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1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)ex.rm       6.1 (Berkeley) 5/30/86
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .EH 'USD:16-%''Ex Reference Manual'
        !             8: .OH 'Ex Reference Manual''USD:16-%'
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        !            11: .nr )P 0
        !            12: .if \\n(.$=0 .IP
        !            13: .if \\n(.$=1 .IP "\\$1"
        !            14: .if \\n(.$>=2 .IP "\\$1" "\\$2"
        !            15: .nr )P \\n(pd
        !            16: .rm pd
        !            17: ..
        !            18: .de LC
        !            19: .br
        !            20: .sp .1i
        !            21: .ne 4
        !            22: .LP
        !            23: .ta 4.0i
        !            24: ..
        !            25: .bd S B 3
        !            26: .\".RP
        !            27: .TL
        !            28: Ex Reference Manual
        !            29: .br
        !            30: Version 3.7
        !            31: .AU
        !            32: William Joy
        !            33: .AU
        !            34: Mark Horton
        !            35: .AI
        !            36: Computer Science Division
        !            37: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
        !            38: University of California, Berkeley
        !            39: Berkeley, Ca.  94720
        !            40: .AB
        !            41: .I Ex
        !            42: a line oriented text editor, which supports both command and display
        !            43: oriented editing.
        !            44: This reference manual describes the command oriented part of
        !            45: .I ex;
        !            46: the display editing features of
        !            47: .I ex
        !            48: are described in
        !            49: .I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi."
        !            50: Other documents about the editor include the introduction
        !            51: .I "Edit: A tutorial",
        !            52: the
        !            53: .I "Ex/edit Command Summary",
        !            54: and a
        !            55: .I "Vi Quick Reference"
        !            56: card.
        !            57: .AE
        !            58: .NH 1
        !            59: Starting ex
        !            60: .PP
        !            61: .FS
        !            62: The financial support of an \s-2IBM\s0 Graduate Fellowship and the National
        !            63: Science Foundation under grants MCS74-07644-A03 and MCS78-07291 is gratefully
        !            64: acknowledged.
        !            65: .FE
        !            66: Each instance of the editor has a set of options,
        !            67: which can be set to tailor it to your liking.
        !            68: The command
        !            69: .I edit
        !            70: invokes a version of
        !            71: .I ex
        !            72: designed for more casual or beginning
        !            73: users by changing the default settings of some of these options.
        !            74: To simplify the description which follows we
        !            75: assume the default settings of the options.
        !            76: .PP
        !            77: When invoked,
        !            78: .I ex
        !            79: determines the terminal type from the \s-2TERM\s0 variable in the environment.
        !            80: It there is a \s-2TERMCAP\s0 variable in the environment, and the type
        !            81: of the terminal described there matches the \s-2TERM\s0 variable,
        !            82: then that description
        !            83: is used.  Also if the \s-2TERMCAP\s0 variable contains a pathname (beginning
        !            84: with a \fB/\fR) then the editor will seek the description of the terminal
        !            85: in that file (rather than the default /etc/termcap).
        !            86: If there is a variable \s-2EXINIT\s0 in the environment, then the editor
        !            87: will execute the commands in that variable,
        !            88: otherwise if there is a file
        !            89: .I \&.exrc
        !            90: in your \s-2HOME\s0 directory
        !            91: .I ex
        !            92: reads commands from that file, simulating a
        !            93: .I source
        !            94: command.
        !            95: Option setting commands placed in
        !            96: \s-2EXINIT\s0 or
        !            97: .I \&.exrc
        !            98: will be executed before each editor session.
        !            99: .PP
        !           100: A command to enter
        !           101: .I ex
        !           102: has the following prototype:\(dg
        !           103: .FS
        !           104: \(dg Brackets `[' `]' surround optional parameters here.
        !           105: .FE
        !           106: .DS
        !           107: \fBex\fP [ \fB\-\fP ] [ \fB\-v\fP ] [ \fB\-t\fP \fItag\fP ] [ \fB\-r\fP ] [ \fB\-l\fP ] [ \fB\-w\fP\fIn\fP ] [ \fB\-x\fP ] [ \fB\-R\fP ] [ \fB+\fP\fIcommand\fP ] name ...
        !           108: .DE
        !           109: The most common case edits a single file with no options, i.e.:
        !           110: .DS
        !           111: \fBex\fR name
        !           112: .DE
        !           113: The
        !           114: .B \-
        !           115: command line option
        !           116: option suppresses all interactive-user feedback
        !           117: and is useful in processing editor scripts in command files.
        !           118: The
        !           119: .B \-v
        !           120: option is equivalent to using
        !           121: .I vi
        !           122: rather than
        !           123: .I ex.
        !           124: The
        !           125: .B \-t
        !           126: option is equivalent to an initial
        !           127: .I tag
        !           128: command, editing the file containing the
        !           129: .I tag
        !           130: and positioning the editor at its definition.
        !           131: The
        !           132: .B \-r
        !           133: option is used in recovering after an editor or system crash,
        !           134: retrieving the last saved version of the named file or,
        !           135: if no file is specified,
        !           136: typing a list of saved files.
        !           137: The
        !           138: .B \-l
        !           139: option sets up for editing \s-2LISP\s0, setting the
        !           140: .I showmatch
        !           141: and
        !           142: .I lisp
        !           143: options.
        !           144: The
        !           145: .B \-w
        !           146: option sets the default window size to
        !           147: .I n,
        !           148: and is useful on dialups to start in small windows.
        !           149: The
        !           150: .B \-x
        !           151: option causes
        !           152: .I ex
        !           153: to prompt for a
        !           154: .I key ,
        !           155: which is used to encrypt and decrypt the contents of the file,
        !           156: which should already be encrypted using the same key,
        !           157: see
        !           158: .I crypt (1).
        !           159: The
        !           160: .B \-R
        !           161: option sets the
        !           162: .I readonly
        !           163: option at the start.
        !           164: .I Name
        !           165: arguments indicate files to be edited.
        !           166: An argument of the form
        !           167: \fB+\fIcommand\fR
        !           168: indicates that the editor should begin by executing the specified command.
        !           169: If
        !           170: .I command
        !           171: is omitted, then it defaults to ``$'', positioning the editor at the last
        !           172: line of the first file initially.  Other useful commands here are scanning
        !           173: patterns of the form ``/pat'' or line numbers, e.g. ``+100'' starting
        !           174: at line 100.
        !           175: .NH 1
        !           176: File manipulation
        !           177: .NH 2
        !           178: Current file
        !           179: .PP
        !           180: .I Ex
        !           181: is normally editing the contents of a single file,
        !           182: whose name is recorded in the
        !           183: .I current
        !           184: file name.
        !           185: .I Ex
        !           186: performs all editing actions in a buffer
        !           187: (actually a temporary file)
        !           188: into which the text of the file is initially read.
        !           189: Changes made to the buffer have no effect on the file being
        !           190: edited unless and until the buffer contents are written out to the
        !           191: file with a
        !           192: .I write
        !           193: command.
        !           194: After the buffer contents are written,
        !           195: the previous contents of the written file are no longer accessible.
        !           196: When a file is edited,
        !           197: its name becomes the current file name,
        !           198: and its contents are read into the buffer.
        !           199: .PP
        !           200: The current file is almost always considered to be
        !           201: .I edited.
        !           202: This means that the contents of the buffer are logically
        !           203: connected with the current file name,
        !           204: so that writing the current buffer contents onto that file,
        !           205: even if it exists,
        !           206: is a reasonable action.
        !           207: If the current file is not 
        !           208: .I edited
        !           209: then
        !           210: .I ex
        !           211: will not normally write on it if it already exists.*
        !           212: .FS
        !           213: * The
        !           214: .I file
        !           215: command will say ``[Not edited]'' if the current file is not considered
        !           216: edited.
        !           217: .FE
        !           218: .NH 2
        !           219: Alternate file
        !           220: .PP
        !           221: Each time a new value is given to the current file name,
        !           222: the previous current file name is saved as the
        !           223: .I alternate
        !           224: file name.
        !           225: Similarly if a file is mentioned but does not become the current file,
        !           226: it is saved as the alternate file name.
