.sh ,
        !            57: create a
        !            58: .i defs.h
        !            59: and
        !            60: .i Makefile
        !            61: tailored
        !            62: for your site with the command
        !            63: .ce
        !            64: sh localize.sh
        !            65: Inspect
        !            66: .i defs.h
        !            67: and
        !            68: .i Makefile
        !            69: to ensure that all your local customizations
        !            70: got into your final versions. If you saw a \*(lq?\*(rq when you ran
        !            71: .i localize.sh ,
        !            72: one or both of the files is certainly wrong. It's a good idea to
        !            73: anchor the patterns in
        !            74: .i localize.sh \&'s
        !            75: .i ed (1)
        !            76: scripts, especially in its
        !            77: .i Makefile -editing
        !            78: lines. For instance, use
        !            79: .b /^UUXFLAGS/
        !            80: instead of
        !            81: .b /UUXFLAGS/ .
        !            82: .lp (c)
        !            83: Compile the software using the
        !            84: .i make (1)
        !            85: command.
        !            86: .lp (d)
        !            87: .i Su (1)
        !            88: and type \*(lqmake install\*(rq.
        !            89: This will copy the files out to the right place and
        !            90: make directories containing most of the important files.
        !            91: It will configure you in with a connection to
        !            92: .cn oopsvax
        !            93: via UUCP links.
        !            94: This is undoubtedly wrong,
        !            95: so you will have to configure links as needed.
        !            96: If you are upgrading from a version older than 2.10.3, do \*(lqmake update\*(rq.
        !            97: This will cause various checks to be performed on important
        !            98: files in
        !            99: .b LIBDIR .
        !           100: The results will be reported to you.
        !           101: If you are not sure if you should do \*(lqmake update\*(rq, do it.
        !           102: It will not hurt anything if you have already done it.
        !           103: .lp (e)
        !           104: After editing the configuration table,
        !           105: get your contact at the other end of the link to add you to their netnews
        !           106: .i sys
        !           107: file.
        !           108: .lp (f)
        !           109: Post a message to the
        !           110: .bi sysname "" \f3to.\fP
        !           111: newsgroup which should be set up to go only to the site you are linked to,
        !           112: as a test.
        !           113: Have the other person send a message to your system using the same mechanism.
        !           114: If this doesn't work,
        !           115: find the problem and fix it.
        !           116: (Please don't use
        !           117: .ng net.test
        !           118: unless there is no alternative.
        !           119: It is almost always possible to use
        !           120: .ng test ,
        !           121: or
        !           122: .bi sysname "" \f3to.\fP
        !           123: or some
        !           124: .bi local \f3.test\fP
        !           125: group,
        !           126: instead of
        !           127: .ng net.test .)
        !           128: .lp (g)
        !           129: Fill out a USENET directory form (the file
        !           130: .i dirform
        !           131: in the
        !           132: .i misc
        !           133: directory).
        !           134: Post a copy to the USENET newsgroup
        !           135: .ng net.news.newsite
        !           136: and mail a copy to
        !           137: .i cbosgd!uucpmap .
        !           138: .lp (h)
        !           139: Format the document
        !           140: .i "\*(lqHow to Read the Network News\*(rq"
        !           141: (the file
        !           142: .i howto.mn
        !           143: in the
        !           144: .i doc
        !           145: directory),
        !           146: the document
        !           147: .i "\*(lqHow to Use USENET Effectively\*(rq"
        !           148: (the file
        !           149: .i manner.mn
        !           150: in the
        !           151: .i doc
        !           152: directory)
        !           153: and the document
        !           154: .i "\*(lqCopyright Law\*(rq"
        !           155: (the file
        !           156: .i copyright.mn
        !           157: in the
        !           158: .i doc
        !           159: directory)
        !           160: and post them to your
        !           161: .ng general
        !           162: newsgroup with a long expiration date.
        !           163: You can use
        !           164: .i inews (1)
        !           165: or
        !           166: .i postnews (1)
        !           167: to do this.
        !           168: .lp (i)
        !           169: It will probably be necessary to fix your uucp commands
        !           170: to allow
        !           171: .i rnews
        !           172: and to support the
        !           173: .op \-z
        !           174: and
        !           175: .op \-n
        !           176: options (if you are lucky enought to have the source).
        !           177: .hn
        !           178: Installation
        !           179: .hn 2
        !           180: Configuration
        !           181: .pg
        !           182: Local configuration of the USENET
        !           183: version B software requires you to edit a few files.
        !           184: Most importantly,
        !           185: the
        !           186: .i defs.h
        !           187: and
        !           188: .i Makefile
        !           189: files must be created from their templates
        !           190: .i defs.dist
        !           191: and
        !           192: .i Makefile.dst .
        !           193: You should create a shell script called
        !           194: .i localize.sh
        !           195: which copies the files and makes local changes to the copies.
        !           196: Even for a completely vanilla site,
        !           197: some changes will be necessary.
        !           198: For example,
        !           199: your script should start with
        !           200: .i localize.v7
        !           201: or
        !           202: .i localize.usg .
        !           203: You should include the name of the local organization
        !           204: .b MYORG ) (
        !           205: and the uid of the local news super user
        !           206: .b ROOTID ). (
        !           207: You should also choose how your hostname will be determined.
        !           208: If you are a USG site,
        !           209: define
        !           210: .b UNAME
        !           211: in
        !           212: .i defs.h .
        !           213: If you are
        !           214: running 4.[23] BSD,
        !           215: define
        !           216: .b GHNAME
        !           217: in
        !           218: .i defs.h .
        !           219: If you have your UUCP name in 
        !           220: .i /etc/uucpname ,
        !           221: define
        !           222: .b UUNAME
        !           223: in
        !           224: .i defs.h .
        !           225: Otherwise,
        !           226: news will look in the file
        !           227: .i /usr/include/whoami.h
        !           228: for a line of the form
        !           229: .sd c
        !           230: #define sysname your-sysname
        !           231: .ed
        !           232: .pg
        !           233: If you are running System 3 or System 5,
        !           234: you are a USG site.
        !           235: Otherwise,
        !           236: unless you are in AT&T,
        !           237: you are probably a V7 site.
        !           238: The previously mentioned defines are the only modifications that are
        !           239: .i necessary
        !           240: to install news at your site.
        !           241: However,
        !           242: you will probably want to change some of the ones listed below.
        !           243: If your compiler does not accept \*(lq(void)\*(rq,
        !           244: the simplest thing to do is add \*(lq\-Dvoid=int\*(rq to the
        !           245: .b CFLAGS
        !           246: line in the
        !           247: .i Makefile .
        !           248: .pg
        !           249: A sample localize shell script can be found in
        !           250: .i localize.sample .
        !           251: The most important parameters are:
        !           252: .hn 3
        !           253: ROOTID
        !           254: .pg
        !           255: The numerical uid of the person who is the news super user.
        !           256: This should not be set to 0.
        !           257: Normally it is set to the uid of the news contact person for the site.
        !           258: If it is not defined,
        !           259: the uid of
        !           260: .b NOTIFY
        !           261: will be looked up in
        !           262: .i /etc/passwd
        !           263: and used instead.
        !           264: .hn 3
        !           265: N_UMASK
        !           266: .pg
        !           267: Mask for
        !           268: .i umask (2)
        !           269: system call.
        !           270: Set it to something like 022 for a secure system.
        !           271: Unsecure systems might want 002 or 000.
        !           272: This mask controls the mode of news files created by the software.
        !           273: Insecure modes would allow people to edit the files directly.
        !           274: .hn 3
        !           275: DFLTEXP
        !           276: .pg
        !           277: The default number of seconds after which an article will expire.
        !           278: Two weeks (1,209,600 seconds) is the default choice.
        !           279: If you wish to expire articles faster than two weeks,
        !           280: it is recommended that you use the
        !           281: .op \-e
        !           282: flag to expire instead of decreasing
        !           283: .b DFLTEXP .
        !           284: .hn 3
        !           285: HISTEXP
        !           286: .pg
        !           287: Articles which were posted more than
        !           288: .b HISTEXP
        !           289: ago are considered too old and are moved into the junk directory.
        !           290: This is because they are too old to be in the history file,
        !           291: so it is impossible to tell if they really should be accepted
        !           292: or are endlessly looping around the network.
        !           293: (This was theoretically possible before this feature was added.)
        !           294: The articles are removed after
        !           295: .b DFLTEXP
        !           296: seconds,
        !           297: but a copy of their
        !           298: .hf Message-ID
        !           299: is kept in the history file for
        !           300: .b HISTEXP
        !           301: seconds (the default is 4 weeks).
        !           302: .hn 3
        !           303: DFLTSUB
        !           304: .pg
        !           305: The default subscription list.
        !           306: If a user does not specify any list of newsgroups,
        !           307: this will be used.
        !           308: Popular choices are
        !           309: .ng all
        !           310: and
        !           311: .ng general\f1,\fPall.general .
        !           312: .hn 3
        !           313: TMAIL
        !           314: .pg
        !           315: This is the version of the Berkeley
        !           316: .i Mail (1)
        !           317: program that has the
        !           318: .op \-T
        !           319: option.
        !           320: If left undefined,
        !           321: the
        !           322: .op \-M
        !           323: option to
        !           324: .i readnews (1)
        !           325: will be disabled.
        !           326: .hn 3
        !           327: ADMSUB
        !           328: .pg
        !           329: This newsgroup (or newsgroup list) will always be selected
        !           330: unless the user specifies a newsgroup list that doesn't include
        !           331: .b ADMSUB
        !           332: on the command line.
        !           333: That is,
        !           334: as long as the user doesn't use the
        !           335: .op \-n
        !           336: flag to
        !           337: .i readnews
        !           338: on the command line,
        !           339: .b ADMSUB
        !           340: will always be selected.
        !           341: This is usually set to
        !           342: .ng general .
        !           343: (The intent of this parameter is to have certain newsgroups
        !           344: which users are required to subscribe to.
        !           345: A typical site might require
        !           346: .op general .)
        !           347: .hn 3
        !           348: PAGE
        !           349: .pg
        !           350: The default program to which articles should be piped for paging.
        !           351: This can be disabled or changed by the environment variable
        !           352: .b PAGER .
        !           353: If you have it,
        !           354: the Berkeley
        !           355: .i more (1)
        !           356: command should be used,
        !           357: since the
        !           358: .op +
        !           359: option allows the headers to be skipped.
        !           360: .hn 3
        !           361: NOTIFY
        !           362: .pg
        !           363: If defined,
        !           364: this character string will be used as a user name to send mail
        !           365: to in the event of certain control messages of interest.
        !           366: (Currently these are
        !           367: .b newgroup ,
        !           368: .b rmgroup ,
        !           369: .b sendsys ,
        !           370: .b checkgroups ,
        !           371: and
        !           372: .b senduuname .)
        !           373: As distributed,
        !           374: mail will be sent to user
        !           375: .i usenet .
        !           376: It is recommended you create such a mailbox
        !           377: (have it forwarded to yourself) if possible,
        !           378: since this makes it easier for another site
        !           379: to contact the site administrator for your site.
        !           380: If you are unable to do this
        !           381: .i e\f1.\fPg ., (
        !           382: you are not the super user)
        !           383: you should change this name to yourself.
        !           384: Also,
        !           385: messages about missing or extra newsgroups are mailed to this user
        !           386: by the
        !           387: .b checkgroups
        !           388: control message.
        !           389: .hn 3
        !           390: DFTXMIT
        !           391: .pg
        !           392: This is the default command to use to transmit news
        !           393: if no explicit command is given in the fourth field of the
        !           394: .i sys
        !           395: file.
        !           396: It normally includes
        !           397: .i uux (1)
        !           398: with the
        !           399: .op \-z
        !           400: option.
        !           401: You should install this modification to UUCP at once;
        !           402: otherwise your users will start being bombarded with annoying
        !           403: .i uux
        !           404: completion messages.
        !           405: However,
        !           406: you can turn this off to get news installed.
        !           407: .hn 3
        !           408: UXMIT
        !           409: .pg
        !           410: This is the default command used if the
        !           411: .b U
        !           412: flag is present in the flags portion of a
        !           413: .i sys
        !           414: file line.
        !           415: In this case,
        !           416: the second \*(lq%s\*(rq refers to the name of a file in the news spool area,
        !           417: not a temporary file.
        !           418: It can usually only be used
        !           419: when local modifications are made to the uucp system,
        !           420: such as the
        !           421: .op \-c
        !           422: option to
        !           423: .i uux .
        !           424: .hn 3
        !           425: DFTEDITOR
        !           426: .pg
        !           427: This is the full path name of the default editor to use
        !           428: during followups and replies.
        !           429: It should be set to the most popular text editor on your system.
        !           430: As distributed,
        !           431: .i vi (1)
        !           432: is used.
        !           433: .hn 3
        !           434: UUPROG
        !           435: .pg
        !           436: If this is defined,
        !           437: it will be used as a command to run when the
        !           438: .b senduuname
        !           439: control message is sent around.
        !           440: Otherwise the command
        !           441: .i uuname (1)
        !           442: will be run.
        !           443: Normally,
        !           444: this program should be placed in
        !           445: .b LIBDIR .
        !           446: .hn 3
        !           447: MANUALLY
        !           448: .pg
        !           449: If this is defined,
        !           450: incoming
        !           451: .b rmgroup
        !           452: messages will not automatically remove the group.
        !           453: News will instead mail a message to
        !           454: .b NOTIFY
        !           455: advising that the group should be removed.
        !           456: If you define
        !           457: .b MANUALLY ,
        !           458: you should have
        !           459: .b NOTIFY
        !           460: defined.
        !           461: .b MANUALLY
        !           462: is defined by default to protect you against
        !           463: accidental or malicious removal of an important newsgroup.
        !           464: .hn 3
        !           465: NONEWGROUPS
        !           466: .pg
        !           467: If this is defined, incoming
        !           468: .b newgroup
        !           469: messages will not automatically create the group.
        !           470: News will instead mail a message to
        !           471: .b NOTIFY
        !           472: advising that the group should be created.