        !           227: .NH 2
        !           228: Filename expansion
        !           229: .PP
        !           230: Filenames within the editor may be specified using the normal
        !           231: shell expansion conventions.
        !           232: In addition,
        !           233: the character `%' in filenames is replaced by the
        !           234: .I current
        !           235: file name and the character
        !           236: `#' by the
        !           237: .I alternate
        !           238: file name.\(dg
        !           239: .FS
        !           240: \(dg This makes it easy to deal alternately with
        !           241: two files and eliminates the need for retyping the
        !           242: name supplied on an
        !           243: .I edit
        !           244: command after a 
        !           245: .I "No write since last change"
        !           246: diagnostic is received.
        !           247: .FE
        !           248: .NH 2
        !           249: Multiple files and named buffers
        !           250: .PP
        !           251: If more than one file is given on the command line,
        !           252: then the first file is edited as described above.
        !           253: The remaining arguments are placed with the first file in the
        !           254: .I "argument list."
        !           255: The current argument list may be displayed with the
        !           256: .I args
        !           257: command.
        !           258: The next file in the argument list may be edited with the
        !           259: .I next
        !           260: command.
        !           261: The argument list may also be respecified by specifying
        !           262: a list of names to the
        !           263: .I next
        !           264: command.
        !           265: These names are expanded,
        !           266: the resulting list of names becomes the new argument list,
        !           267: and
        !           268: .I ex
        !           269: edits the first file on the list.
        !           270: .PP
        !           271: For saving blocks of text while editing, and especially when editing
        !           272: more than one file,
        !           273: .I ex
        !           274: has a group of named buffers.
        !           275: These are similar to the normal buffer, except that only a limited number
        !           276: of operations are available on them.
        !           277: The buffers have names
        !           278: .I a
        !           279: through
        !           280: .I z.\(dd
        !           281: .FS
        !           282: \(dd It is also possible to refer to
        !           283: .I A
        !           284: through
        !           285: .I Z;
        !           286: the upper case buffers are the same as the lower but commands
        !           287: append to named buffers rather than replacing
        !           288: if upper case names are used.
        !           289: .FE
        !           290: .NH 2
        !           291: Read only
        !           292: .PP
        !           293: It is possible to use
        !           294: .I ex
        !           295: in
        !           296: .I "read only"
        !           297: mode to look at files that you have no intention of modifying.
        !           298: This mode protects you from accidently overwriting the file.
        !           299: Read only mode is on when the
        !           300: .I readonly
        !           301: option is set.
        !           302: It can be turned on with the
        !           303: .B \-R
        !           304: command line option,
        !           305: by the
        !           306: .I view
        !           307: command line invocation,
        !           308: or by setting the
        !           309: .I readonly
        !           310: option.
        !           311: It can be cleared by setting
        !           312: .I noreadonly .
        !           313: It is possible to write, even while in read only mode, by indicating
        !           314: that you really know what you are doing.
        !           315: You can write to a different file, or can use the ! form of write,
        !           316: even while in read only mode.
        !           317: .NH 1
        !           318: Exceptional Conditions
        !           319: .NH 2
        !           320: Errors and interrupts
        !           321: .PP
        !           322: When errors occur
        !           323: .I ex
        !           324: (optionally) rings the terminal bell and, in any case, prints an error
        !           325: diagnostic.  If the primary input is from a file, editor processing
        !           326: will terminate.  If an interrupt signal is received,
        !           327: .I ex
        !           328: prints ``Interrupt'' and returns to its command level.  If the primary
        !           329: input is a file, then
        !           330: .I ex
        !           331: will exit when this occurs.
        !           332: .NH 2
        !           333: Recovering from hangups and crashes
        !           334: .PP
        !           335: If a hangup signal is received and the buffer has been modified since
        !           336: it was last written out, or if the system crashes, either the editor
        !           337: (in the first case) or the system (after it reboots in the second) will
        !           338: attempt to preserve the buffer.  The next time you log in you should be
        !           339: able to recover the work you were doing, losing at most a few lines of
        !           340: changes from the last point before the hangup or editor crash.  To
        !           341: recover a file you can use the
        !           342: .B \-r
        !           343: option.  If you were editing the file
        !           344: .I resume,
        !           345: then you should change
        !           346: to the directory where you were when the crash occurred, giving the command
        !           347: .DS
        !           348: \fBex \-r\fP\fI resume\fP
        !           349: .DE
        !           350: After checking that the retrieved file is indeed ok, you can
        !           351: .I write
        !           352: it over the previous contents of that file.
        !           353: .PP
        !           354: You will normally get mail from the system telling you when a file has
        !           355: been saved after a crash.  The command
        !           356: .DS
        !           357: \fBex\fP \-\fBr\fP
        !           358: .DE
        !           359: will print a list of the files which have been saved for you.
        !           360: (In the case of a hangup,
        !           361: the file will not appear in the list,
        !           362: although it can be recovered.)
        !           363: .NH 1
        !           364: Editing modes
        !           365: .PP
        !           366: .I Ex
        !           367: has five distinct modes.  The primary mode is
        !           368: .I command
        !           369: mode.  Commands are entered in command mode when a `:' prompt is
        !           370: present, and are executed each time a complete line is sent.  In
        !           371: .I "text input"
        !           372: mode
        !           373: .I ex
        !           374: gathers input lines and places them in the file.  The
        !           375: .I append,
        !           376: .I insert,
        !           377: and
        !           378: .I change
        !           379: commands use text input mode.
        !           380: No prompt is printed when you are in text input mode.
        !           381: This mode is left by typing a `.' alone at the beginning of a line, and
        !           382: .I command
        !           383: mode resumes.
        !           384: .PP
        !           385: The last three modes are
        !           386: .I open
        !           387: and
        !           388: .I visual
        !           389: modes, entered by the commands of the same name, and, within open and
        !           390: visual modes
        !           391: .I "text insertion"
        !           392: mode.
        !           393: .I Open
        !           394: and
        !           395: .I visual
        !           396: modes allow local editing operations to be performed on the text in the
        !           397: file.  The
        !           398: .I open
        !           399: command displays one line at a time on any terminal while
        !           400: .I visual
        !           401: works on \s-2CRT\s0 terminals with random positioning cursors, using the
        !           402: screen as a (single) window for file editing changes.
        !           403: These modes are described (only) in
        !           404: .I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi."
        !           405: .NH 
        !           406: Command structure
        !           407: .PP
        !           408: Most command names are English words,
        !           409: and initial prefixes of the words are acceptable abbreviations.
        !           410: The ambiguity of abbreviations is resolved in favor of the more commonly
        !           411: used commands.*
        !           412: .FS
        !           413: * As an example, the command 
        !           414: .I substitute
        !           415: can be abbreviated `s'
        !           416: while the shortest available abbreviation for the 
        !           417: .I set
        !           418: command is `se'.
        !           419: .FE
        !           420: .NH 2
        !           421: Command parameters
        !           422: .PP
        !           423: Most commands accept prefix addresses specifying the lines in the file
        !           424: upon which they are to have effect.
        !           425: The forms of these addresses will be discussed below.
        !           426: A number of commands also may take a trailing
        !           427: .I count
        !           428: specifying the number of lines to be involved in the command.\(dg
        !           429: .FS
        !           430: \(dg Counts are rounded down if necessary.
        !           431: .FE
        !           432: Thus the command ``10p'' will print the tenth line in the buffer while
        !           433: ``delete 5'' will delete five lines from the buffer,
        !           434: starting with the current line.
        !           435: .PP
        !           436: Some commands take other information or parameters,
        !           437: this information always being given after the command name.\(dd
        !           438: .FS
        !           439: \(dd Examples would be option names in a
        !           440: .I set
        !           441: command i.e. ``set number'',
        !           442: a file name in an
        !           443: .I edit
        !           444: command,
        !           445: a regular expression in a
        !           446: .I substitute
        !           447: command,
        !           448: or a target address for a
        !           449: .I copy
        !           450: command, i.e. ``1,5 copy 25''.
        !           451: .FE
        !           452: .NH 2
        !           453: Command variants
        !           454: .PP
        !           455: A number of commands have two distinct variants.
        !           456: The variant form of the command is invoked by placing an
        !           457: `!' immediately after the command name.
        !           458: Some of the default variants may be controlled by options;
        !           459: in this case, the `!' serves to toggle the default.
        !           460: .NH 2
        !           461: Flags after commands
        !           462: .PP
        !           463: The characters `#', `p' and `l' may be placed after many commands.**
        !           464: .FS
        !           465: **
        !           466: A `p' or `l' must be preceded by a blank or tab
        !           467: except in the single special case `dp'.
        !           468: .FE
        !           469: In this case, the command abbreviated by these characters
        !           470: is executed after the command completes.
        !           471: Since
        !           472: .I ex
        !           473: normally prints the new current line after each change, `p' is rarely necessary.
        !           474: Any number of `+' or `\-' characters may also be given with these flags.
        !           475: If they appear, the specified offset is applied to the current line
        !           476: value before the printing command is executed.
        !           477: .NH 2
        !           478: Comments
        !           479: .PP
        !           480: It is possible to give editor commands which are ignored.
        !           481: This is useful when making complex editor scripts
        !           482: for which comments are desired.
        !           483: The comment character is the double quote: ".
        !           484: Any command line beginning with " is ignored.
        !           485: Comments beginning with " may also be placed at the ends
        !           486: of commands, except in cases where they could be confused as part
        !           487: of text (shell escapes and the substitute and map commands).
        !           488: .NH 2
        !           489: Multiple commands per line
        !           490: .PP
        !           491: More than one command may be placed on a line by separating each pair
        !           492: of commands by a `|' character.
        !           493: However the
        !           494: .I global
        !           495: commands,
        !           496: comments,
        !           497: and the shell escape `!'
        !           498: must be the last command on a line, as they are not terminated by a `|'.
        !           499: .NH 2
        !           500: Reporting large changes
        !           501: .PP
        !           502: Most commands which change the contents of the editor buffer give
        !           503: feedback if the scope of the change exceeds a threshold given by the
        !           504: .I report
        !           505: option.
        !           506: This feedback helps to detect undesirably large changes so that they may
        !           507: be quickly and easily reversed with an
        !           508: .I undo.
        !           509: After commands with more global effect such as
        !           510: .I global
        !           511: or
        !           512: .I visual,
        !           513: you will be informed if the net change in the number of lines
        !           514: in the buffer during this command exceeds this threshold.
        !           515: .NH 1
        !           516: Command addressing
        !           517: .NH 2
        !           518: Addressing primitives
        !           519: .IP \fB.\fR 20
        !           520: The current line.
        !           521: Most commands leave the current line as the last line which they affect.
        !           522: The default address for most commands is the current line,
        !           523: thus `\fB.\fR' is rarely used alone as an address.
        !           524: .IP \fIn\fR 20
        !           525: The \fIn\fRth line in the editor's buffer, lines being numbered
        !           526: sequentially from 1.
        !           527: .IP \fB$\fR 20
        !           528: The last line in the buffer.
        !           529: .IP \fB%\fR 20
        !           530: An abbreviation for ``1,$'', the entire buffer.
        !           531: .IP \fI+n\fR\ \fI\-n\fR 20
        !           532: An offset relative to the current buffer line.\(dg
        !           533: .FS
        !           534: \(dg
        !           535: The forms `.+3' `+3' and `+++' are all equivalent;
        !           536: if the current line is line 100 they all address line 103.
        !           537: .FE
        !           538: .IP \fB/\fIpat\fR\fB/\fR\ \fB?\fIpat\fR\fB?\fR 20
        !           539: Scan forward and backward respectively for a line containing \fIpat\fR, a
        !           540: regular expression (as defined below).  The scans normally wrap around the end
        !           541: of the buffer.
        !           542: If all that is desired is to print the next line containing \fIpat\fR, then
        !           543: the trailing \fB/\fR or \fB?\fR may be omitted.
        !           544: If \fIpat\fP is omitted or explicitly empty, then the last
        !           545: regular expression specified is located.\(dd
        !           546: .FS
        !           547: \(dd The forms \fB\e/\fP and \fB\e?\fP scan
        !           548: using the last regular expression used in a scan; after a substitute
        !           549: \fB//\fP and \fB??\fP would scan using the substitute's regular expression.
        !           550: .FE
        !           551: .IP \fB\(aa\(aa\fP\ \fB\(aa\fP\fIx\fP 20
        !           552: Before each non-relative motion of the current line `\fB.\fP',
        !           553: the previous current line is marked with a tag, subsequently referred to as
        !           554: `\(aa\(aa'.
        !           555: This makes it easy to refer or return to this previous context.
        !           556: Marks may also be established by the
        !           557: .I mark
        !           558: command, using single lower case letters
        !           559: .I x
        !           560: and the marked lines referred to as
        !           561: `\(aa\fIx\fR'.
        !           562: .NH 2
        !           563: Combining addressing primitives
        !           564: .PP
        !           565: Addresses to commands consist of a series of addressing primitives,
        !           566: separated by `,' or `;'.
        !           567: Such address lists are evaluated left-to-right.
        !           568: When addresses are separated by `;' the current line `\fB.\fR'
        !           569: is set to the value of the previous addressing expression
        !           570: before the next address is interpreted.
        !           571: If more addresses are given than the command requires,
        !           572: then all but the last one or two are ignored.
        !           573: If the command takes two addresses, the first addressed line must
        !           574: precede the second in the buffer.\(dg
        !           575: .FS
        !           576: \(dg Null address specifications are permitted in a list of addresses,
        !           577: the default in this case is the current line `.';
        !           578: thus `,100' is equivalent to `\fB.\fR,100'.
        !           579: It is an error to give a prefix address to a command which expects none.
        !           580: .FE
        !           581: .NH 1
        !           582: Command descriptions
        !           583: .PP
        !           584: The following form is a prototype for all
        !           585: .I ex
        !           586: commands:
        !           587: .DS
        !           588: \fIaddress\fR \fBcommand\fR \fI! parameters count flags\fR
        !           589: .DE
        !           590: All parts are optional; the degenerate case is the empty command which prints
        !           591: the next line in the file.  For sanity with use from within
        !           592: .I visual
        !           593: mode,
        !           594: .I ex
        !           595: ignores a ``:'' preceding any command.
        !           596: .PP
        !           597: In the following command descriptions, the
        !           598: default addresses are shown in parentheses,
        !           599: which are
        !           600: .I not,
        !           601: however,
        !           602: part of the command.
        !           603: .LC
        !           604: \fBabbreviate\fR \fIword rhs\fP        abbr: \fBab\fP
        !           605: .ZP
        !           606: Add the named abbreviation to the current list.
        !           607: When in input mode in visual, if
        !           608: .I word
        !           609: is typed as a complete word, it will be changed to
        !           610: .I rhs .
        !           611: .LC
        !           612: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBappend\fR       abbr: \fBa\fR
        !           613: .br
        !           614: \fItext\fR
        !           615: .br
        !           616: \&\fB.\fR
        !           617: .ZP
        !           618: Reads the input text and places it after the specified line.
        !           619: After the command, `\fB.\fR'
        !           620: addresses the last line input or the
        !           621: specified line if no lines were input.
        !           622: If address `0' is given,
        !           623: text is placed at the beginning of the buffer.
        !           624: .LC
        !           625: \fBa!\fR
        !           626: .br
        !           627: \fItext\fR
        !           628: .br
        !           629: \&\fB.\fR
        !           630: .ZP
        !           631: The variant flag to
        !           632: .I append
        !           633: toggles the setting for the
        !           634: .I autoindent
        !           635: option during the input of
        !           636: .I text.
        !           637: .LC
        !           638: \fBargs\fR
        !           639: .ZP
        !           640: The members of the argument list are printed, with the current argument
        !           641: delimited by `[' and `]'.
        !           642: .ig
        !           643: .PP
        !           644: \fBcd\fR \fIdirectory\fR
        !           645: .ZP
        !           646: The
        !           647: .I cd
        !           648: command is a synonym for
        !           649: .I chdir.
        !           650: ..