        !           473: If you define
        !           474: .b NONEWGROUPS ,
        !           475: you should have
        !           476: .b NOTIFY
        !           477: defined.
        !           478: .b NONEWGROUPS
        !           479: is undefined by default to make it easier to automatically maintain the
        !           480: news system.
        !           481: .hn 3
        !           482: BATCH
        !           483: .pg
        !           484: If set,
        !           485: this is the name of a program that will be used to unpack
        !           486: batched articles (those beginning with the character \*(lq#\*(rq.)
        !           487: Batched articles normally are files reading
        !           488: .sd c
        !           489: #! rnews 1234
        !           490: article containing 1234 characters
        !           491: #! rnews 4321
        !           492: article containing 4321 characters
        !           493: \\&. . .
        !           494: .ed
        !           495: Batching is
        !           496: .i strongly
        !           497: recommended for increased efficiency on both sides.
        !           498: .hn 3
        !           499: LOCALNAME
        !           500: .pg
        !           501: Most systems have a full name database on line somewhere,
        !           502: showing for each user what their full name is.
        !           503: Most often this is in the gecos field of
        !           504: .i /etc/passwd .
        !           505: If your system has such a database,
        !           506: .b LOCALNAME
        !           507: should be left undefined.
        !           508: If not,
        !           509: define
        !           510: .b LOCALNAME ,
        !           511: and articles posted will only receive full names from local user information
        !           512: specified in
        !           513: .i NAME
        !           514: or
        !           515: .bi $HOME \f2/.name\fP
        !           516: by the user.
        !           517: If you have a nonstandard gcos format
        !           518: (not
        !           519: .i finger (1)
        !           520: or RJE)
        !           521: it will be necessary to make local changes to
        !           522: .i fullname.c
        !           523: as appropriate on your system.
        !           524: .hn 3
        !           525: INTERNET
        !           526: .pg
        !           527: If your system has a mailer that understands ARPA Internet syntax addresses
        !           528: .cf [email protected] ) (
        !           529: turn this on,
        !           530: and replies will use the
        !           531: .hf "From"
        !           532: or
        !           533: .hf "Reply-To"
        !           534: headers.
        !           535: Otherwise,
        !           536: leave it disabled and replies will use the
        !           537: .hf "Path"
        !           538: header.
        !           539: .hn 3
        !           540: MYDOMAIN
        !           541: .pg
        !           542: When generating internet addresses,
        !           543: this domain will be appended to the local site name
        !           544: to form mailing address domains.
        !           545: For example,
        !           546: on system
        !           547: .cn ucbvax
        !           548: with user
        !           549: .i root ,
        !           550: if
        !           551: .b MYDOMAIN
        !           552: is set to
        !           553: .cf .UUCP ,
        !           554: addresses generated will read
        !           555: .cf [email protected] .
        !           556: If
        !           557: .b MYDOMAIN
        !           558: is
        !           559: .cf .Berkeley.EDU ,
        !           560: the address would be
        !           561: .cf [email protected] .
        !           562: If your site is in more than one domain,
        !           563: use your primary domain.
        !           564: The domain always begins with a period,
        !           565: unless the local site name contains the domain;
        !           566: in this case
        !           567: .b MYDOMAIN
        !           568: should be the null string.
        !           569: .hn 3
        !           570: CHEAP
        !           571: .pg
        !           572: Do not
        !           573: .i chown (1)
        !           574: spool files to
        !           575: .i news .
        !           576: This will cause the owner of the file to be the person that started
        !           577: the
        !           578: .i inews
        !           579: process.
        !           580: This is used for obscure accounting reasons on some systems.
        !           581: .hn 3
        !           582: OLD
        !           583: .pg
        !           584: Define this if any of your USENET neighbors run
        !           585: 2.9 or earlier versions of B news.
        !           586: It will cause all headers written to contain two extra lines,
        !           587: .hf Article-I.D.
        !           588: and
        !           589: .hf Posted ,
        !           590: for downward compatibility.
        !           591: Once all your neighbors have converted,
        !           592: you can save disk space and transmission costs by turning this off.
        !           593: It is strongly encouraged that they convert.
        !           594: 2.10.3 is
        !           595: .i much
        !           596: faster than 2.9.
        !           597: The performance difference is dramatic.
        !           598: .hn 3
        !           599: UNAME
        !           600: .pg
        !           601: Define this if the
        !           602: .i uname (2)
        !           603: system call is available locally,
        !           604: even though you are not a USG system.
        !           605: USG systems always have
        !           606: .i uname (2)
        !           607: available and ignore this setting.
        !           608: .hn 3
        !           609: GHNAME
        !           610: .pg
        !           611: Define this if the 4.[23] BSD
        !           612: .i gethostname (2)
        !           613: system call is available.
        !           614: If neither
        !           615: .b UNAME
        !           616: or
        !           617: .b GHNAME
        !           618: is defined,
        !           619: .i inews
        !           620: will determine the name of the local system by reading
        !           621: .i /usr/include/whoami.h .
        !           622: .hn 3
        !           623: UUNAME
        !           624: .pg
        !           625: Define this if you keep your UUCP name in
        !           626: .i /etc/uucpname .
        !           627: .hn 3
        !           628: V7MAIL
        !           629: .pg
        !           630: Define this if your system uses V7 mail conventions.
        !           631: The V7 mail convention is that
        !           632: a mailbox contains several messages concatenated,
        !           633: each message beginning with a line reading
        !           634: .hf "From \f2user date\fP"
        !           635: and ending in a blank line.
        !           636: If this is defined,
        !           637: articles saved will have these lines added
        !           638: so that mail can be used to look at saved news.
        !           639: .hn 3
        !           640: SORTACTIVE
        !           641: .pg
        !           642: Define this if you want the news groups presented in the order of each person's
        !           643: .i .newsrc (5)
        !           644: instead of the active file.
        !           645: .hn 3
        !           646: ZAPNOTES
        !           647: .pg
        !           648: Define this if you want old style notesfile id's in the body of the article
        !           649: to be converted into
        !           650: .hf Nf-Id
        !           651: fields in the header.
        !           652: .hn 3
        !           653: DIGPAGE
        !           654: .pg
        !           655: If this is defined,
        !           656: .i vnews (1)
        !           657: will attempt to process the subarticles
        !           658: of a digest instead of treating the article as one big file.
        !           659: .hn 3
        !           660: DOXREFS
        !           661: .pg
        !           662: Define this if you are using
        !           663: .i rn (1).
        !           664: .i Rn
        !           665: uses this option to keep from showing the same article twice.
        !           666: .hn 3
        !           667: MULTICAST
        !           668: .pg
        !           669: If your transport mechanism supports multi-casting of messages,
        !           670: define this.
        !           671: Currently ACSNET is the only network that can handle this.
        !           672: .hn 3
        !           673: BSD4_2
        !           674: .pg
        !           675: Define this if you are running 4.2 or 4.3 BSD
        !           676: .ux .
        !           677: .hn 3
        !           678: BSD4_1C
        !           679: .pg
        !           680: Define this if you are running 4.1C BSD
        !           681: .ux .
        !           682: .hn 3
        !           683: SENDMAIL
        !           684: .pg
        !           685: Use this program instead of
        !           686: .i recmail (8)
        !           687: for sending mail.
        !           688: .hn 3
        !           689: MMDF
        !           690: .pg
        !           691: Use MMDF instead of
        !           692: .i recmail
        !           693: for sending mail.
        !           694: .hn 3
        !           695: MYORG
        !           696: .pg
        !           697: This should be set to the name of your organization.
        !           698: Please keep the name short,
        !           699: because it will be printed,
        !           700: along with the electronic address and full name of the author of each message.
        !           701: Forty characters is probably a good upper bound on the length.
        !           702: If the city and state or country of your organization are not obvious,
        !           703: please try to include them.
        !           704: If the organization name begins with a \*(lq/\*(rq,
        !           705: it will be taken as the name of a file.
        !           706: The first line in that file will be used as the organization.
        !           707: This permits the same binary to be used on many different machines.
        !           708: A good file name would be
        !           709: .i /usr/lib/news/organization .
        !           710: For example,
        !           711: an organization might read
        !           712: .cf "AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill" ,
        !           713: .cf "U.C. Berkeley" ,
        !           714: .cf MIT ,
        !           715: or
        !           716: .cf "Computer Corp. of America, Cambridge, Mass" .
        !           717: .pg
        !           718: .hn 3
        !           719: HIDDENNET
        !           720: .pg
        !           721: If you want all your news to look like it came from a single machine
        !           722: instead of from every machine on your local network,
        !           723: define
        !           724: .b HIDDENNET
        !           725: to be the name of the machine you wish to pretend to be.
        !           726: Make sure that you have you own machine defined as
        !           727: .cn ME
        !           728: in the sysfile
        !           729: or you may get some unnecessary article retransmission.
        !           730: .hn 3
        !           731: NICENESS
        !           732: .pg
        !           733: If
        !           734: .b NICENESS
        !           735: is defined,
        !           736: .i rnews
        !           737: does a
        !           738: .i nice (2)
        !           739: to priority
        !           740: .b NICENESS
        !           741: before processing news.
        !           742: .hn 3
        !           743: FASCIST
        !           744: .pg
        !           745: If this is defined,
        !           746: .i inews
        !           747: checks to see if the posting user is allowed to
        !           748: post to the given newsgroup.  If the username is not in the file
        !           749: .b LIBDIR \f2/authorized\fP
        !           750: then the default newsgroup pattern in the symbol
        !           751: .b FASCIST
        !           752: is used.
        !           753: .pg
        !           754: The format of the file
        !           755: .i authorized
        !           756: is:
        !           757: .br
        !           758: .si 
        !           759: user:allowed groups  
        !           760: .ei
        !           761: .pg
        !           762: For example:
        !           763: .si
        !           764: .sd
        !           765: root:net.all,mod.all
        !           766: naughty_person:junk,net.politics
        !           767: operator:!net.all,general,test,mod.unix
        !           768: .ed
        !           769: .ei
        !           770: .pg
        !           771: An open environment could have
        !           772: .b FASCIST
        !           773: set to
        !           774: .ng all
        !           775: and then individual entries could be made in the authorized file
        !           776: to prevent certain individuals from posting to such a wide
        !           777: area.
        !           778: .pg
        !           779: Note that a distribution of
        !           780: .ng all
        !           781: does
        !           782: .i not
        !           783: mean to allow postings
        !           784: only to local groups \-
        !           785: .ng all
        !           786: includes
        !           787: .ng all.all .  
        !           788: Use
        !           789: .ng all\f1,!\fPall.all
        !           790: to get that behavior
        !           791: .hn 3
        !           792: SMALL_ADDRESS_SPACE
        !           793: .pg
        !           794: Define this if your machine has 16 bit (or smaller) pointers.
        !           795: If you are on a
        !           796: .pd ,
        !           797: this is automatically defined.
        !           798: .hn 2
        !           799: Makefile
        !           800: .pg
        !           801: There are also a few parameters in the
        !           802: .i Makefile
        !           803: as well.
        !           804: These are:
        !           805: .hn 3
        !           806: OSTYPE
        !           807: .pg
        !           808: This is the type of
        !           809: .ux
        !           810: system you are using.
        !           811: It should be either
        !           812: .b v7
        !           813: or
        !           814: .b USG .
        !           815: Any BSD system is v7. Any System 3 or System 5 system is USG.
        !           816: This is normally set by
        !           817: .i localize.sh .
        !           818: .hn 3
        !           819: NEWSUSR
        !           820: .pg
        !           821: This is the owner (user name) of
        !           822: .i inews .
        !           823: If you are a superuser,
        !           824: you should probably create a new user id (traditionally
        !           825: .i news )
        !           826: and use this id.
        !           827: If you are not a superuser,
        !           828: you can use your own user id.
        !           829: If you are able to,
        !           830: you should create a mail alias
        !           831: .i usenet
        !           832: and have mail to this alias forwarded to you.
        !           833: This will make it easier for other sites to find the right person
        !           834: in the presence of changing jobs and out of date or nonexistent directory pages.
        !           835: .b NEWSUSR
        !           836: and
        !           837: .b ROOTID
        !           838: do not need to represent the same user.
        !           839: .hn 3
        !           840: NEWSGRP
        !           841: .pg
        !           842: This is the group (name) to which
        !           843: .i inews
        !           844: belongs.
        !           845: The same considerations as
        !           846: .b NEWSUSR
        !           847: apply.
        !           848: .hn 3
        !           849: SPOOLDIR
        !           850: .pg
        !           851: This directory contains subdirectories in which news articles will be stored.
        !           852: It is normally
        !           853: .i /usr/spool/news .
        !           854: .pg
        !           855: Briefly,
        !           856: for each newsgroup (say
        !           857: .ng net.general )
        !           858: there will be a subdirectory
        !           859: .i /usr/spool/news/net/general
        !           860: containing articles,
        !           861: whose file names are sequential numbers,
        !           862: .i e\f1.\fPg .,
        !           863: .i /usr/spool/news/net/general/1 ,
        !           864: etc.
        !           865: .pg
        !           866: Each article file is in a mail-compatible format.
        !           867: It begins with a number of header lines,
        !           868: followed by a blank line,
        !           869: followed by the body of the article.
        !           870: The format has deliberately been chosen to be compatible
        !           871: with the ARPANET standard for mail documented in RFC 822.
        !           872: .pg
        !           873: You should place news in an area of the disk with enough free space
        !           874: to hold the news you intend to keep on line.
        !           875: The total volume of news in
        !           876: .ng net.all
        !           877: currently runs about 1 Mbyte per day.
        !           878: If you expire news after the default 2 weeks,
        !           879: you will need about 14 Mbytes of disk space
        !           880: (plus some extra as a safety margin and
        !           881: to allow for increased traffic in the future.)
        !           882: If you only receive some of the newsgroups,
        !           883: or expire news after a different interval,
        !           884: these figures can be adjusted accordingly.
        !           885: .hn 3
        !           886: BATCHDIR
        !           887: .pg
        !           888: This directory will contain the list of articles to send to each system.
        !           889: It is normally
        !           890: .i /usr/spool/batch .
        !           891: .hn 3
        !           892: LIBDIR
        !           893: .pg
        !           894: This directory will contain various system files.
        !           895: It is normally
        !           896: .i /usr/lib/news .
        !           897: .hn 3
        !           898: BINDIR
        !           899: .pg
        !           900: This is the directory in which
        !           901: .i readnews ,
        !           902: .i postnews ,
        !           903: .i vnews ,
        !           904: and
        !           905: .i checknews (1)
        !           906: are to be installed.
        !           907: This is normally
        !           908: .i /usr/bin .
        !           909: If you decide to set
        !           910: .b BINDIR
        !           911: to a local binary directory,
        !           912: you should consider that the
        !           913: .i rnews
        !           914: and
        !           915: .i cunbatch
        !           916: commands must be in a directory that can be found by
        !           917: .i uuxqt ,
        !           918: which normally only searches
        !           919: .i /bin
        !           920: and
        !           921: .i /usr/bin .
        !           922: .hn 3
        !           923: UUXFLAGS
        !           924: .pg
        !           925: These are the flags
        !           926: .i uux
        !           927: will be called with.
        !           928: .hn 3
        !           929: LNRNEWS
        !           930: .pg
        !           931: This is the program used to link
        !           932: .i rnews
        !           933: and
        !           934: .i inews .
        !           935: If you have symbolic links,
        !           936: you can replace the \*(lqln\*(rq with \*(lqln \-s\*(rq.
        !           937: .hn 3
        !           938: SCCSID
        !           939: .pg
        !           940: If this is defined, sccs ids will be included in each file. If you
        !           941: are short on address space, don't define this.
        !           942: .hn
        !           943: FILES
        !           944: .pg
        !           945: This section lists the files in
        !           946: .b LIBDIR
        !           947: and comments briefly what they do.
        !           948: .hn 2
        !           949: active
        !           950: .pg
        !           951: A list of active newsgroups.
        !           952: It is automatically updated as new newsgroups come in.
        !           953: The order here is the order news is initially presented by
        !           954: .i readnews ,
        !           955: so you can edit this file to put important newsgroups first.
        !           956: If you have
        !           957: .b SORTACTIVE
        !           958: defined,
        !           959: after the first time the user invokes
        !           960: .i readnews ,
        !           961: it will be presented in the order of his
        !           962: .i .newsrc .
        !           963: Each line of the active file contains four fields,
        !           964: separated by a space:
        !           965: the newsgroup name,
        !           966: the highest local article number
        !           967: (for the most recently received article),
        !           968: the lowest local article number that has not yet expired,
        !           969: and a single character used to determine if the user can post to that newsgroup.
        !           970: If the character is
        !           971: \&\*(lqy\*(rq
        !           972: the user is permitted to post articles to that group.
        !           973: If the character is
        !           974: \&\*(lqn\*(rq
        !           975: the user is not permitted to post articles to that groups.
        !           976: (This field takes the place of the
        !           977: .i ngfile
        !           978: in earlier versions of news.
        !           979: Local article numbers begin at 1 and count sequentially
        !           980: within the newsgroup as articles are received.
        !           981: They do not usually correspond to local article numbers on other sites.
        !           982: The article numbers are always stored as a five digit number
        !           983: (with leading zeros) to allow updating of the file in place.
        !           984: .pg
        !           985: The active file should contain
        !           986: .ng all
        !           987: active net-wide active newsgroups
        !           988: .ng net.all and (
        !           989: .ng mod.all ).
        !           990: It is important that they all be present,
        !           991: as they are used as a check for valid newsgroup names
        !           992: and invalid newsgroup names are removed from any articles processed by
        !           993: .i inews .
        !           994: You should use the
        !           995: .i sys
        !           996: file to keep out unwanted newsgroups.
        !           997: .hn 2
        !           998: aliases
        !           999: .pg
        !          1000: This file is used to map bad newsgroup names to the correct ones.
        !          1001: (For example,
        !          1002: .ng net.unix.wizards
        !          1003: is mapped into
        !          1004: .ng net.unix-wizards ).
        !          1005: Each line consists of two fields separated by a space.
        !          1006: If the first field is found in the newsgroup list of the incoming article,
        !          1007: it is changed to the second field.
        !          1008: This change takes place in the article
        !          1009: before it is passed on to other systems,
        !          1010: not just locally.
        !          1011: .hn 2
        !          1012: batch
        !          1013: .pg
        !          1014: This program reads a list of filenames of articles
        !          1015: and outputs the articles themselves.
        !          1016: It is typically used by the shell script 
        !          1017: .i sendbatch .
        !          1018: .hn 2
        !          1019: c7unbatch
        !          1020: .pg
        !          1021: This is used to decompress news that has been
        !          1022: .b encoded
        !          1023: for transmission over a network that only supports 7-bit transfers (e.g X.25.)
        !          1024: .hn 2
        !          1025: caesar
        !          1026: .pg
        !          1027: This is a program to do Caesar decoding of rotated text,
        !          1028: on a line by line basis.
        !          1029: The standard input is copied to the standard output,
        !          1030: rotating each line according to a static single letter frequency table.
        !          1031: If an integer argument is given
        !          1032: .i e\f1.\fPg ., (
        !          1033: 13),
        !          1034: every line is rotated by that argument,
        !          1035: without regard to letter frequencies.
        !          1036: This program is invoked by the
        !          1037: .qp D
        !          1038: .i readnews
        !          1039: command.
        !          1040: It is also used by
        !          1041: .i postnews
        !          1042: with the \*(lq13\*(rq argument to encode selected material for posting.
        !          1043: .hn 2
        !          1044: checkgroups
        !          1045: .pg
        !          1046: .i Checkgroups
        !          1047: is a shell file to aid in automatically checking
        !          1048: the accuracy of your active file.
        !          1049: It is executed by the
        !          1050: .b checkgroups
        !          1051: control message and mails a list of out of date newsgroups
        !          1052: to the person defined by
        !          1053: .b NOTIFY
        !          1054: It also updates the
        !          1055: .i newsgroups
        !          1056: file that is used by
        !          1057: .i postnews
        !          1058: as a helpfile for newsgroup selection.
        !          1059: .hn 2
        !          1060: compress
        !          1061: .pg
        !          1062: This program does a modified Lempel-Ziv data compression. It is used by the
        !          1063: compressed batching scheme.
        !          1064: It averages 50% compression on a typical batch of news.
        !          1065: .hn 2
        !          1066: distributions
        !          1067: .pg
        !          1068: This is a list of distributions that are valid for your site.
        !          1069: Each line has two fields separated by the first space on the line.
        !          1070: The first field is the name of the distribution
        !          1071: .i e\f1.\fPg ., (
        !          1072: .ng usa ,
        !          1073: .ng na ,
        !          1074: etc.).
        !          1075: The second field is text describing the distribution.
        !          1076: As distributed,
        !          1077: this file is only correct for sites in the USA.
        !          1078: You should examine this file and add or delete the appropriate distributions.
        !          1079: .hn 2
        !          1080: encode
        !          1081: .pg
        !          1082: This program transforms an 8-bit binary file into a file suitable for
        !          1083: sending over a link that only allows 7-bit characters. It is used
        !          1084: by
        !          1085: .b "sendbatch -c7."
        !          1086: .hn 2
        !          1087: errlog
        !          1088: .pg
        !          1089: This file contains the \*(lqimportant\*(rq error messages found in the log file.
        !          1090: These errors usually indicate that something was wrong with an article.
        !          1091: This file should be watched closely.
        !          1092: The
        !          1093: .i log
        !          1094: file contains much more verbose information
        !          1095: and it is often difficult to detect errors in it.
        !          1096: .hn 2
        !          1097: expire
        !          1098: .pg
        !          1099: This program expires old articles and archives them if archiving is selected.
        !          1100: It is typically run once a day from
        !          1101: .i cron (8).
        !          1102: .hn 2
        !          1103: help
        !          1104: .pg
        !          1105: This contains a list of commands printed when an illegal command is typed to
        !          1106: .i readnews .
        !          1107: .hn 2
        !          1108: history
        !          1109: .pg
        !          1110: A list of every article that has come in to your system.
        !          1111: It is used to reject articles that come in for the second time
        !          1112: (presumably via a different path).
        !          1113: This file will grow but is cleaned out by the
        !          1114: .i expire (8)
        !          1115: command.
        !          1116: .hn 2
        !          1117: history.d
        !          1118: .pg
        !          1119: On USG systems, this directory contains 10 files (history.[0-9]) which are
        !          1120: used as part of a simple hashing algorithm to speed up history searches.
        !          1121: Since V7 systems have DBM, this is not used on V7 systems.
        !          1122: .hn 2
        !          1123: history.dir,history.pag
        !          1124: .pg
        !          1125: These two files are used on V7 systems as a hashed version of
        !          1126: .i history ,
        !          1127: containing the message id's of all articles in history.
        !          1128: They are only used if
        !          1129: .b \-DDBM
        !          1130: and
        !          1131: .b \-ldbm
        !          1132: appear in
        !          1133: .i Makefile .
        !          1134: .hn 2
        !          1135: inews
        !          1136: .pg
        !          1137: This is the program that actually sends and receives news.
        !          1138: All other programs interface eventually with it.
        !          1139: It is not intended to be used directly by a human,
        !          1140: so it is no longer in
        !          1141: .i /usr/bin .
        !          1142: .hn 2
        !          1143: log
        !          1144: .pg
        !          1145: If present,
        !          1146: a log of articles processed and error conditions is kept here.
        !          1147: This file grows without limit unless cleaned out periodically.
        !          1148: The
        !          1149: .i trimlib
        !          1150: script in
        !          1151: .i misc
        !          1152: can be invoked from
        !          1153: .i cron
        !          1154: daily or weekly to keep the log short.
        !          1155: .hn 2
        !          1156: moderators
        !          1157: .pg
        !          1158: This file contains a list of the moderators and their mailing addresses
        !          1159: for each moderated newsgroup.
        !          1160: Each line consists of two fields.
        !          1161: the first is the name of the moderated group.
        !          1162: The second is the mailing address of the group's moderator.
        !          1163: As distributed,
        !          1164: they are almost certainly wrong.
        !          1165: You will need to modify the paths so they work from your site.
        !          1166: .hn 2
        !          1167: newsgroups
        !          1168: .pg
        !          1169: This file is displayed by
        !          1170: .i postnews
        !          1171: when a user hits
        !          1172: .qp ?
        !          1173: in response to its request for newsgroups.
        !          1174: It is also used by
        !          1175: .i vnews
        !          1176: when it displays the newsgroup name.
        !          1177: It is updated automatically by the
        !          1178: .b checkgroups
        !          1179: control message.
        !          1180: .hn 2
        !          1181: notify
        !          1182: .pg
        !          1183: If this file is present,
        !          1184: its contents will be taken as the name of the user
        !          1185: to notify in case of a problem.
        !          1186: If the file is empty,
        !          1187: nobody will be notified.
        !          1188: (This overrides the
        !          1189: .b NOTIFY
        !          1190: option in
        !          1191: .i defs.h ).
        !          1192: Having a null file is useful if one person administers several systems
        !          1193: and does not want multiple copies of control message notifications.
        !          1194: .hn 2
        !          1195: oactive, ohistory, ohistory.dir, ohistory.pag
        !          1196: .pg
        !          1197: These are copies of the corresponding
        !          1198: .i active ,
        !          1199: .i history ,
        !          1200: .i history.dir ,
        !          1201: and
        !          1202: .i history.pag
        !          1203: files before
        !          1204: .i expire
        !          1205: ran.
        !          1206: They are kept in case something happens to the originals.
        !          1207: .hn 2
        !          1208: recmail
        !          1209: .pg
        !          1210: This program can serve as a link between news and your local mailer.
        !          1211: If you have
        !          1212: .i sendmail (8),
        !          1213: don't use
        !          1214: .i recmail .
        !          1215: .i Sendmail
        !          1216: is much more useful.
        !          1217: .hn 2
        !          1218: recnews
        !          1219: .pg
        !          1220: A program which allows you to send mail to get news posted.
        !          1221: You usually need to run
        !          1222: .i sendmail
        !          1223: or
        !          1224: .i delivermail (8)
        !          1225: to be able to use this.
        !          1226: .hn 2
        !          1227: recording
        !          1228: .pg
        !          1229: A list of newsgroup classes and filenames to display recordings for.
        !          1230: The recording feature is analogous to the recordings played in some areas
        !          1231: when you dial directory assistance,
        !          1232: trying to be annoying and make you think twice.
        !          1233: Recordings on certain newsgroups are intended to remind the user
        !          1234: of the rules for the newsgroup,
        !          1235: or,
        !          1236: in the case of a company worried about letting proprietary information out,
        !          1237: reminding authors that anything they say is seen outside the company
        !          1238: and so proprietary information should not be included.
        !          1239: .pg
        !          1240: The file contains one line per recording.
        !          1241: The line contains two fields,
        !          1242: separated by a space.
        !          1243: The first field is the newsgroup class
        !          1244: .i e\f1.\fPg ., (
        !          1245: .ng net.all ),
        !          1246: the second field is the name of the file containing the recorded message.
        !          1247: If the file name does not begin with a slash,
        !          1248: it will be searched for in
        !          1249: .b LIBDIR .
        !          1250: Sample recording files can be found in the
        !          1251: .i misc
        !          1252: directory.
        !          1253: .hn 2
        !          1254: rmgroup
        !          1255: .pg
        !          1256: This shell file should be used to remove any groups that are no longer used.
        !          1257: .hn 2
        !          1258: sendbatch
        !          1259: .pg
        !          1260: This shell file is used to send batched articles to other systems.
        !          1261: It is typically run from
        !          1262: .i cron .
        !          1263: See the manual page for more details.
        !          1264: .hn 2
        !          1265: sendnews
        !          1266: .pg
        !          1267: A program to send news internally from one computer to another.