        !           651: .LC
        !           652: ( \fB.\fP , \fB.\fP ) \fBchange\fP \fIcount\fP abbr: \fBc\fP
        !           653: .br
        !           654: \fItext\fP
        !           655: .br
        !           656: \&\fB.\fP
        !           657: .ZP
        !           658: Replaces the specified lines with the input \fItext\fP.
        !           659: The current line becomes the last line input;
        !           660: if no lines were input it is left as for a
        !           661: \fIdelete\fP.
        !           662: .LC
        !           663: \fBc!\fP
        !           664: .br
        !           665: \fItext\fP
        !           666: .br
        !           667: \&\fB.\fP
        !           668: .ZP
        !           669: The variant toggles
        !           670: .I autoindent
        !           671: during the
        !           672: .I change.
        !           673: .ig
        !           674: .LC
        !           675: \fBchdir\fR \fIdirectory\fR
        !           676: .ZP
        !           677: The specified \fIdirectory\fR becomes the current directory.
        !           678: If no directory is specified, the current value of the
        !           679: .I home
        !           680: option is used as the target directory.
        !           681: After a
        !           682: .I chdir
        !           683: the current file is not considered to have been
        !           684: edited so that write restrictions on pre-existing files apply.
        !           685: ..
        !           686: .LC
        !           687: ( \fB.\fP , \fB.\fP )\|\fBcopy\fP \fIaddr\fP \fIflags\fP       abbr: \fBco\fP
        !           688: .ZP
        !           689: A
        !           690: .I copy
        !           691: of the specified lines is placed after
        !           692: .I addr,
        !           693: which may be `0'.
        !           694: The current line
        !           695: `\fB.\fR'
        !           696: addresses the last line of the copy.
        !           697: The command
        !           698: .I t
        !           699: is a synonym for
        !           700: .I copy.
        !           701: .LC
        !           702: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fBdelete\fR \fIbuffer\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR       abbr: \fBd\fR
        !           703: .ZP
        !           704: Removes the specified lines from the buffer.
        !           705: The line after the last line deleted becomes the current line;
        !           706: if the lines deleted were originally at the end,
        !           707: the new last line becomes the current line.
        !           708: If a named
        !           709: .I buffer
        !           710: is specified by giving a letter,
        !           711: then the specified lines are saved in that buffer,
        !           712: or appended to it if an upper case letter is used.
        !           713: .LC
        !           714: \fBedit\fR \fIfile\fR  abbr: \fBe\fR
        !           715: .br
        !           716: \fBex\fR \fIfile\fR
        !           717: .ZP
        !           718: Used to begin an editing session on a new file.
        !           719: The editor
        !           720: first checks to see if the buffer has been modified since the last
        !           721: .I write
        !           722: command was issued.
        !           723: If it has been,
        !           724: a warning is issued and the
        !           725: command is aborted.
        !           726: The
        !           727: command otherwise deletes the entire contents of the editor buffer,
        !           728: makes the named file the current file and prints the new filename.
        !           729: After insuring that this file is sensible\(dg
        !           730: .FS
        !           731: \(dg I.e., that it is not a binary file such as a directory,
        !           732: a block or character special file other than
        !           733: .I /dev/tty,
        !           734: a terminal,
        !           735: or a binary or executable file
        !           736: (as indicated by the first word).
        !           737: .FE
        !           738: the editor reads the file into its buffer.
        !           739: .IP
        !           740: If the read of the file completes without error,
        !           741: the number of lines and characters read is typed.
        !           742: If there were any non-\s-2ASCII\s0 characters
        !           743: in the file they are stripped of their non-\s-2ASCII\s0
        !           744: high bits,
        !           745: and any null characters in the file are discarded.
        !           746: If none of these errors occurred, the file is considered
        !           747: .I edited.
        !           748: If the last line of the input file is missing the trailing
        !           749: newline character, it will be supplied and a complaint will be issued.
        !           750: This command leaves the current line `\fB.\fR' at the last line read.\(dd
        !           751: .FS
        !           752: \(dd If executed from within
        !           753: .I open
        !           754: or
        !           755: .I visual,
        !           756: the current line is initially the first line of the file.
        !           757: .FE
        !           758: .LC
        !           759: \fBe!\fR \fIfile\fR
        !           760: .ZP
        !           761: The variant form suppresses the complaint about modifications having
        !           762: been made and not written from the editor buffer, thus
        !           763: discarding all changes which have been made before editing the new file.
        !           764: .LC
        !           765: \fBe\fR \fB+\fIn\fR \fIfile\fR
        !           766: .ZP
        !           767: Causes the editor to begin at line
        !           768: .I n
        !           769: rather than at the last line;
        !           770: \fIn\fR may also be an editor command containing no spaces, e.g.: ``+/pat''.
        !           771: .LC
        !           772: \fBfile\fR     abbr: \fBf\fR
        !           773: .ZP
        !           774: Prints the current file name,
        !           775: whether it has been `[Modified]' since the last
        !           776: .I write 
        !           777: command,
        !           778: whether it is
        !           779: .I "read only" ,
        !           780: the current line,
        !           781: the number of lines in the buffer,
        !           782: and the percentage of the way through the buffer of the current line.*
        !           783: .FS
        !           784: * In the rare case that the current file is `[Not edited]' this is
        !           785: noted also; in this case you have to use the form \fBw!\fR to write to
        !           786: the file, since the editor is not sure that a \fBwrite\fR will not
        !           787: destroy a file unrelated to the current contents of the buffer.
        !           788: .FE
        !           789: .LC
        !           790: \fBfile\fR \fIfile\fR
        !           791: .ZP
        !           792: The current file name is changed to
        !           793: .I file
        !           794: which is considered 
        !           795: `[Not edited]'.
        !           796: .LC
        !           797: ( 1 , $ ) \fBglobal\fR /\fIpat\|\fR/ \fIcmds\fR        abbr: \fBg\fR
        !           798: .ZP
        !           799: First marks each line among those specified which matches
        !           800: the given regular expression.
        !           801: Then the given command list is executed with `\fB.\fR' initially
        !           802: set to each marked line.
        !           803: .IP
        !           804: The command list consists of the remaining commands on the current
        !           805: input line and may continue to multiple lines by ending all but the
        !           806: last such line with a `\e'.
        !           807: If
        !           808: .I cmds
        !           809: (and possibly the trailing \fB/\fR delimiter) is omitted, each line matching
        !           810: .I pat
        !           811: is printed.
        !           812: .I Append,
        !           813: .I insert,
        !           814: and
        !           815: .I change
        !           816: commands and associated input are permitted;
        !           817: the `\fB.\fR' terminating input may be omitted if it would be on the
        !           818: last line of the command list.
        !           819: .I Open
        !           820: and
        !           821: .I visual
        !           822: commands are permitted in the command list and take input from the terminal.
        !           823: .IP
        !           824: The
        !           825: .I global
        !           826: command itself may not appear in
        !           827: .I cmds.
        !           828: The
        !           829: .I undo
        !           830: command is also not permitted there,
        !           831: as
        !           832: .I undo
        !           833: instead can be used to reverse the entire
        !           834: .I global
        !           835: command.
        !           836: The options
        !           837: .I autoprint
        !           838: and
        !           839: .I autoindent
        !           840: are inhibited during a
        !           841: .I global,
        !           842: (and possibly the trailing \fB/\fR delimiter) and the value of the
        !           843: .I report
        !           844: option is temporarily infinite,
        !           845: in deference to a \fIreport\fR for the entire global.
        !           846: Finally, the context mark `\'\'' is set to the value of
        !           847: `.' before the global command begins and is not changed during a global
        !           848: command,
        !           849: except perhaps by an
        !           850: .I open
        !           851: or
        !           852: .I visual
        !           853: within the
        !           854: .I global.
        !           855: .LC
        !           856: \fBg!\fR \fB/\fIpat\fB/\fR \fIcmds\fR  abbr: \fBv\fR
        !           857: .IP
        !           858: The variant form of \fIglobal\fR runs \fIcmds\fR at each line not matching
        !           859: \fIpat\fR.
        !           860: .LC
        !           861: ( \fB.\fR )\|\fBinsert\fR      abbr: \fBi\fR
        !           862: .br
        !           863: \fItext\fR
        !           864: .br
        !           865: \&\fB.\fR
        !           866: .ZP
        !           867: Places the given text before the specified line.
        !           868: The current line is left at the last line input;
        !           869: if there were none input it is left at the line before the addressed line.
        !           870: This command differs from
        !           871: .I append
        !           872: only in the placement of text.
        !           873: .KS
        !           874: .LC
        !           875: \fBi!\fR
        !           876: .br
        !           877: \fItext\fR
        !           878: .br
        !           879: \&\fB.\fR
        !           880: .ZP
        !           881: The variant toggles
        !           882: .I autoindent
        !           883: during the
        !           884: .I insert.
        !           885: .KE
        !           886: .LC
        !           887: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR+1 ) \fBjoin\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR     abbr: \fBj\fR
        !           888: .ZP
        !           889: Places the text from a specified range of lines
        !           890: together on one line.
        !           891: White space is adjusted at each junction to provide at least
        !           892: one blank character, two if there was a `\fB.\fR' at the end of the line,
        !           893: or none if the first following character is a `)'.
        !           894: If there is already white space at the end of the line,
        !           895: then the white space at the start of the next line will be discarded.
        !           896: .LC
        !           897: \fBj!\fR
        !           898: .ZP
        !           899: The variant causes a simpler
        !           900: .I join
        !           901: with no white space processing; the characters in the lines are simply
        !           902: concatenated.
        !           903: .LC
        !           904: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBk\fR \fIx\fR
        !           905: .ZP
        !           906: The
        !           907: .I k
        !           908: command is a synonym for
        !           909: .I mark.
        !           910: It does not require a blank or tab before the following letter.
        !           911: .LC
        !           912: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBlist\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR
        !           913: .ZP
        !           914: Prints the specified lines in a more unambiguous way:
        !           915: tabs are printed as `^I'
        !           916: and the end of each line is marked with a trailing `$'.
        !           917: The current line is left at the last line printed.
        !           918: .LC
        !           919: \fBmap\fR \fIlhs\fR \fIrhs\fR
        !           920: .ZP
        !           921: The
        !           922: .I map
        !           923: command is used to define macros for use in
        !           924: .I visual
        !           925: mode.
        !           926: .I Lhs
        !           927: should be a single character, or the sequence ``#n'', for n a digit,
        !           928: referring to function key \fIn\fR.  When this character or function key
        !           929: is typed in
        !           930: .I visual
        !           931: mode, it will be as though the corresponding \fIrhs\fR had been typed.
        !           932: On terminals without function keys, you can type ``#n''.
        !           933: See section 6.9 of the ``Introduction to Display Editing with Vi''
        !           934: for more details.
        !           935: .LC
        !           936: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBmark\fR \fIx\fR
        !           937: .ZP
        !           938: Gives the specified line mark
        !           939: .I x,
        !           940: a single lower case letter.
        !           941: The
        !           942: .I x
        !           943: must be preceded by a blank or a tab.
        !           944: The addressing form `\'x' then addresses this line.
        !           945: The current line is not affected by this command.
        !           946: .LC
        !           947: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBmove\fR \fIaddr\fR    abbr: \fBm\fR
        !           948: .ZP
        !           949: The
        !           950: .I move
        !           951: command repositions the specified lines to be after
        !           952: .I addr .
        !           953: The first of the moved lines becomes the current line.
        !           954: .LC
        !           955: \fBnext\fR     abbr: \fBn\fR
        !           956: .ZP
        !           957: The next file from the command line argument list is edited.
        !           958: .LC
        !           959: \fBn!\fR
        !           960: .ZP
        !           961: The variant suppresses warnings about the modifications to the buffer not
        !           962: having been written out, discarding (irretrievably) any changes which may
        !           963: have been made.
        !           964: .LC
        !           965: \fBn\fR \fIfilelist\fR
        !           966: .br
        !           967: \fBn\fR \fB+\fIcommand\fR \fIfilelist\fR
        !           968: .ZP
        !           969: The specified
        !           970: .I filelist
        !           971: is expanded and the resulting list replaces the
        !           972: current argument list;
        !           973: the first file in the new list is then edited.
        !           974: If
        !           975: .I command
        !           976: is given (it must contain no spaces), then it is executed after editing the first such file.
        !           977: .LC
        !           978: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBnumber\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR     abbr: \fB#\fR or \fBnu\fR
        !           979: .ZP
        !           980: Prints each specified line preceded by its buffer line
        !           981: number.
        !           982: The current line is left at the last line printed.
        !           983: .KS
        !           984: .LC
        !           985: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBopen\fR \fIflags\fR     abbr: \fBo\fR
        !           986: .br
        !           987: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBopen\fR /\fIpat\|\fR/ \fIflags\fR
        !           988: .ZP
        !           989: Enters intraline editing \fIopen\fR mode at each addressed line.
        !           990: If
        !           991: .I pat
        !           992: is given,
        !           993: then the cursor will be placed initially at the beginning of the
        !           994: string matched by the pattern.
        !           995: To exit this mode use Q.
        !           996: See
        !           997: .I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi"
        !           998: for more details.
        !           999: .KE
        !          1000: .LC
        !          1001: \fBpreserve\fR
        !          1002: .ZP
        !          1003: The current editor buffer is saved as though the system had just crashed.
        !          1004: This command is for use only in emergencies when a
        !          1005: .I write
        !          1006: command has resulted in an error and you don't know how to save your work.
        !          1007: After a
        !          1008: .I preserve
        !          1009: you should seek help.
        !          1010: .LC
        !          1011: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fBprint\fR \fIcount\fR abbr: \fBp\fR or \fBP\fR
        !          1012: .ZP
        !          1013: Prints the specified lines
        !          1014: with non-printing characters printed as control characters `^\fIx\fR\|';
        !          1015: delete (octal 177) is represented as `^?'.
        !          1016: The current line is left at the last line printed.
        !          1017: .LC
        !          1018: ( \fB.\fR )\|\fBput\fR \fIbuffer\fR    abbr: \fBpu\fR
        !          1019: .ZP
        !          1020: Puts back
        !          1021: previously
        !          1022: .I deleted
        !          1023: or
        !          1024: .I yanked
        !          1025: lines.
        !          1026: Normally used with
        !          1027: .I delete
        !          1028: to effect movement of lines,
        !          1029: or with
        !          1030: .I yank
        !          1031: to effect duplication of lines.
        !          1032: If no
        !          1033: .I buffer
        !          1034: is specified, then the last
        !          1035: .I deleted
        !          1036: or
        !          1037: .I yanked
        !          1038: text is restored.*
        !          1039: .FS
        !          1040: * But no modifying commands may intervene between the
        !          1041: .I delete
        !          1042: or
        !          1043: .I yank
        !          1044: and the
        !          1045: .I put,
        !          1046: nor may lines be moved between files without using a named buffer.
        !          1047: .FE
        !          1048: By using a named buffer, text may be restored that was saved there at any
        !          1049: previous time.
        !          1050: .LC
        !          1051: \fBquit\fR     abbr: \fBq\fR
        !          1052: .ZP
        !          1053: Causes 
        !          1054: .I ex
        !          1055: to terminate.
        !          1056: No automatic write of the editor buffer to a file is performed.
        !          1057: However,
        !          1058: .I ex
        !          1059: issues a warning message if the file has changed
        !          1060: since the last
        !          1061: .I write
        !          1062: command was issued, and does not
        !          1063: .I quit.\(dg
        !          1064: .FS
        !          1065: \(dg \fIEx\fR
        !          1066: will also issue a diagnostic if there are more files in the argument
        !          1067: list.
        !          1068: .FE
        !          1069: Normally, you will wish to save your changes, and you 
        !          1070: should give a \fIwrite\fR command;
        !          1071: if you wish to discard them, use the \fBq!\fR command variant.
        !          1072: .LC
        !          1073: \fBq!\fR
        !          1074: .ZP
        !          1075: Quits from the editor, discarding changes to the buffer without complaint.
        !          1076: .LC
        !          1077: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBread\fR \fIfile\fR      abbr: \fBr\fR
        !          1078: .ZP
        !          1079: Places a copy of the text of the given file in the
        !          1080: editing buffer after the specified line.