        !          1268: It is useful if you must use mail links to transmit articles.
        !          1269: .hn 2
        !          1270: seq
        !          1271: .pg
        !          1272: This file contains the current sequence number for your system.
        !          1273: It is used to generate unique article id's.
        !          1274: .hn 2
        !          1275: sys
        !          1276: .pg
        !          1277: This file contains a list of all your neighbors,
        !          1278: which newsgroups they get,
        !          1279: and how to send news to them.
        !          1280: The format is documented below.
        !          1281: .hn 2
        !          1282: unbatch
        !          1283: .pg
        !          1284: This program is used to unbatch the incoming batched news
        !          1285: and feed each article to
        !          1286: .i inews .
        !          1287: It's horrible and will go away in the future.
        !          1288: .hn 2
        !          1289: users
        !          1290: .pg
        !          1291: A list of users that have read news on your system.
        !          1292: .hn 2
        !          1293: uurec
        !          1294: .pg
        !          1295: A program to receive news sent by
        !          1296: .i sendnews (8).
        !          1297: .hn 2
        !          1298: vnews.help
        !          1299: .pg
        !          1300: This is the helpfile used by
        !          1301: .i vnews .
        !          1302: .hn 1
        !          1303: Setting Up Links
        !          1304: .pg
        !          1305: There are two basic types of links for exchanging news:
        !          1306: those that use mail and those that don't.
        !          1307: The ones that use mail are more indirect,
        !          1308: yet more versatile, while the ones that don't are simpler.
        !          1309: The default method does not use mail, so that is discussed first.
        !          1310: .hn 2
        !          1311: Non-mail Links
        !          1312: .pg
        !          1313: The basic theory behind a non-mail link is that the
        !          1314: .i rnews
        !          1315: program is invoked on the remote system
        !          1316: with the article being transmitted as the standard input.
        !          1317: This is possible on several networks,
        !          1318: but the most common implementation is via the UUCP network.
        !          1319: Using the
        !          1320: .i uux
        !          1321: command,
        !          1322: the command which is forked to the shell looks like:
        !          1323: .sd c
        !          1324: uux \- \-r \-z remotesys!rnews < article
        !          1325: .ed
        !          1326: This is the default transmission method.
        !          1327: In order to set up such a link,
        !          1328: obviously a UUCP link with the remote system must be in effect.
        !          1329: In addition,
        !          1330: .i rnews
        !          1331: must be available and executable by
        !          1332: .i uuxqt
        !          1333: on the remote machine.
        !          1334: In most cases,
        !          1335: this means that
        !          1336: .i rnews
        !          1337: must be in
        !          1338: .i /usr/bin
        !          1339: so
        !          1340: .i uux
        !          1341: can find it.
        !          1342: Also,
        !          1343: the list of allowed UUCP commands (in
        !          1344: .i /usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uuxqt.c
        !          1345: or
        !          1346: .i /usr/lib/uucp/L.cmds ,
        !          1347: depending on the version of UUCP)
        !          1348: should be checked to make sure
        !          1349: that
        !          1350: .i rnews
        !          1351: is an allowed command.
        !          1352: .pg
        !          1353: Other networks that allow remote execution include the BERKNET,
        !          1354: BLICN
        !          1355: .i usend (1)), (
        !          1356: many Ethernets,
        !          1357: and the NSC hyperchannel
        !          1358: .i nusend (1)). (
        !          1359: It is important,
        !          1360: however,
        !          1361: that a spooling mechanism be available.
        !          1362: Otherwise,
        !          1363: if system
        !          1364: .cn A
        !          1365: tries to send an article to system
        !          1366: .cn B
        !          1367: via a remote execution command,
        !          1368: and
        !          1369: .cn B
        !          1370: is down,
        !          1371: the article could be lost.
        !          1372: Spooling arranges that the system will try again when
        !          1373: .cn B
        !          1374: comes back up.
        !          1375: .hn 2
        !          1376: Mail Links
        !          1377: .pg
        !          1378: When using mail to transmit articles,
        !          1379: two intermediary programs are necessary.
        !          1380: These are
        !          1381: .i sendnews
        !          1382: and
        !          1383: .i uurec (8).
        !          1384: The idea is that when system
        !          1385: .cn A
        !          1386: wants to send an article to system
        !          1387: .cn B ,
        !          1388: the
        !          1389: .i sys
        !          1390: file on system
        !          1391: .cn A
        !          1392: has an entry for system
        !          1393: .cn B
        !          1394: such as:
        !          1395: .sd c
        !          1396: /usr/lib/news/sendnews \-a rnews@B
        !          1397: .ed
        !          1398: which runs
        !          1399: .i sendnews
        !          1400: on the article.
        !          1401: The
        !          1402: .op \-a
        !          1403: option specifies that the mail should be formatted for the ARPANET.
        !          1404: .i Sendnews
        !          1405: packages the article and mails it to
        !          1406: .cf rnews@B .
        !          1407: Somehow,
        !          1408: the B system is expected to make sure that all mail to user
        !          1409: .cf rnews
        !          1410: is fed as input to the program
        !          1411: .i uurec .
        !          1412: This program unpackages it and invokes
        !          1413: .i rnews .
        !          1414: .pg
        !          1415: The best way to get mail to
        !          1416: .cf rnews
        !          1417: fed into
        !          1418: .i uurec
        !          1419: is to use
        !          1420: .i sendmail
        !          1421: or
        !          1422: .i delivermail ,
        !          1423: if you are on a system running them.
        !          1424: Create an alias in
        !          1425: .i /usr/lib/aliases
        !          1426: as follows:
        !          1427: .sd c
        !          1428: rnews: "|/usr/lib/news/uurec"
        !          1429: .ed
        !          1430: and
        !          1431: .i sendmail
        !          1432: will handle it.
        !          1433: If you do not have a facility for forwarding mail to a program,
        !          1434: you can gimmick your mailer to watch for it
        !          1435: (using
        !          1436: .i popen (3S),
        !          1437: this is easy)
        !          1438: or,
        !          1439: if you don't want to do any programming,
        !          1440: you can have
        !          1441: .i cron
        !          1442: invoke
        !          1443: .i uurec
        !          1444: every hour with
        !          1445: .i /usr/spool/mail/rnews
        !          1446: as standard input.
        !          1447: This solution is messier because
        !          1448: .i uurec
        !          1449: must potentially deal with multiple messages,
        !          1450: something that has never been tested.
        !          1451: .hn 1
        !          1452: Format of the
        !          1453: .bi sys
        !          1454: file
        !          1455: .pg
        !          1456: To set up a link to another site,
        !          1457: edit the
        !          1458: .i sys
        !          1459: file in
        !          1460: .b LIBDIR .
        !          1461: This file is similar to the
        !          1462: .i L.sys
        !          1463: file of UUCP.
        !          1464: Each line contains four fields,
        !          1465: separated by colons:
        !          1466: .lp (1)
        !          1467: The system name of a site to which you forward news.
        !          1468: Normally all systems you have links to will be
        !          1469: included.
        !          1470: You should also have a line for your own system.
        !          1471: If this field is
        !          1472: .cn ME,
        !          1473: it will be used as if it were your local system name.
        !          1474: If the system name is followed by a \*(lq/\*(rq, the article will not be
        !          1475: forwarded to this system if it has already passwd through any of the
        !          1476: (comma separated) list of sites immediately following the \*(lq/\*(rq.
        !          1477: For example, if the sysline was:
        !          1478: .sd c
        !          1479: yoursite/sitea,siteb,sitec:net,mod,na,usa,to.yoursite::
        !          1480: .ed
        !          1481: the incoming article would only be forwarded to
        !          1482: .i yoursite
        !          1483: if it had not already been to any of
        !          1484: .i sitea ,
        !          1485: .i siteb ,
        !          1486: or
        !          1487: .i sitec .
        !          1488: This is normally used to reduce the number of duplicate articles received
        !          1489: at a site that has multiple main newsfeeds.
        !          1490: .lp (2)
        !          1491: The newsgroups to be forwarded to them.
        !          1492: This is a pattern of the same kind as a subscription list.
        !          1493: Generally,
        !          1494: you will list classes of newsgroups,
        !          1495: that is,
        !          1496: using
        !          1497: .ng all
        !          1498: for everything.
        !          1499: A typical forwarding list for a new site would be
        !          1500: .sd c
        !          1501: net,mod,na,usa,to.\f2sysname\fP
        !          1502: .ed
        !          1503: where
        !          1504: .i sysname
        !          1505: is the name of the remote system.
        !          1506: (Of course, if you are not in the USA or North America,
        !          1507: you would remove those distributions
        !          1508: and replace them with the ones appropriate for you).
        !          1509: In particular,
        !          1510: you don't want to forward
        !          1511: .ng all
        !          1512: since local newsgroups
        !          1513: (those without dots)
        !          1514: should not be sent.
        !          1515: For the line describing your own system,
        !          1516: this field describes the newsgroups your site will accept from remote sites.
        !          1517: Thus,
        !          1518: if another site insists on sending you a newsgroup you don't want,
        !          1519: for example
        !          1520: .ng net.jokes ,
        !          1521: include
        !          1522: .ng !net.jokes
        !          1523: here.
        !          1524: .lp (3)
        !          1525: This field contains flags describing the connection.
        !          1526: An
        !          1527: .b A
        !          1528: will indicate that the other site is running an A version of netnews.
        !          1529: A
        !          1530: .b B
        !          1531: indicates a B version.
        !          1532: Leaving it empty defaults to
        !          1533: .b B .
        !          1534: If you are reading this document,
        !          1535: you have a B version.
        !          1536: Some existing sites run A versions.
        !          1537: If you aren't sure,
        !          1538: ask your contact at the other site,
        !          1539: with whom you should be talking to set this up anyway.
        !          1540: The
        !          1541: .b F
        !          1542: flag indicates that the fourth field is the name of a file.
        !          1543: The full path name of a file containing the article in
        !          1544: .b SPOOL
        !          1545: will be appended to this file.
        !          1546: The
        !          1547: .b L
        !          1548: flag prevents transmission unless the article was created on this site.
        !          1549: If a number follows the
        !          1550: .b L
        !          1551: .i e\f1.\fPg ., (
        !          1552: .b L3 ),
        !          1553: sites less than that number of hops away will be considered local.
        !          1554: (It is recommended that you feed an
        !          1555: .b L
        !          1556: link to a backbone site,
        !          1557: to ensure that your submissions will be more likely
        !          1558: to get to the entire network,
        !          1559: even in the event of a local problem.
        !          1560: Please make sure that a mail link exists too,
        !          1561: so you can get replies.)
        !          1562: The
        !          1563: .b N
        !          1564: flag can also be included here,
        !          1565: indicating that mail should
        !          1566: be sent using the
        !          1567: .pa ihave/sendme
        !          1568: protocol described below.
        !          1569: The
        !          1570: .b H
        !          1571: flag can be used to interpolate the history file into the command.
        !          1572: The
        !          1573: .b S
        !          1574: flags says to execute the transmission command directly
        !          1575: instead of forking a shell.
        !          1576: The
        !          1577: .b U
        !          1578: field arranges that the parameter to the optional \*(lq%s\*(rq
        !          1579: in the command field to be filled in with a permanent file name from
        !          1580: .b SPOOL
        !          1581: instead of a temporary customized file name.
        !          1582: The
        !          1583: .b M
        !          1584: flag says to use multi-casting. Multi-casting is described in an appendix.
        !          1585: .lp (4)
        !          1586: This field is the command to be run to send news to the remote site.
        !          1587: The article will be on the standard input.
        !          1588: Leaving this field blank means an ordinary UUCP link is being used,
        !          1589: that is,
        !          1590: the command defaults to
        !          1591: .sd c
        !          1592: uux \- \-r \-z sysname!rnews
        !          1593: .ed
        !          1594: The
        !          1595: .op \-
        !          1596: option tells
        !          1597: .i uux
        !          1598: to expect input from the standard input.
        !          1599: The
        !          1600: .op \-z
        !          1601: option is nonstandard \- you should add it
        !          1602: (see the
        !          1603: .i minus.z*
        !          1604: files in the uucp source directory.)
        !          1605: It shuts off the annoying message you would otherwise get mailed to you
        !          1606: telling you that your article was broadcast successfully.
        !          1607: To avoid using the
        !          1608: .op \-z
        !          1609: option,
        !          1610: change the source or put the
        !          1611: .i uux
        !          1612: command in the fourth field.
        !          1613: The
        !          1614: .op \-r
        !          1615: option tells
        !          1616: .i uux
        !          1617: not to call the other system once the job is queued.
        !          1618: This turns out to ease the load on the system,
        !          1619: at the expense of making news be transmitted a bit slower.
        !          1620: The news will be sent when the next call is made;
        !          1621: usually this means the next time mail is sent to or from your system.
        !          1622: If this turns out to be unreasonably long,
        !          1623: put a line in
        !          1624: .i crontab
        !          1625: to run
        !          1626: .sd c
        !          1627: /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-s\f1system\fP
        !          1628: .ed
        !          1629: every hour or so.
        !          1630: .pg
        !          1631: Here is a sample
        !          1632: .i sys
        !          1633: file for a site
        !          1634: .cn myvax
        !          1635: with connections to
        !          1636: .cn yourvax
        !          1637: where
        !          1638: .cn myvax
        !          1639: also passes news on to
        !          1640: .cn downstream .
        !          1641: We assume that
        !          1642: .cn myvax
        !          1643: and
        !          1644: .cn downstream
        !          1645: exchange a local newsgroup class
        !          1646: .ng lng.all
        !          1647: as well as the network wide newsgroups.
        !          1648: News to
        !          1649: .cn downstream
        !          1650: is batched.
        !          1651: We also assume that
        !          1652: .cn myvax
        !          1653: and
        !          1654: .cn yourvax
        !          1655: are in the USA,
        !          1656: while
        !          1657: .cn downstream
        !          1658: is in Canada.