        !          1081: If no 
        !          1082: .I file
        !          1083: is given the current file name is used.
        !          1084: The current file name is not changed unless there is none in which
        !          1085: case
        !          1086: .I file
        !          1087: becomes the current name.
        !          1088: The sensibility restrictions for the 
        !          1089: .I edit
        !          1090: command apply here also.
        !          1091: If the file buffer is empty and there is no current name then
        !          1092: .I ex
        !          1093: treats this as an
        !          1094: .I edit
        !          1095: command.
        !          1096: .IP
        !          1097: Address `0' is legal for this command and causes the file to be read at
        !          1098: the beginning of the buffer.
        !          1099: Statistics are given as for the 
        !          1100: .I edit
        !          1101: command when the 
        !          1102: .I read
        !          1103: successfully terminates.
        !          1104: After a
        !          1105: .I read
        !          1106: the current line is the last line read.\(dd
        !          1107: .FS
        !          1108: \(dd Within
        !          1109: .I open
        !          1110: and
        !          1111: .I visual
        !          1112: the current line is set to the first line read rather than the last.
        !          1113: .FE
        !          1114: .LC
        !          1115: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBread\fR  \fB!\fR\fIcommand\fR
        !          1116: .ZP
        !          1117: Reads the output of the command
        !          1118: .I command
        !          1119: into the buffer after the specified line.
        !          1120: This is not a variant form of the command, rather a read
        !          1121: specifying a
        !          1122: .I command
        !          1123: rather than a 
        !          1124: .I filename;
        !          1125: a blank or tab before the \fB!\fR is mandatory.
        !          1126: .LC
        !          1127: \fBrecover \fIfile\fR
        !          1128: .ZP
        !          1129: Recovers
        !          1130: .I file
        !          1131: from the system save area.
        !          1132: Used after a accidental hangup of the phone**
        !          1133: .FS
        !          1134: ** The system saves a copy of the file you were editing only if you
        !          1135: have made changes to the file.
        !          1136: .FE
        !          1137: or a system crash** or
        !          1138: .I preserve
        !          1139: command.
        !          1140: Except when you use
        !          1141: .I preserve
        !          1142: you will be notified by mail when a file is saved.
        !          1143: .LC
        !          1144: \fBrewind\fR   abbr: \fBrew\fR
        !          1145: .ZP
        !          1146: The argument list is rewound, and the first file in the list is edited.
        !          1147: .LC
        !          1148: \fBrew!\fR
        !          1149: .ZP
        !          1150: Rewinds the argument list discarding any changes made to the current buffer.
        !          1151: .LC
        !          1152: \fBset\fR \fIparameter\fR
        !          1153: .ZP
        !          1154: With no arguments, prints those options whose values have been
        !          1155: changed from their defaults;
        !          1156: with parameter
        !          1157: .I all
        !          1158: it prints all of the option values.
        !          1159: .IP
        !          1160: Giving an option name followed by a `?'
        !          1161: causes the current value of that option to be printed.
        !          1162: The `?' is unnecessary unless the option is Boolean valued.
        !          1163: Boolean options are given values either by the form
        !          1164: `set \fIoption\fR' to turn them on or
        !          1165: `set no\fIoption\fR' to turn them off;
        !          1166: string and numeric options are assigned via the form
        !          1167: `set \fIoption\fR=value'.
        !          1168: .IP
        !          1169: More than one parameter may be given to 
        !          1170: .I set \|;
        !          1171: they are interpreted left-to-right.
        !          1172: .LC
        !          1173: \fBshell\fR    abbr: \fBsh\fR
        !          1174: .IP
        !          1175: A new shell is created.
        !          1176: When it terminates, editing resumes.
        !          1177: .LC
        !          1178: \fBsource\fR \fIfile\fR        abbr: \fBso\fR
        !          1179: .IP
        !          1180: Reads and executes commands from the specified file.
        !          1181: .I Source
        !          1182: commands may be nested.
        !          1183: .LC
        !          1184: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBsubstitute\fR /\fIpat\fR\|/\fIrepl\fR\|/ \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR        abbr: \fBs\fR
        !          1185: .IP
        !          1186: On each specified line, the first instance of pattern
        !          1187: .I pat
        !          1188: is replaced by replacement pattern
        !          1189: .I repl.
        !          1190: If the
        !          1191: .I global
        !          1192: indicator option character `g'
        !          1193: appears, then all instances are substituted;
        !          1194: if the
        !          1195: .I confirm
        !          1196: indication character `c' appears,
        !          1197: then before each substitution the line to be substituted
        !          1198: is typed with the string to be substituted marked
        !          1199: with `\(ua' characters.
        !          1200: By typing an `y' one can cause the substitution to be performed,
        !          1201: any other input causes no change to take place.
        !          1202: After a
        !          1203: .I substitute
        !          1204: the current line is the last line substituted.
        !          1205: .IP
        !          1206: Lines may be split by substituting
        !          1207: new-line characters into them.
        !          1208: The newline in
        !          1209: .I repl
        !          1210: must be escaped by preceding it with a `\e'.
        !          1211: Other metacharacters available in
        !          1212: .I pat
        !          1213: and
        !          1214: .I repl
        !          1215: are described below.
        !          1216: .LC
        !          1217: .B stop
        !          1218: .ZP
        !          1219: Suspends the editor, returning control to the top level shell.
        !          1220: If
        !          1221: .I autowrite
        !          1222: is set and there are unsaved changes,
        !          1223: a write is done first unless the form
        !          1224: .B stop !
        !          1225: is used.
        !          1226: This commands is only available where supported by the teletype driver
        !          1227: and operating system.
        !          1228: .LC
        !          1229: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBsubstitute\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR   abbr: \fBs\fR
        !          1230: .ZP
        !          1231: If
        !          1232: .I pat
        !          1233: and
        !          1234: .I repl
        !          1235: are omitted, then the last substitution is repeated.
        !          1236: This is a synonym for the
        !          1237: .B &
        !          1238: command.
        !          1239: .LC
        !          1240: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBt\fR \fIaddr\fR \fIflags\fR
        !          1241: .ZP
        !          1242: The
        !          1243: .I t
        !          1244: command is a synonym for 
        !          1245: .I copy .
        !          1246: .LC
        !          1247: \fBta\fR \fItag\fR
        !          1248: .ZP
        !          1249: The focus of editing switches to the location of
        !          1250: .I tag,
        !          1251: switching to a different line in the current file where it is defined,
        !          1252: or if necessary to another file.\(dd
        !          1253: .FS
        !          1254: \(dd If you have modified the current file before giving a
        !          1255: .I tag
        !          1256: command, you must write it out; giving another
        !          1257: .I tag
        !          1258: command, specifying no
        !          1259: .I tag
        !          1260: will reuse the previous tag.
        !          1261: .FE
        !          1262: .IP
        !          1263: The tags file is normally created by a program such as
        !          1264: .I ctags,
        !          1265: and consists of a number of lines with three fields separated by blanks
        !          1266: or tabs.  The first field gives the name of the tag,
        !          1267: the second the name of the file where the tag resides, and the third
        !          1268: gives an addressing form which can be used by the editor to find the tag;
        !          1269: this field is usually a contextual scan using `/\fIpat\fR/' to be immune
        !          1270: to minor changes in the file.  Such scans are always performed as if
        !          1271: .I nomagic
        !          1272: was set.
        !          1273: .PP
        !          1274: The tag names in the tags file must be sorted alphabetically.
        !          1275: .LC
        !          1276: \fBunabbreviate\fR \fIword\fP  abbr: \fBuna\fP
        !          1277: .ZP
        !          1278: Delete
        !          1279: .I word
        !          1280: from the list of abbreviations.
        !          1281: .LC
        !          1282: \fBundo\fR     abbr: \fBu\fR
        !          1283: .ZP
        !          1284: Reverses the changes made in the buffer by the last
        !          1285: buffer editing command.
        !          1286: Note that
        !          1287: .I global
        !          1288: commands are considered a single command for the purpose of 
        !          1289: .I undo
        !          1290: (as are
        !          1291: .I open
        !          1292: and
        !          1293: .I visual.)