        !          1659: .sd
        !          1660: myvax:net,mod,na,usa,lng,to::
        !          1661: yourvax:net,mod,na,usa,to.yourvax::
        !          1662: downstream:net,mod,na,lng,to.downstream:F:/usr/spool/batch/downstream
        !          1663: .ed
        !          1664: .hn
        !          1665: Posting Methods
        !          1666: .pg
        !          1667: The basic method is
        !          1668: .i postnews .
        !          1669: This program will prompt you for the title,
        !          1670: newsgroups,
        !          1671: and distribution,
        !          1672: then place you in the editor.
        !          1673: (The system default
        !          1674: .b EDITOR
        !          1675: is used unless the environment variable
        !          1676: .b EDITOR
        !          1677: is set,
        !          1678: overriding the system default.)
        !          1679: The text should be typed after the blank line.
        !          1680: The title and newsgroups are available for editing at the top of the buffer.
        !          1681: Other header lines can be added,
        !          1682: such as an expiration date or a distribution.
        !          1683: When you write out the file and exit from the editor,
        !          1684: you will be prompted for what to do next. Your choices are:
        !          1685: .b w rite
        !          1686: the message to a file,
        !          1687: .b s end
        !          1688: the message,
        !          1689: .b l ist
        !          1690: the message or
        !          1691: .b e dit
        !          1692: it again.
        !          1693: .pg
        !          1694: Another method is to use mail.
        !          1695: This can only be done on systems that allow mail to a given name
        !          1696: to be fed into an arbitrary program as input.
        !          1697: This is easily done with the Berkeley
        !          1698: .i delivermail
        !          1699: or
        !          1700: .i sendmail
        !          1701: program,
        !          1702: and not with any other mailer the author is familiar with.
        !          1703: (It may be possible to painfully set this up with MMDF,
        !          1704: provided the newsgroup name is no more than 8 characters long.)
        !          1705: To use mail,
        !          1706: set up an alias such as the following:
        !          1707: .sd c
        !          1708: net.general: "|/usr/lib/news/recnews net.general"
        !          1709: .ed
        !          1710: Whenever a user sends mail to
        !          1711: .ng net.general ,
        !          1712: this starts up the given shell command which calls
        !          1713: .ng recnews
        !          1714: with one argument,
        !          1715: the name of the newsgroup.
        !          1716: You need to create one alias for each newsgroup,
        !          1717: and to keep the list up to date as new newsgroups are created.
        !          1718: .i Recnews (8)
        !          1719: will in turn invoke
        !          1720: .i inews .
        !          1721: .pg
        !          1722: Note that there are problems with
        !          1723: .i recnews .
        !          1724: There is no way to use it to post to multiple newsgroups
        !          1725: without creating separate articles
        !          1726: (something frowned upon because it forces people
        !          1727: to read the same thing more than once.)
        !          1728: Also,
        !          1729: there is no way to make the recording feature
        !          1730: (to remind people to not accidently divulge proprietary information)
        !          1731: work when recnews is used.
        !          1732: .hn
        !          1733: Various considerations
        !          1734: .hn 2
        !          1735: Setuid bits
        !          1736: .pg
        !          1737: The current intended state of affairs is that
        !          1738: .i inews
        !          1739: runs setuid to
        !          1740: .b NEWSUSR .
        !          1741: The
        !          1742: .i readnews
        !          1743: program does not need to be setuid.
        !          1744: This makes it possible to write your own interface to read news instead of using
        !          1745: .i readnews .
        !          1746: (As distributed,
        !          1747: .i inews
        !          1748: is also setgid.
        !          1749: I know of no good reason for this.)
        !          1750: .hn 2
        !          1751: Modes of Spool Directories
        !          1752: .pg
        !          1753: All the files should be writable by
        !          1754: .b NEWSUSR .
        !          1755: However,
        !          1756: due to a glitch,
        !          1757: you will probably have to make the
        !          1758: .b SPOOLDIR
        !          1759: and its subdirectories mode 777.
        !          1760: It could be 755 except for one problem.
        !          1761: When a new newsgroup comes in,
        !          1762: .i inews
        !          1763: will attempt to
        !          1764: .i mkdir (1)
        !          1765: a new subdirectory of
        !          1766: .b SPOOLDIR
        !          1767: for the newsgroup.
        !          1768: Since both
        !          1769: .i inews
        !          1770: and
        !          1771: .i mkdir
        !          1772: are setuid,
        !          1773: .i mkdir
        !          1774: will use the uid of the person who ran 
        !          1775: .i inews
        !          1776: instead of
        !          1777: .b NEWSUSR
        !          1778: when checking for permissions.
        !          1779: If the directory mode isn't 777 the check will fail.
        !          1780: Here are several alternatives if you don't want a 777 directory around:
        !          1781: .hn 3
        !          1782: Fix Real Uid
        !          1783: .pg
        !          1784: If
        !          1785: .i inews
        !          1786: is always run by
        !          1787: .i cron
        !          1788: or as
        !          1789: .i root ,
        !          1790: the real uid can be arranged to be
        !          1791: .i root
        !          1792: or
        !          1793: .b NEWSUSR .
        !          1794: This is a poor solution
        !          1795: since it makes the local creation of new newsgroups
        !          1796: require super user permissions,
        !          1797: and is a potential security hole.
        !          1798: If this approach is taken,
        !          1799: care must be taken to insure that the owner of the created directory is
        !          1800: .b NEWSUSR .
        !          1801: .hn 3
        !          1802: Change the Kernel
        !          1803: .pg
        !          1804: .i Inews
        !          1805: will do:
        !          1806: .b setuid(geteuid())
        !          1807: (see
        !          1808: .i setuid (2)
        !          1809: and
        !          1810: .i geteuid (2))
        !          1811: before it forks the
        !          1812: .i mkdir .
        !          1813: If your system permits this call,
        !          1814: there will be no problem.
        !          1815: In particular,
        !          1816: Berkeley 4.0
        !          1817: .ux
        !          1818: and later systems allow this.
        !          1819: An alternative change to the kernel is to automatically stack uids:
        !          1820: when a setuid program is run,
        !          1821: set the new real uid to the old effective uid.
        !          1822: .hn 3
        !          1823: Groups
        !          1824: .pg
        !          1825: You could have
        !          1826: .i inews
        !          1827: be setgid to
        !          1828: .b NEWSGRP
        !          1829: and all files writable by the group.
        !          1830: This approach has been tested and the problem turns out to be that the
        !          1831: .i mkdir
        !          1832: command uses the
        !          1833: .i access (2)
        !          1834: system call to check permissions.
        !          1835: Since
        !          1836: .i access
        !          1837: uses the real gid,
        !          1838: you run into the same problem.
        !          1839: .hn 3
        !          1840: Another
        !          1841: .bi Mkdir
        !          1842: .pg
        !          1843: You could create a version of
        !          1844: .i mkdir
        !          1845: that does less checking and put it in a directory that can only be accessed by
        !          1846: .b NEWSUSR
        !          1847: (mode 700,
        !          1848: owned by
        !          1849: .b NEWSUSR ).
        !          1850: Have
        !          1851: .i inews
        !          1852: fork this
        !          1853: .i mkdir .
        !          1854: .hn 2
        !          1855: Expiration dates
        !          1856: .pg
        !          1857: To get articles to expire automatically, put a line in
        !          1858: .i crontab
        !          1859: to run
        !          1860: .sd c
        !          1861: /usr/lib/news/expire
        !          1862: .ed
        !          1863: every night.
        !          1864: This command deletes all expired news.
        !          1865: The
        !          1866: .op \-a
        !          1867: .i newsgroups
        !          1868: option causes all expired news to be archived under
        !          1869: .i /usr/spool/oldnews
        !          1870: depending on which newsgroups are selected.
        !          1871: (See
        !          1872: .i expire (8)
        !          1873: for details.)
        !          1874: .pg
        !          1875: Sometimes news is not expired when it should be.
        !          1876: Be sure to check that
        !          1877: .i expire
        !          1878: has permissions to unlink files,
        !          1879: and that it is properly setuid to 
        !          1880: .b NEWSUSR .
        !          1881: You can manually invoke
        !          1882: .i expire
        !          1883: with the
        !          1884: .op \-v
        !          1885: (verbose) option to find out what it's doing.
        !          1886: Adding levels of verbosity
        !          1887: .i e\f1.\fPg ., (
        !          1888: .op \-v6 )
        !          1889: will get more and more output.
        !          1890: .hn 2
        !          1891: Version to Version
        !          1892: .pg
        !          1893: Version B will understand incoming news in either version A or B format,
        !          1894: automatically (presuming 
        !          1895: .b OLD
        !          1896: is defined in defs.h.)
        !          1897: Version B
        !          1898: will generate either format,
        !          1899: depending on the flag in the third field of the
        !          1900: .i sys
        !          1901: line.
        !          1902: Version A will not understand version B format.
        !          1903: Thus,
        !          1904: it is possible for two version B
        !          1905: sites to communicate using version A
        !          1906: format.
        !          1907: This will work but is not a good idea,
        !          1908: since the translation from B to A loses information
        !          1909: (such as the expiration date)
        !          1910: which will not be there when translated back to version B.
        !          1911: .pg
        !          1912: News from versions A and 2.9 B
        !          1913: do not conform to the USENET interchange standard.
        !          1914: 2.10 B supports the standard and will communicate with either A or 2.9 B news.
        !          1915: A news is written (losing other header information) if
        !          1916: A is in the flags for the system.
        !          1917: If
        !          1918: .b OLD
        !          1919: is defined,
        !          1920: 2.10 will write out headers with both standard
        !          1921: .hf Date "" (
        !          1922: .hf Message-ID )
        !          1923: and 2.9
        !          1924: .hf Posted "" (
        !          1925: .hf Article-I.D. )
        !          1926: lines so that either B system will properly handle the article.
        !          1927: Incoming news is recognized by the first letter
        !          1928: .qp A "" (
        !          1929: for A news),
        !          1930: or the lack of an
        !          1931: .cf @
        !          1932: in the
        !          1933: .hf From
        !          1934: line (2.9).
        !          1935: Missing fields are constructed as well as possible
        !          1936: from the available information.
        !          1937: .hn 2
        !          1938: Presentation Order
        !          1939: .pg
        !          1940: The order of the newsgroups listed in
        !          1941: .bi LIBDIR \f2/active\fP
        !          1942: is the order the newsgroups will be presented in initially.
        !          1943: If
        !          1944: .b SORTACTIVE
        !          1945: is defined in
        !          1946: .i defs.h ,
        !          1947: after the first time news will be presented in the order of the person's
        !          1948: .i .newsrc .
        !          1949: Initially this will be directory order,
        !          1950: but you can edit important newsgroups like
        !          1951: .ng general
        !          1952: to the top.
        !          1953: .pg
        !          1954: A recommended order to maintain your active file in is this:
        !          1955: .sd
        !          1956: net.announce.newusers
        !          1957: general
        !          1958: local.general
        !          1959: net.announce
        !          1960: local \fInewsgroups in alphabetical order\fP
        !          1961: mod.all \fInewsgroups in alphabetical order\fP
        !          1962: net.all \fInewsgroups in alphabetical order\fP
        !          1963: test
        !          1964: all.test
        !          1965: to.all
        !          1966: control
        !          1967: junk
        !          1968: .ed
        !          1969: .hn
        !          1970: Control Messages
        !          1971: .pg
        !          1972: Some news systems will send you articles that are not for human consumption.
        !          1973: They are messages to your news system called
        !          1974: .i "control messages" .
        !          1975: Such messages contain the
        !          1976: .hf Control
        !          1977: header.
        !          1978: Older systems use newsgroups matching
        !          1979: .ng all.all.ctl ,
        !          1980: and this will still work,
        !          1981: although the
        !          1982: .hf Control
        !          1983: header is preferred.
        !          1984: Since the newsgroup name is used for distribution only,
        !          1985: and is not checked to ensure it's in the active file,
        !          1986: such newsgroup names can still be used.
        !          1987: This makes it possible to post network wide control messages with
        !          1988: .ng net.msg.ctl
        !          1989: (or restricted broadcast such as
        !          1990: .ng btl.msg.ctl )
        !          1991: or messages for a particular system:
        !          1992: .ng to.ucbvax.ctl .
        !          1993: Messages are canceled,
        !          1994: however,
        !          1995: with a
        !          1996: .hf Control
        !          1997: line in a message to the same newsgroup(s)
        !          1998: as the original message.
        !          1999: .pg
        !          2000: A control message contains a command and zero or more arguments
        !          2001: (much like a
        !          2002: .ux
        !          2003: program).
        !          2004: The subject of the article contains the command and arguments.
        !          2005: The body of the article is usually ignored,
        !          2006: although some messages can use it for additional text information.
        !          2007: Control messages are not stored in
        !          2008: .b SPOOL ;
        !          2009: rather,
        !          2010: they are acted on and discarded at once.
        !          2011: .hn 2
        !          2012: ihave/sendme
        !          2013: .pg
        !          2014: Two control messages are
        !          2015: .b ihave
        !          2016: and
        !          2017: .b sendme .
        !          2018: These messages allow two participating sites to set up a link
        !          2019: so that one site will tell the other site it has a given article
        !          2020: and wait for a request before it actually sends it.
        !          2021: The normal case is to send an entire article to a system,
        !          2022: which consults the history file to see if the article has already been seen,
        !          2023: and then throws it away if it has been seen before.
        !          2024: .pg
        !          2025: Note that,
        !          2026: since most messages are short anyway,
        !          2027: experience has indicated that for ordinary UUCP unbatched communication,
        !          2028: all
        !          2029: .pa ihave/sendme
        !          2030: does is triple the load and slow down forwarding.
        !          2031: We hope future code will allow
        !          2032: .b ihave 's
        !          2033: with multiple message id's in the body,
        !          2034: and existing code in 2.10 understands such messages,
        !          2035: but does not generate them.
        !          2036: So we advise that you don't use
        !          2037: .pa ihave/sendme
        !          2038: for now.
        !          2039: .pg
        !          2040: Use of these control messages can cut down on this wasted transmission,
        !          2041: but if you have a polled UUCP connection,
        !          2042: they can slow down receipt of news due to polling delays.
        !          2043: It is up to each connected pair of sites whether they want to use this protocol.
        !          2044: The choice is controlled by the
        !          2045: .b N
        !          2046: flag in the
        !          2047: .i sys
        !          2048: file.
        !          2049: In the case of a leaf node
        !          2050: (one with only one neighbor)
        !          2051: there is no advantage to this protocol.
        !          2052: Even if both sites are able to initiate a connection
        !          2053: (have dialers or the link is hardwired)
        !          2054: the
        !          2055: .op \-r
        !          2056: option on the
        !          2057: .i uux
        !          2058: can cause 2 hour or more delays in propagating news.
        !          2059: Since this protocol can triple the number of messages generated,
        !          2060: you should carefully evaluate your situation when deciding whether to use it.
        !          2061: If transmission time and phone bills dominate your costs,
        !          2062: and you are sending news to several sites,
        !          2063: and large article bodies dominate the costs
        !          2064: (rather than the headers and the time spent by UUCP negotiating transmission)
        !          2065: it is probably worthwhile to use
        !          2066: .pa ihave/sendme .
        !          2067: If your costs are dominated by CPU load from UUCP,
        !          2068: or if you send news to a site that cannot get it from anywhere else,
        !          2069: you probably do not want to use this protocol.
        !          2070: The decision can be made independently for each site in your
        !          2071: .i sys
        !          2072: file.
        !          2073: .pg
        !          2074: This pair works as follows:
        !          2075: Site
        !          2076: .cn mysite
        !          2077: receives article
        !          2078: .cf <[email protected]> .
        !          2079: It enters it locally and then broadcasts it to its neighbors.
        !          2080: One of its neighbors is site
        !          2081: .cn yoursite
        !          2082: which has the
        !          2083: .b N
        !          2084: flag in the
        !          2085: .i sys
        !          2086: file.
        !          2087: So
        !          2088: .cn mysite
        !          2089: sends an article on newsgroup
        !          2090: .bi yoursite \f3.ctl\fP \f3to.\fP
        !          2091: with title
        !          2092: .cf "ihave <[email protected]> mysite" .
        !          2093: This control message has two arguments \-
        !          2094: the first
        !          2095: .cf <[email protected]> ) (
        !          2096: is the article id of the article in question,
        !          2097: the second
        !          2098: .cf mysite ) (
        !          2099: is the name of the site sending the article.
        !          2100: The name of the newsgroup and the
        !          2101: .i sys
        !          2102: file control transmission of the article.
        !          2103: Normally the
        !          2104: .i sys
        !          2105: file will read something like
        !          2106: .sd c
        !          2107: yoursite:net.all,fa.all,to.yoursite:BN:
        !          2108: .ed
        !          2109: which will cause an article on
        !          2110: .b to.yoursite.ctl
        !          2111: to be transmitted.
        !          2112: .pg
        !          2113: .cn Yoursite
        !          2114: receives the message and looks to see if it has seen it before.
        !          2115: If it has,
        !          2116: it throws the message away and stops.
        !          2117: If it hasn't,
        !          2118: it sends a message on
        !          2119: .bi mysite \f3.ctl\fP \f3to.\fP
        !          2120: with title
        !          2121: .cf "sendme <[email protected]> yoursite"
        !          2122: which is transmitted to
        !          2123: .cn mysite .
        !          2124: (The two arguments to
        !          2125: .i sendme
        !          2126: are the article id requested and the site to send it to.)
        !          2127: Then
        !          2128: .cn mysite
        !          2129: gets this message
        !          2130: and actually transmits the article to
        !          2131: .cn yoursite .
        !          2132: .hn 2
        !          2133: newgroup
        !          2134: .pg
        !          2135: This message has one argument,
        !          2136: the name of a newsgroup to be created.
        !          2137: This allows special action to be taken locally when a new newsgroup is created.
        !          2138: It is generated by the
        !          2139: .op \-C
        !          2140: option to
        !          2141: .i inews .
        !          2142: By default,
        !          2143: the newsgroup is added to the active file,
        !          2144: and mail is sent to the local contact advising that this has happened.
        !          2145: The directory will be created when a message for that newsgroup arrives.
        !          2146: See the routine \*(lqc_newgroup\*(rq in
        !          2147: .i control.c
        !          2148: if you want something different to happen.
        !          2149: (Note that,
        !          2150: although the body of the message contains a brief description
        !          2151: of the purpose of the group,
        !          2152: this body is usually thrown away by existing software.)
        !          2153: .hn 2
        !          2154: rmgroup
        !          2155: .pg
        !          2156: This message has one argument,
        !          2157: the name of a newsgroup to be removed.
        !          2158: It is used for network-wide cancellation of a newsgroup.
        !          2159: If
        !          2160: .b MANUALLY
        !          2161: is not defined,
        !          2162: it will remove the articles,
        !          2163: directory,
        !          2164: and active file line for the group.
        !          2165: There is a shell script
        !          2166: .i rmgroup
        !          2167: that does essentially the same thing as this message,
        !          2168: but the shell script only removes the group locally.
        !          2169: We recommend that you leave
        !          2170: .b MANUALLY
        !          2171: defined,
        !          2172: and when you receive mail advising you of the demise of the newsgroup,
        !          2173: you run
        !          2174: .i rmgroup
        !          2175: by hand.
        !          2176: This will prevent accidental or malicious removal of a good newsgroup.
        !          2177: .hn 2
        !          2178: cancel
        !          2179: .pg
        !          2180: This message cancels a given article.
        !          2181: It takes one argument,
        !          2182: the message id of the article to cancel.
        !          2183: It should be broadcast to the same newsgroup as the original article.
        !          2184: If the article to be canceled is not present, the control message
        !          2185: will not be propagated to downstream sites.
        !          2186: .hn 2
        !          2187: sendsys
        !          2188: .pg
        !          2189: The
        !          2190: .i sys
        !          2191: file is mailed to the originator of the message.
        !          2192: There are no arguments.
        !          2193: This is used for making maps.
        !          2194: Since your
        !          2195: .i sys
        !          2196: file is public information,
        !          2197: you should not remove or change this control message.
        !          2198: .hn 2
        !          2199: senduuname
        !          2200: .pg
        !          2201: The
        !          2202: .i uuname
        !          2203: program is run and the output is mailed to the originator of the message.
        !          2204: There are no arguments.
        !          2205: This is used for making UUCP maps.
        !          2206: If you do not run UUCP or have sites in your
        !          2207: .i L.sys
        !          2208: which are a secret,
        !          2209: you may wish to edit this.
        !          2210: Note that only the output of
        !          2211: .i uuname
        !          2212: is mailed,
        !          2213: not the contents of
        !          2214: .i L.sys
        !          2215: (which news does not have access to anyway).
        !          2216: If you do make a change,
        !          2217: you should arrange that some mail still is sent out
        !          2218: to the originator of the message, so he will know your site received it.
        !          2219: See the code in routine \*(lqc_senduuname\*(rq in
        !          2220: .i control.c .
        !          2221: .hn 2
        !          2222: version
        !          2223: .pg
        !          2224: The local version name/number of the netnews software
        !          2225: is mailed back to the author of the control message.
        !          2226: .hn 2
        !          2227: checkgroups
        !          2228: .pg
        !          2229: This control message is an attempt at semi-automatic maintenance
        !          2230: of the list of active news groups.
        !          2231: This control messages takes the body of the article and pipes it into
        !          2232: .bi LIB \f2/checkgroups\fP.
        !          2233: As mentioned previously,
        !          2234: .bi LIB \f2/checkgroups\fP
        !          2235: will update the newsgroups file,
        !          2236: add any missing newsgroups, and mail a message to
        !          2237: .b NOTIFY
        !          2238: about any old newsgroups that should be removed.
        !          2239: It is expected that the person who maintains the list of active newsgroups
        !          2240: will broadcast this control message on a regular basis.
        !          2241: .hn 2
        !          2242: Other Messages
        !          2243: .pg
        !          2244: Any unrecognized message will cause an error message to be mailed
        !          2245: to the local site administrator.
        !          2246: Additional messages may be defined as time goes on,
        !          2247: such as messages to automatically update directories or maps.
        !          2248: You should be willing to go into the code
        !          2249: .i control.c ) (
        !          2250: and add messages as they become standardized.
        !          2251: .hn
        !          2252: Maintenance
        !          2253: .pg
        !          2254: There are some things you should do periodically
        !          2255: to keep your news system running smoothly.
        !          2256: We hope to eventually automate all or most of this,
        !          2257: but right now some of it must be done by hand.
        !          2258: .pg
        !          2259: The
        !          2260: .i history
        !          2261: and
        !          2262: .i log
        !          2263: files in your
        !          2264: .b LIB
        !          2265: directory will grow.
        !          2266: You should make sure that they are cleaned up periodically.
        !          2267: The
        !          2268: .bi LIB \f2/expire\fP
        !          2269: program will remove lines from history corresponding to deleted articles,
        !          2270: but it is a good idea to check the file every few months
        !          2271: to make sure it is not going wild.
        !          2272: Be sure not to completely lose your history file when you clean it up,
        !          2273: in case another neighbor tries to send you an article you recently got.
        !          2274: (If you only get news from one site it is safe to clean it out completely.)
        !          2275: .pg
        !          2276: The log file is not automatically cleaned out by any netnews software,
        !          2277: and will grow quickly.
        !          2278: The
        !          2279: .i misc/trimlib
        !          2280: script can be installed in
        !          2281: .bi LIB \f2/trimlib\fP,
        !          2282: and invoked weekly by
        !          2283: .i cron .
        !          2284: .pg
        !          2285: You should also clean out old newsgroups that are no longer active.
        !          2286: To remove a newsgroup
        !          2287: .ng net.foo ,
        !          2288: you should run the shell script
        !          2289: .i rmgroup
        !          2290: with
        !          2291: .b net.foo
        !          2292: as the argument.
        !          2293: That is,
        !          2294: .sd c
        !          2295: /usr/lib/news/rmgroup net.foo
        !          2296: .ed
        !          2297: .pg
        !          2298: Note that clearing up UUCP constipation is another thing you'll have to do
        !          2299: if you have flaky hardware or phone lines.
        !          2300: If you have more than one connection,
        !          2301: chances are that UUCP will get clogged up when one of your neighbors goes down
        !          2302: for more than a few hours.
        !          2303: Various spooling schemes are being worked on
        !          2304: to help make the news/uucp system more robust,
        !          2305: but one thing you can and should do,
        !          2306: if you find your
        !          2307: .i /usr/spool/uucp
        !          2308: directory getting too big,
        !          2309: is to install a subdirectory fix to UUCP.
        !          2310: A quick and dirty version of this is available from Duke,
        !          2311: which traps the file-oriented system calls
        !          2312: at the assembly language level and maps,
        !          2313: for example,
        !          2314: D.fooA1234 into D.foo/D.fooA1234.
        !          2315: Since the C. and
        !          2316: .i local "" D.
        !          2317: directories still get big,
        !          2318: in practice this can still create some big directories,
        !          2319: but the directories tend to be a factor of 5 smaller,
        !          2320: resulting in a factor of 25 improvement to speed
        !          2321: (since a directory traversal for all files is quadratic on
        !          2322: .ux ).
        !          2323: Right now,
        !          2324: UUCP is the weak link in netnews distribution,
        !          2325: and you should certainly keep an eye on it.
        !          2326: .hn
        !          2327: Creating New Newsgroups
        !          2328: .pg
        !          2329: As system news administrator,
        !          2330: you are able to create newsgroups.
        !          2331: To create a newsgroup,
        !          2332: first make sure this is the right thing to do.
        !          2333: Normally a suggestion is first posted to
        !          2334: .ng net.news.group\f1,\fPnet.relatedgroup
        !          2335: for a net newsgroup
        !          2336: .b net.relatedgroup (
        !          2337: should be the group which you are proposing to sub-divide.
        !          2338: For instance,
        !          2339: to propose creating
        !          2340: .ng net.tv.soaps ,
        !          2341: post the original article to
        !          2342: .ng net.tv\f1,\fPnet.news.group ).
        !          2343: Followups are made to
        !          2344: .ng net.news.group
        !          2345: .i only .
        !          2346: (You can force this by putting the line:
        !          2347: .sd c
        !          2348: Followup-To: net.news.group
        !          2349: .ed
        !          2350: in the headers of your original posting).
        !          2351: If it is established that there is general interest in such a group,
        !          2352: and a name is agreed on,
        !          2353: then someone creates it by typing the command
        !          2354: .sd c
        !          2355: inews \-C \fInewsgroup\fP
        !          2356: .ed
        !          2357: This will create the active entry locally. The directory will be
        !          2358: created automatically when the first article for that newsgroup is
        !          2359: received.
        !          2360: It will also prompt you for a paragraph describing the group and start up an
        !          2361: .i inews
        !          2362: to post a newgroup control message announcing the group.
        !          2363: This control message will be sent out on
        !          2364: .ng net.msg.ctl
        !          2365: and other sites may have configured their systems to do something
        !          2366: with these messages.
        !          2367: A human readable announcement is not made \-
        !          2368: you can post this to
        !          2369: .ng net.news.group
        !          2370: if necessary.
        !          2371: .pg
        !          2372: You must be the super user to use the
        !          2373: .op \-C
        !          2374: option to
        !          2375: .i inews .
        !          2376: (That is,
        !          2377: your uid must match
        !          2378: .b ROOTID .
        !          2379: It is recommended that you change
        !          2380: .b ROOTID
        !          2381: to your own uid so you don't have to
        !          2382: .i su
        !          2383: to create newsgroups.)
        !          2384: .hn
        !          2385: Conversion from A to B
        !          2386: .pg
        !          2387: If you are currently running version A on your system,
        !          2388: note that B is incompatible with A.
        !          2389: The files are stored in a different format
        !          2390: (headers have mail like field names now).