        !          1294: Also, the commands
        !          1295: .I write
        !          1296: and
        !          1297: .I edit
        !          1298: which interact with the
        !          1299: file system cannot be undone.
        !          1300: .I Undo
        !          1301: is its own inverse.
        !          1302: .IP
        !          1303: .I Undo
        !          1304: always marks the previous value of the current line `\fB.\fR'
        !          1305: as `\'\''.
        !          1306: After an
        !          1307: .I undo
        !          1308: the current line is the first line restored
        !          1309: or the line before the first line deleted if no lines were restored.
        !          1310: For commands with more global effect
        !          1311: such as
        !          1312: .I global
        !          1313: and
        !          1314: .I visual
        !          1315: the current line regains it's pre-command value after an
        !          1316: .I undo.
        !          1317: .LC
        !          1318: \fBunmap\fR \fIlhs\fR
        !          1319: .ZP
        !          1320: The macro expansion associated by
        !          1321: .I map
        !          1322: for
        !          1323: .I lhs
        !          1324: is removed.
        !          1325: .LC
        !          1326: ( 1 , $ ) \fBv\fR /\fIpat\fR\|/ \fIcmds\fR
        !          1327: .ZP
        !          1328: A synonym for the
        !          1329: .I global
        !          1330: command variant \fBg!\fR, running the specified \fIcmds\fR on each
        !          1331: line which does not match \fIpat\fR.
        !          1332: .LC
        !          1333: \fBversion\fR  abbr: \fBve\fR
        !          1334: .ZP
        !          1335: Prints the current version number of the editor
        !          1336: as well as the date the editor was last changed.
        !          1337: .LC
        !          1338: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBvisual\fR \fItype\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR    abbr: \fBvi\fR
        !          1339: .ZP
        !          1340: Enters visual mode at the specified line.
        !          1341: .I Type
        !          1342: is optional and may be `\-' , `\(ua' or `\fB.\fR'
        !          1343: as in the
        !          1344: .I z
        !          1345: command to specify the placement of the specified line on the screen.
        !          1346: By default, if
        !          1347: .I type
        !          1348: is omitted, the specified line is placed as the first on the screen.
        !          1349: A
        !          1350: .I count
        !          1351: specifies an initial window size; the default is the value of the option
        !          1352: .I window.
        !          1353: See the document
        !          1354: .I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi"
        !          1355: for more details.
        !          1356: To exit this mode, type Q.
        !          1357: .LC
        !          1358: \fBvisual\fP file
        !          1359: .br
        !          1360: \fBvisual\fP +\fIn\fP file
        !          1361: .ZP
        !          1362: From visual mode,
        !          1363: this command is the same as edit.
        !          1364: .LC
        !          1365: ( 1 , $ ) \fBwrite\fR \fIfile\fR       abbr: \fBw\fR
        !          1366: .ZP
        !          1367: Writes changes made back to \fIfile\fR, printing the number of lines and
        !          1368: characters written.
        !          1369: Normally \fIfile\fR is omitted and the text goes back where it came from.
        !          1370: If a \fIfile\fR is specified, then text will be written to that file.*
        !          1371: .FS
        !          1372: * The editor writes to a file only if it is
        !          1373: the current file and is
        !          1374: .I edited ,
        !          1375: if the file does not exist,
        !          1376: or if the file is actually a teletype,
        !          1377: .I /dev/tty,
        !          1378: .I /dev/null.
        !          1379: Otherwise, you must give the variant form \fBw!\fR to force the write.
        !          1380: .FE
        !          1381: If the file does not exist it is created.
        !          1382: The current file name is changed only if there is no current file
        !          1383: name; the current line is never changed.
        !          1384: .IP
        !          1385: If an error occurs while writing the current and
        !          1386: .I edited
        !          1387: file, the editor
        !          1388: considers that there has been ``No write since last change''
        !          1389: even if the buffer had not previously been modified.
        !          1390: .LC
        !          1391: ( 1 , $ ) \fBwrite>>\fR \fIfile\fR     abbr: \fBw>>\fR
        !          1392: .ZP
        !          1393: Writes the buffer contents at the end of
        !          1394: an existing file.
        !          1395: .IP
        !          1396: .LC
        !          1397: \fBw!\fR \fIname\fR
        !          1398: .ZP
        !          1399: Overrides the checking of the normal \fIwrite\fR command,
        !          1400: and will write to any file which the system permits.
        !          1401: .LC
        !          1402: ( 1 , $ ) \fBw\fR  \fB!\fR\fIcommand\fR
        !          1403: .ZP
        !          1404: Writes the specified lines into 
        !          1405: .I command.
        !          1406: Note the difference between \fBw!\fR which overrides checks and
        !          1407: \fBw\ \ !\fR which writes to a command.
        !          1408: .LC
        !          1409: \fBwq\fR \fIname\fR
        !          1410: .ZP
        !          1411: Like a \fIwrite\fR and then a \fIquit\fR command.
        !          1412: .LC
        !          1413: \fBwq!\fR \fIname\fR
        !          1414: .ZP
        !          1415: The variant overrides checking on the sensibility of the
        !          1416: .I write
        !          1417: command, as \fBw!\fR does.
        !          1418: .LC
        !          1419: \fBxit\fP \fIname\fR
        !          1420: .ZP
        !          1421: If any changes have been made and not written, writes the buffer out.
        !          1422: Then, in any case, quits.
        !          1423: .LC
        !          1424: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fByank\fR \fIbuffer\fR \fIcount\fR     abbr: \fBya\fR
        !          1425: .ZP
        !          1426: Places the specified lines in the named
        !          1427: .I buffer,
        !          1428: for later retrieval via
        !          1429: .I put.
        !          1430: If no buffer name is specified, the lines go to a more volatile place;
        !          1431: see the \fIput\fR command description.
        !          1432: .LC
        !          1433: ( \fB.+1\fR ) \fBz\fR \fIcount\fR
        !          1434: .ZP
        !          1435: Print the next \fIcount\fR lines, default \fIwindow\fR.
        !          1436: .LC
        !          1437: ( \fB.\fR ) \fBz\fR \fItype\fR \fIcount\fR
        !          1438: .ZP
        !          1439: Prints a window of text with the specified line at the top.
        !          1440: If \fItype\fR is `\-' the line is placed at the bottom; a `\fB.\fR' causes
        !          1441: the line to be placed in the center.*
        !          1442: A count gives the number of lines to be displayed rather than
        !          1443: double the number specified by the \fIscroll\fR option.
        !          1444: On a \s-2CRT\s0 the screen is cleared before display begins unless a
        !          1445: count which is less than the screen size is given.
        !          1446: The current line is left at the last line printed.
        !          1447: .FS
        !          1448: * Forms `z=' and `z\(ua' also exist; `z=' places the current line in the
        !          1449: center, surrounds it with lines of `\-' characters and leaves the current
        !          1450: line at this line.  The form `z\(ua' prints the window before `z\-'
        !          1451: would.  The characters `+', `\(ua' and `\-' may be repeated for cumulative
        !          1452: effect.
        !          1453: On some v2 editors, no
        !          1454: .I type
        !          1455: may be given.
        !          1456: .FE
        !          1457: .LC
        !          1458: \fB!\fR \fIcommand\fR\fR
        !          1459: .ZP
        !          1460: The remainder of the line after the `!' character is sent to a shell
        !          1461: to be executed.
        !          1462: Within the text of
        !          1463: .I command
        !          1464: the characters 
        !          1465: `%' and `#' are expanded as in filenames and the character
        !          1466: `!' is replaced with the text of the previous command.
        !          1467: Thus, in particular,
        !          1468: `!!' repeats the last such shell escape.
        !          1469: If any such expansion is performed, the expanded line will be echoed.
        !          1470: The current line is unchanged by this command.
        !          1471: .IP
        !          1472: If there has been ``[No\ write]'' of the buffer contents since the last
        !          1473: change to the editing buffer, then a diagnostic will be printed
        !          1474: before the command is executed as a warning.
        !          1475: A single `!' is printed when the command completes.