        !          2391: The directory organization is different
        !          2392: (each newsgroup has a subdirectory of its own,
        !          2393: and the file names are numbers rather than
        !          2394: .i site\f1.\fPid
        !          2395: pairs).
        !          2396: There are no
        !          2397: .i bitmap ,
        !          2398: .i uindex ,
        !          2399: or
        !          2400: .i nindex
        !          2401: files to be trashed
        !          2402: (which articles have been read is stored in each users
        !          2403: .i .newsrc
        !          2404: file).
        !          2405: The user interface is slightly different
        !          2406: .i netnews (1) (news/
        !          2407: is now called
        !          2408: .i readnews ,
        !          2409: news is posted using
        !          2410: .i inews ,
        !          2411: subscription is done by editing
        !          2412: .i .newsrc ,
        !          2413: the sense of the
        !          2414: .op \-c
        !          2415: option is reversed,
        !          2416: news is presented in newsgroup order,
        !          2417: the
        !          2418: .op \-a
        !          2419: and
        !          2420: .op \-t
        !          2421: options now probably need
        !          2422: .op \-x
        !          2423: as well,
        !          2424: and there are many minor changes).
        !          2425: .pg
        !          2426: We decided not to provide a program to convert from version A to version B.
        !          2427: Rather,
        !          2428: the following strategy was adopted for conversion:
        !          2429: .lp (1)
        !          2430: Install the new news in a different spool directory from the old one.
        !          2431: For example,
        !          2432: you can use
        !          2433: .i /usr/spool/newnews .
        !          2434: You can change to the standard name later if you want.
        !          2435: Get it to work for local messages.
        !          2436: .lp (2)
        !          2437: Post an article to newsgroup
        !          2438: .b general
        !          2439: with the old news announcing the change.
        !          2440: Make available documentation such as the accompanying paper
        !          2441: .i "How to Read the Network News"
        !          2442: to the users.
        !          2443: This article will be the last one in the old news.
        !          2444: .lp (3)
        !          2445: .i Chmod
        !          2446: the old news directory to 555 to prevent any more news from being posted.
        !          2447: (Actually,
        !          2448: this will prevent the bitfile from being updated,
        !          2449: so it may not be a good idea.)
        !          2450: .lp (4)
        !          2451: Replace the old
        !          2452: .i rnews
        !          2453: program with the new
        !          2454: .i rnews
        !          2455: program.
        !          2456: .lp (5)
        !          2457: Test it by having your neighbor send you a message.
        !          2458: .lp (6)
        !          2459: Wait a reasonable period for everyone to have read the final article
        !          2460: with the old news.
        !          2461: Perhaps a few weeks is right.
        !          2462: .lp (7)
        !          2463: Uninstall the old news.
        !          2464: .pg
        !          2465: Users will have to invoke
        !          2466: .i readnews
        !          2467: instead of
        !          2468: .i netnews
        !          2469: to read news.
        !          2470: Depending on your old method of posting,
        !          2471: this could be changed too.
        !          2472: (If you were using mail,
        !          2473: it does not need to be changed.)
        !          2474: They will also have to fix their subscriptions.
        !          2475: In general,
        !          2476: they can type
        !          2477: .sd c
        !          2478: netnews \-s
        !          2479: .ed
        !          2480: to see what they subscribe to on the old system,
        !          2481: and then create a file in their home directory called
        !          2482: .i .newsrc
        !          2483: containing
        !          2484: .sd c
        !          2485: options \-n \f2their subscription\fP
        !          2486: .ed
        !          2487: The format of the subscription pattern matching is the same as in A
        !          2488: except that
        !          2489: .ng ALL
        !          2490: is replaced by
        !          2491: .ng all
        !          2492: (change to lower case).
        !          2493: Something along the lines of this could be used to automate this:
        !          2494: .sd c
        !          2495: (echo \-n "options \-s" ; netnews \-s | sed s/ALL/all/) > .newsrc
        !          2496: .ed
        !          2497: .hn
        !          2498: Conversion from 2.9 to 2.10
        !          2499: .pg
        !          2500: Conversion from 2.9 to 2.10 is not nearly as involved as an A to B conversion.
        !          2501: The user interface does not change much,
        !          2502: and the user
        !          2503: .i .newsrc
        !          2504: files are not affected.
        !          2505: However,
        !          2506: it is recommended that you do the conversion during a time
        !          2507: when no news is received,
        !          2508: so that incoming news will not get lost.
        !          2509: One way to ensure this is to make
        !          2510: .i /usr/bin/rnews
        !          2511: be a shell script which saves the article in
        !          2512: .bi $$ "" /usr/spool/innews/
        !          2513: .bi $$ "" (
        !          2514: is the process id of the particular shell and will be unique for each article).
        !          2515: .pg
        !          2516: The first step to conversion is to customize the sources.
        !          2517: In the past,
        !          2518: you had to take a fresh distribution and edit the
        !          2519: .i defs.h
        !          2520: file and
        !          2521: .i Makefile
        !          2522: to suit local preferences.
        !          2523: If you had many local changes,
        !          2524: or didn't record the local changes,
        !          2525: upgrading could be annoying.
        !          2526: 2.10 provides a mechanism to automate these changes.
        !          2527: Create a shell script in the src directory called
        !          2528: .i localize.sh .
        !          2529: (You can use
        !          2530: .i localize.sample
        !          2531: as a template.)
        !          2532: This shell script should copy
        !          2533: .i defs.dist
        !          2534: to
        !          2535: .i defs.h ,
        !          2536: and copy either
        !          2537: .i Makefile.v7
        !          2538: or
        !          2539: .i Makefile.usg
        !          2540: to
        !          2541: .i Makefile .
        !          2542: It should
        !          2543: .i chmod
        !          2544: any files that need to be changed
        !          2545: (often
        !          2546: .i Makefile
        !          2547: and
        !          2548: .i defs.h )
        !          2549: to a writable mode.
        !          2550: Then it should invoke
        !          2551: .i ed (1)
        !          2552: on the files,
        !          2553: making any necessary local changes.
        !          2554: .pg
        !          2555: The next step is to compile the software,
        !          2556: with
        !          2557: .i make (1).
        !          2558: It may be necessary to update the
        !          2559: .i localize.sh
        !          2560: file until you are satisfied with the compilation.
        !          2561: Note that after any change to the
        !          2562: .i Makefile
        !          2563: in
        !          2564: .i localize.sh ,
        !          2565: you should run
        !          2566: .i localize.sh
        !          2567: by hand.
        !          2568: Otherwise,
        !          2569: although make will run it for you,
        !          2570: it will then continue to do the make with the old
        !          2571: .i Makefile .
        !          2572: .pg
        !          2573: When the software is compiled,
        !          2574: you should run the
        !          2575: .i cvt.active.sh
        !          2576: shell script,
        !          2577: with the
        !          2578: .i lib
        !          2579: and
        !          2580: .i spool
        !          2581: directories as parameters.
        !          2582: This will create a new active file in
        !          2583: .bi LIB \f2/active\fP.
        !          2584: Then run
        !          2585: .i cvt.links.sh
        !          2586: with the
        !          2587: .i lib
        !          2588: and
        !          2589: .i spool
        !          2590: directories as parameters.
        !          2591: Then run
        !          2592: .i cvt.names.sh
        !          2593: with the
        !          2594: .i lib
        !          2595: and
        !          2596: .i spool
        !          2597: directories as parameters.
        !          2598: Old news will be linked into the new hierarchy
        !          2599: while leaving links in the old hierarchy.
        !          2600: If you were using the default library and spool directories,
        !          2601: you would do the following:
        !          2602: .sd
        !          2603: sh cvt.active.sh /usr/lib/news /usr/spool/news
        !          2604: sh cvt.links.sh /usr/lib/news /usr/spool/news
        !          2605: sh cvt.names.sh /usr/lib/news /usr/spool/news
        !          2606: .ed
        !          2607: .pg
        !          2608: The next step is to back up the old binaries:
        !          2609: .sd
        !          2610: mv /usr/bin/rnews /usr/bin/ornews
        !          2611: \&...
        !          2612: .ed
        !          2613: and to install 2.10 with
        !          2614: .sd c
        !          2615: make install
        !          2616: .ed
        !          2617: Once it is installed,
        !          2618: any incoming news will be placed into the new hierarchy but not the old one.
        !          2619: The critical time window is between running the three shell files and
        !          2620: installing the new software \-
        !          2621: any incoming news between these two points will appear
        !          2622: in only the old hierarchy and be lost to the new software.
        !          2623: If any significant time elapses here,
        !          2624: you should divert
        !          2625: .i rnews
        !          2626: into a separate spool directory as described above.
        !          2627: .pg
        !          2628: It is crucial that you run
        !          2629: .i expire
        !          2630: before any new news arrives.
        !          2631: .i Expire
        !          2632: will update several key files automatically.
        !          2633: .pg
        !          2634: Finally,
        !          2635: test things by posting articles to
        !          2636: .bi neighbor "" \f3to.\fP
        !          2637: newsgroups and watching some incoming news,
        !          2638: and announce the change to your users.
        !          2639: .pg
        !          2640: When you are satisfied that the conversion was successful,
        !          2641: run the shell file
        !          2642: .i cvt.clean.sh
        !          2643: which will remove the old 2.9 news hierarchy.
        !          2644: .bp
        !          2645: .hu
        !          2646: Appendix A: Setting up a Compressed, Batched Newsfeed
        !          2647: .pg
        !          2648: First,
        !          2649: .b BATCH 
        !          2650: must have been
        !          2651: .i #define 'd
        !          2652: when you built the news system.
        !          2653: To check,
        !          2654: look in the file
        !          2655: .i defs.h
        !          2656: in the news source directory.
        !          2657: .b BATCH 
        !          2658: should be defined as a program name (by default,
        !          2659: .i unbatch ).
        !          2660: If it's undefined or commented out,
        !          2661: define it,
        !          2662: re-make the news system,
        !          2663: and install the new software.
        !          2664: .pg
        !          2665: You'll also need a working
        !          2666: .i compress
        !          2667: program.
        !          2668: Use the one shipped with this news distribution,
        !          2669: which is based on version 4.0.
        !          2670: Your news neighbors should be running a compatible version of compress.
        !          2671: Versions 3.0 and 4.0 are compatible with each other,
        !          2672: but both are incompatible with versions 2.0 and before.
        !          2673: .pg
        !          2674: Update your
        !          2675: .i sys
        !          2676: file.
        !          2677: First,
        !          2678: add the
        !          2679: .b F
        !          2680: flag to the other news system's line.
        !          2681: For instance,
        !          2682: if your compressed-and-batched news feed is named
        !          2683: .cn frobozz ,
        !          2684: and its
        !          2685: .i sys
        !          2686: file entry looks like:
        !          2687: .si
        !          2688: frobozz:net,mod,na,usa,ca,to.frobozz::
        !          2689: .ei
        !          2690: then add the
        !          2691: .b F
        !          2692: flag as the third (colon-separated) field:
        !          2693: .si
        !          2694: frobozz:net,mod,na,usa,ca,to.frobozz:F:
        !          2695: .ei
        !          2696: Now the pathnames of articles to be sent will be stashed in a file.
        !          2697: This file is named in the fourth field of the
        !          2698: .i sys
        !          2699: entry;
        !          2700: add it now.
        !          2701: Use an entry of the form
        !          2702: .bi BATCHDIR \f2/system\fP,
        !          2703: where
        !          2704: .bi BATCHDIR
        !          2705: is usually
        !          2706: .i /usr/spool/batch
        !          2707: (the actual value is defined in the news
        !          2708: .i Makefile ),
        !          2709: and
        !          2710: .i system
        !          2711: is the name of the remote system,
        !          2712: in this example
        !          2713: .cn frobozz .
        !          2714: A name of that form is necessary:
        !          2715: the
        !          2716: .i sendbatch
        !          2717: script,
        !          2718: which sends the batched news,
        !          2719: looks for a file name of this form
        !          2720: to decide if there's news for the remote system.
        !          2721: .pg
        !          2722: Your completed
        !          2723: .i sys
        !          2724: file line should look something like:
        !          2725: .si
        !          2726: .sd
        !          2727: frobozz:net,mod,na,usa,ca,to.frobozz:F:/usr/spool/batch/frobozz
        !          2728: .ed
        !          2729: .ei
        !          2730: .pg
        !          2731: In
        !          2732: .i /usr/lib/crontab ,
        !          2733: find or create at least two news lines:
        !          2734: one that runs nightly,
        !          2735: and one that runs every hour or so.
        !          2736: The nightly-run script should run
        !          2737: .i expire ,
        !          2738: trim log files,
        !          2739: and perhaps compile weekly statistics
        !          2740: that you post to a local-area newsgroup one day a week.
        !          2741: The hourly-run script should complete the transmitting task
        !          2742: with a line like:
        !          2743: .sd c
        !          2744: sendbatch -c frobozz
        !          2745: .ed
        !          2746: Make sure the script knows how to get to the directory in which
        !          2747: .i sendbatch
        !          2748: lives.
        !          2749: You can either mention the directory in the script's
        !          2750: .b PATH -setting
        !          2751: line,
        !          2752: or replace
        !          2753: .i sendbatch
        !          2754: with its full pathname.
        !          2755: .i Sendbatch
        !          2756: reads the files mentioned in
        !          2757: .i /usr/spool/batch/frobozz ,
        !          2758: batches them,
        !          2759: optionally compresses them,
        !          2760: sends them to the remote system,
        !          2761: and arranges for remote processing.
        !          2762: .pg
        !          2763: This remote processing is directed by another file in
        !          2764: .b BATCHDIR .
        !          2765: Make a file with a name of the form
        !          2766: .bi BATCHDIR \f2/system\fP.cmd
        !          2767: (for this example,
        !          2768: .i /usr/spool/batch/frobozz.cmd ).
        !          2769: Put a line in it specifying the command that the remote system
        !          2770: should execute to unpack the news batches that your system will send.
        !          2771: An example
        !          2772: .i frobozz.cmd
        !          2773: would be:
        !          2774: .sd c
        !          2775: uux - -r -z -n -gd frobozz!rnews
        !          2776: .ed
        !          2777: .pg
        !          2778: Now your system will transmit compressed batches.
        !          2779: The receiving side of the business is handled largely by a program called
        !          2780: .i rnews ,
        !          2781: which will call other programs in
        !          2782: .b LIBDIR
        !          2783: to do additional processing on the incoming batches.
        !          2784: .pg
        !          2785: Make sure there is an executable file called
        !          2786: .i rnews
        !          2787: in the
        !          2788: .b BINDIR
        !          2789: directory
        !          2790: (check the
        !          2791: .i Makefile
        !          2792: for its actual location).
        !          2793: It must be reachable by UUCP
        !          2794: or by whatever transport you'll use to transfer the netnews.
        !          2795: If you defined
        !          2796: .b BINDIR
        !          2797: as
        !          2798: .i /usr/bin ,
        !          2799: you should have no problems because
        !          2800: .i uuxqt
        !          2801: can already get there.
        !          2802: If you defined it as a different directory,
        !          2803: you may have to teach
        !          2804: .i uuxqt
        !          2805: to look in that directory;
        !          2806: accomplishing this varies from system to system.
        !          2807: On 4.2BSD, add the directory to the
        !          2808: .b PATH=
        !          2809: line of your UUCP
        !          2810: .i L.cmds
        !          2811: file.
        !          2812: On System V,
        !          2813: on the
        !          2814: .i rnews
        !          2815: line of your
        !          2816: .i L.cmds
        !          2817: file,
        !          2818: add a comma followed by
        !          2819: the remote system's name on that line.
        !          2820: If yours is in
        !          2821: .i /usr/bin/news/rnews ,
        !          2822: your
        !          2823: .i L.cmds
        !          2824: file will look like:
        !          2825: .si
        !          2826: .sd
        !          2827: [For 4.2BSD]
        !          2828: PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/bin/news
        !          2829: rnews
        !          2830: .ed
        !          2831: .sd
        !          2832: [For System V]
        !          2833: /usr/bin/news/rnews,frobozz
        !          2834: .ed
        !          2835: .ei
        !          2836: Other systems have a similar file in the
        !          2837: .i /usr/lib/uucp
        !          2838: directory by which you can specify added programs
        !          2839: and paths different from the defaults.
        !          2840: HP-UX,
        !          2841: for example,
        !          2842: has a
        !          2843: .i /usr/lib/uucp/COMMANDS
        !          2844: file which expands
        !          2845: .i uuxqt 's
        !          2846: horizons.
        !          2847: In more restrictive cases,
        !          2848: paths are compiled into
        !          2849: .i uuxqt .
        !          2850: If you can't modify any UUCP files,
        !          2851: just put
        !          2852: .i rnews
        !          2853: in
        !          2854: .i /usr/bin.
        !          2855: .pg
        !          2856: You must also have a
        !          2857: .i cunbatch
        !          2858: in
        !          2859: .b LIBDIR
        !          2860: (wherever your
        !          2861: .i Makefile
        !          2862: defines it),
        !          2863: because
        !          2864: .i rnews
        !          2865: will eventually try to exec that copy.
        !          2866: .pg
        !          2867: Tell the person at the other end of your newsfeed to use
        !          2868: .i "sendbatch \-c"
        !          2869: to send you news.
        !          2870: Once that's in place,
        !          2871: watch your UUCP
        !          2872: .i LOGFILE
        !          2873: and your news
        !          2874: .i log
        !          2875: and
        !          2876: .i errlog
        !          2877: files to ensure that news is being correctly received and unpacked
        !          2878: on your system.
        !          2879: .pg
        !          2880: Older compressed batching systems will try to exec
        !          2881: .i cunbatch
        !          2882: instead of
        !          2883: .i rnews .
        !          2884: If you are still communicating with these, leave 
        !          2885: .i cunbatch
        !          2886: in 
        !          2887: .b BINDIR
        !          2888: until they have upgraded their software.
        !          2889: .bp
        !          2890: .hu
        !          2891: Appendix B: MULTICAST
        !          2892: .pg
        !          2893: If this is defined (in
        !          2894: .i defs.h )
        !          2895: then two new flag characters
        !          2896: become defined in the
        !          2897: .i sys
        !          2898: file.
        !          2899: The first,
        !          2900: and most important,
        !          2901: of these is the
        !          2902: .b M
        !          2903: flag.
        !          2904: .pg
        !          2905: If the
        !          2906: .b M
        !          2907: flag is set on some line in the
        !          2908: .i sys
        !          2909: file,
        !          2910: then the fourth field (transfer command) is redefined to become a
        !          2911: .i multicast
        !          2912: name.
        !          2913: That is simply another system name,
        !          2914: expected to be found in the first field of some line in the
        !          2915: .i sys
        !          2916: file (textually following the line containing the
        !          2917: .b M
        !          2918: flag).
        !          2919: .pg
        !          2920: When a news item is being retransmitted,
        !          2921: if it should (according to the subscription list) be sent to a system
        !          2922: that has the
        !          2923: .b M
        !          2924: flag set,
        !          2925: then instead of a command being run immediately to transmit the news,
        !          2926: the news system remembers the system name,
        !          2927: along with the multicast name (fourth field).
        !          2928: .pg
        !          2929: Eventually the multicast system name is found in first field of a sys file line.
        !          2930: If its subscription list allows transmission of this news item,
        !          2931: then its command will be executed.
        !          2932: This command may have up to two \*(lq%s\*(rq substitutions in it.
        !          2933: The second of those is replaced by the name of a file
        !          2934: containing the news item (used with the
        !          2935: .b U
        !          2936: flag).
        !          2937: The first is subjected to rather special treatment.
        !          2938: The whole \*(lqword\*(rq (delimited by white space)
        !          2939: containing that \*(lq%s\*(rq is duplicated as many times
        !          2940: as there were systems with the
        !          2941: .b M
        !          2942: flag set that referenced this multicast name
        !          2943: (which might be 0 times,
        !          2944: causing that \*(lqword\*(rq to be omitted).
        !          2945: In each of these duplicates,
        !          2946: the \*(lq%s\*(rq is replaced by the name of a system.
        !          2947: Note the multicast system name itself is not included in this process.
        !          2948: Then the command is executed as usual.
        !          2949: .pg
        !          2950: The second flag available if the news system is built with
        !          2951: .b MULTICAST
        !          2952: defined is
        !          2953: .b O .
        !          2954: If this flag is set,
        !          2955: then the sys file line will be ignored unless the system name is
        !          2956: a multicast name from some earlier line with the
        !          2957: .b M
        !          2958: flag,
        !          2959: and the news item is to be sent to that (earlier) system.
        !          2960: This allows the subscription list for the multicast system name
        !          2961: (which is likely to be a fake system name,
        !          2962: invented just for this purpose)
        !          2963: to be given a very wide subscription list
        !          2964: (like
        !          2965: .ng all )
        !          2966: without any unusual effects.
        !          2967: .pg
        !          2968: Here is an example.
        !          2969: Assume that you wish to forward
        !          2970: .ng net.unix
        !          2971: to four people by mail.
        !          2972: You could do this as ...
        !          2973: .si
        !          2974: .sd
        !          2975: fred:net.unix::mail fred
        !          2976: harry:net.unix::mail harry
        !          2977: jane:net.unix::mail jane
        !          2978: tony:net.unix::mail tony
        !          2979: .ed
        !          2980: .ei
        !          2981: however this causes the mail program to be started 4 times,
        !          2982: once for each recipient.
        !          2983: On some systems starting the mail program is a very expensive operation.
        !          2984: If
        !          2985: .b MULTICAST 
        !          2986: is defined,
        !          2987: an alternative method is
        !          2988: .si
        !          2989: .sd
        !          2990: fred:net.unix:M:tony
        !          2991: harry:net.unix:M:tony
        !          2992: jane:net.unix:M:tony
        !          2993: tony:net.unix::mail tony %s
        !          2994: .ed
        !          2995: .ei
        !          2996: This would cause just one command to be run:
        !          2997: \*(lqmail tony fred harry jane\*(rq.
        !          2998: Note that \*(lqtony\*(rq must still be explicitly included in the argument
        !          2999: list to the mail command;
        !          3000: the \*(lq%s\*(rq does not expand to include
        !          3001: the multicast \*(lqsystem name\*(rq itself.
        !          3002: .pg
        !          3003: A more useful way of doing this,
        !          3004: which does not assume that all the mail readers
        !          3005: will want to read the same newsgroups is as follows.
        !          3006: .si
        !          3007: .sd
        !          3008: fred:net.unix:M:Mail
        !          3009: harry:net.physics,net.astro:M:Mail
        !          3010: jane:net.unix-wizards,net.women:M:Mail
        !          3011: tony:net.unix,net.unix-wizards,net.jokes:M:Mail
        !          3012: Mail:all:O:mail %s
        !          3013: .ed
        !          3014: .ei
        !          3015: .pg
        !          3016: Now,
        !          3017: if a news item in group
        !          3018: .ng net.unix
        !          3019: was received,
        !          3020: the command
        !          3021: .sd c
        !          3022: mail fred tony
        !          3023: .ed
        !          3024: would be executed.
        !          3025: If the news were in both
        !          3026: .ng net.unix
        !          3027: and
        !          3028: .ng net.unix-wizards
        !          3029: then the command would be
        !          3030: .sd c
        !          3031: mail fred jane tony
        !          3032: .ed
        !          3033: .pg
        !          3034: If a newsitem in
        !          3035: .ng net.med
        !          3036: (which no-one gets by mail) arrives,
        !          3037: then the \*(lqMail\*(rq line will be ignored,
        !          3038: because of the
        !          3039: .b O
        !          3040: flag.
        !          3041: \*(lqMail\*(rq is a fake system invented just so its \*(lqtransfer command\*(rq
        !          3042: can be used to send news to the other recipients.
        !          3043: .pg
        !          3044: The same kind of technique can be used for normal transfer
        !          3045: of news to other systems if your transport network supports
        !          3046: a facility to send to many other systems in one command.
        !          3047: (That is,
        !          3048: if it has a multicast facility.)
        !          3049: SunIII (the network used in Australia) has this ability,
        !          3050: so a typical Australian
        !          3051: .i sys
        !          3052: file looks like
        !          3053: .sd
        !          3054: emuvax:aus,net,mod,fa:M:FakeName
        !          3055: kremlin:aus,net,mod:M:FakeName
        !          3056: kanga:aus,net,!net.all,net.unix:M:FakeName
        !          3057: FakeName:all:OUS:/bin/sendfile -NRSareporter -d%s -x%s
        !          3058: .ed
        !          3059: .pg
        !          3060: A news item in
        !          3061: .ng aus.general
        !          3062: causes the following command
        !          3063: .sd c
        !          3064: /bin/sendfile -NRSareporter -demuvax -dkremlin -dkanga -x/usr/spool/...
        !          3065: .ed
        !          3066: to be executed.
        !          3067: Just one command is run to send the news to three remote systems.
        !          3068: .pg
        !          3069: If a multicast system has the
        !          3070: .b F
        !          3071: flag set,
        !          3072: then the name of a file containing the news is appended to the file
        !          3073: whose name is in the fourth field,
        !          3074: as usual.
        !          3075: But on the same line,
        !          3076: separated by spaces,
        !          3077: will be appended the names of all the systems
        !          3078: that referenced this multicast system.
        !          3079: .pg
        !          3080: For example,
        !          3081: if the Australian site wanted to batch news,
        !          3082: instead of sending it directly,
        !          3083: it would simply change the last line of its
        !          3084: .i sys
        !          3085: file to
        !          3086: .sd c
        !          3087: FakeName:all:F:/usr/spool/batched/allsites
        !          3088: .ed
        !          3089: .pg
        !          3090: Then a news item in
        !          3091: .ng net.jobs
        !          3092: would cause the following line to be appended to
        !          3093: .i /usr/spool/batched/allsites
        !          3094: .sd c
        !          3095: /usr/spool/news/net/jobs/5542 emuvax kremlin
        !          3096: .ed
        !          3097: .pg
        !          3098: This can then be processed later, in something like the normal manner.
        !          3099: (Unfortunately no commands to do this processing are yet available).
        !          3100: .pg
        !          3101: Caution: when
        !          3102: .b MULTICAST
        !          3103: is defined,
        !          3104: the first \*(lq%s\*(rq in all transfer commands is used for multicast,
        !          3105: regardless of whether or not the system name is ever used as the last field
        !          3106: of some line with the
        !          3107: .b M
        !          3108: flag set.
        !          3109: To use the
        !          3110: .b U
        !          3111: flag in such a case,
        !          3112: a dummy \*(lq%s\*(rq should be used,
        !          3113: it will simply be omitted from the command that is executed.
        !          3114: .pg
        !          3115: As an example,
        !          3116: if a
        !          3117: .i sys
        !          3118: file line were
        !          3119: .sd c
        !          3120: foovax:net,na,usa:U:uux - foovax!foonews <%s
        !          3121: .ed
        !          3122: without
        !          3123: .b MULTICAST ,
        !          3124: it would need to be changed to
        !          3125: .sd c
        !          3126: foovax:net,na,usa:U:uux - foovax!foonews %s <%s
        !          3127: .ed
        !          3128: if
        !          3129: .b MULTICAST
        !          3130: were defined.
        !          3131: .pg
        !          3132: Additional caution:
        !          3133: The numbers of system names that may be used
        !          3134: in this way are quite severly restricted.
        !          3135: Typically there may only be about 10 multicast system names,
        !          3136: and each of those is restricted to sending to no more than about 20 systems.
        !          3137: These limits are dynamic
        !          3138: (that is,
        !          3139: the numbers counted are the number of multicast systems
        !          3140: receiving any single news item,
        !          3141: and the number of systems that each of those
        !          3142: will actually cause this particular news item to be sent to).
        !          3143: These limits should easily suffice for real news sending to remote systems;
        !          3144: however they are not likely to suffice if you want to mail news to everyone
        !          3145: on your host.

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