        !          1476: .LC
        !          1477: ( \fIaddr\fR , \fIaddr\fR ) \fB!\fR \fIcommand\fR\fR
        !          1478: .ZP
        !          1479: Takes the specified address range and supplies it as
        !          1480: standard input to
        !          1481: .I command;
        !          1482: the resulting output then replaces the input lines.
        !          1483: .LC
        !          1484: ( $ ) \fB=\fR
        !          1485: .ZP
        !          1486: Prints the line number of the
        !          1487: addressed line.
        !          1488: The current line is unchanged.
        !          1489: .KS
        !          1490: .LC
        !          1491: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB>\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR
        !          1492: .br
        !          1493: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB<\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR
        !          1494: .IP
        !          1495: Perform intelligent shifting on the specified lines;
        !          1496: \fB<\fR shifts left and \fB>\fR shift right.
        !          1497: The quantity of shift is determined by the
        !          1498: .I shiftwidth
        !          1499: option and the repetition of the specification character.
        !          1500: Only white space (blanks and tabs) is shifted;
        !          1501: no non-white characters are discarded in a left-shift.
        !          1502: The current line becomes the last line which changed due to the
        !          1503: shifting.
        !          1504: .KE
        !          1505: .LC
        !          1506: \fB^D\fR
        !          1507: .ZP
        !          1508: An end-of-file from a terminal input scrolls through the file.
        !          1509: The
        !          1510: .I scroll
        !          1511: option specifies the size of the scroll, normally a half screen of text.
        !          1512: .LC
        !          1513: ( \fB.\fR+1 , \fB.\fR+1 )
        !          1514: .br
        !          1515: ( \fB.\fR+1 , \fB.\fR+1 ) |
        !          1516: .ZP
        !          1517: An address alone causes the addressed lines to be printed.
        !          1518: A blank line prints the next line in the file.
        !          1519: .LC
        !          1520: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB&\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR
        !          1521: .ZP
        !          1522: Repeats the previous
        !          1523: .I substitute
        !          1524: command.
        !          1525: .LC
        !          1526: ( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB\s+2~\s0\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR
        !          1527: .ZP
        !          1528: Replaces the previous regular expression with the previous
        !          1529: replacement pattern from a substitution.
        !          1530: .NH 1
        !          1531: Regular expressions and substitute replacement patterns
        !          1532: .NH 2
        !          1533: Regular expressions
        !          1534: .PP
        !          1535: A regular expression specifies a set of strings of characters.
        !          1536: A member of this set of strings is said to be
        !          1537: .I matched
        !          1538: by the regular expression.
        !          1539: .I Ex
        !          1540: remembers two previous regular expressions:
        !          1541: the previous regular expression used in a
        !          1542: .I substitute
        !          1543: command
        !          1544: and the previous regular expression used elsewhere
        !          1545: (referred to as the previous \fIscanning\fR regular expression.)
        !          1546: The previous regular expression
        !          1547: can always be referred to by a null \fIre\fR, e.g. `//' or `??'.
        !          1548: .NH 2
        !          1549: Magic and nomagic
        !          1550: .PP
        !          1551: The regular expressions allowed by
        !          1552: .I ex 
        !          1553: are constructed in one of two ways depending on the setting of
        !          1554: the
        !          1555: .I magic
        !          1556: option.
        !          1557: The
        !          1558: .I ex
        !          1559: and
        !          1560: .I vi
        !          1561: default setting of
        !          1562: .I magic
        !          1563: gives quick access to a powerful set of regular expression
        !          1564: metacharacters.
        !          1565: The disadvantage of
        !          1566: .I magic
        !          1567: is that the user must remember that these metacharacters are
        !          1568: .I magic
        !          1569: and precede them with the character `\e'
        !          1570: to use them as ``ordinary'' characters.
        !          1571: With
        !          1572: .I nomagic,
        !          1573: the default for
        !          1574: .I edit,
        !          1575: regular expressions are much simpler,
        !          1576: there being only two metacharacters.
        !          1577: The power of the other metacharacters is still available by preceding
        !          1578: the (now) ordinary character with a `\e'.
        !          1579: Note that `\e' is thus always a metacharacter.
        !          1580: .PP
        !          1581: The remainder of the discussion of regular expressions assumes
        !          1582: that
        !          1583: that the setting of this option is
        !          1584: .I magic.\(dg
        !          1585: .FS
        !          1586: \(dg To discern what is true with
        !          1587: .I nomagic
        !          1588: it suffices to remember that the only
        !          1589: special characters in this case will be `\(ua' at the beginning
        !          1590: of a regular expression,
        !          1591: `$' at the end of a regular expression,
        !          1592: and `\e'.
        !          1593: With
        !          1594: .I nomagic
        !          1595: the characters `\s+2~\s0' and `&' also lose their special meanings
        !          1596: related to the replacement pattern of a substitute.
        !          1597: .FE
        !          1598: .NH 2
        !          1599: Basic regular expression summary
        !          1600: .PP
        !          1601: The following basic constructs are used to construct
        !          1602: .I magic
        !          1603: mode regular expressions.
        !          1604: .IP \fIchar\fR 15
        !          1605: An ordinary character matches itself.
        !          1606: The characters `\(ua' at the beginning of a line,
        !          1607: `$' at the end of line,
        !          1608: `*' as any character other than the first,
        !          1609: `.', `\e', `[', and `\s+2~\s0' are not ordinary characters and
        !          1610: must be escaped (preceded) by `\e' to be treated as such.
        !          1611: .IP \fB\(ua\fR
        !          1612: At the beginning of a pattern
        !          1613: forces the match to succeed only at the beginning of a line.
        !          1614: .IP \fB$\fR
        !          1615: At the end of a regular expression forces the match to
        !          1616: succeed only at the end of the line.
        !          1617: .IP \&\fB.\fR
        !          1618: Matches any single character except
        !          1619: the new-line character.
        !          1620: .IP \fB\e<\fR
        !          1621: Forces the match
        !          1622: to occur only at the beginning of a ``variable'' or ``word'';
        !          1623: that is, either at the beginning of a line, or just before
        !          1624: a letter, digit, or underline and after a character not one of
        !          1625: these.
        !          1626: .IP \fB\e>\fR
        !          1627: Similar to `\e<', but matching the end of a ``variable''
        !          1628: or ``word'', i.e. either the end of the line or before character
        !          1629: which is neither a letter, nor a digit, nor the underline character.
        !          1630: .IP \fB[\fIstring\fR]\fR
        !          1631: Matches any (single) character in the class defined by
        !          1632: .I string.
        !          1633: Most characters in
        !          1634: .I string
        !          1635: define themselves.
        !          1636: A pair of characters separated by `\-' in
        !          1637: .I string
        !          1638: defines the set of characters collating between the specified lower and upper
        !          1639: bounds, thus `[a\-z]' as a regular expression matches
        !          1640: any (single) lower-case letter.
        !          1641: If the first character of
        !          1642: .I string
        !          1643: is an `\(ua' then the construct
        !          1644: matches those characters which it otherwise would not;
        !          1645: thus `[\(uaa\-z]' matches anything but a lower-case letter (and of course a
        !          1646: newline).
        !          1647: To place any of the characters
        !          1648: `\(ua', `[', or `\-' in
        !          1649: .I string
        !          1650: you must escape them with a preceding `\e'.
        !          1651: .NH 2
        !          1652: Combining regular expression primitives
        !          1653: .PP
        !          1654: The concatenation of two regular expressions matches the leftmost and
        !          1655: then longest string
        !          1656: which can be divided with the first piece matching the first regular
        !          1657: expression and the second piece matching the second.
        !          1658: Any of the (single character matching) regular expressions mentioned
        !          1659: above may be followed by the character `*' to form a regular expression
        !          1660: which matches any number of adjacent occurrences (including 0) of characters
        !          1661: matched by the regular expression it follows.
        !          1662: .PP
        !          1663: The character `\s+2~\s0' may be used in a regular expression,
        !          1664: and matches the text which defined the replacement part
        !          1665: of the last
        !          1666: .I substitute
        !          1667: command.
        !          1668: A regular expression may be enclosed between the sequences
        !          1669: `\e(' and `\e)' with side effects in the
        !          1670: .I substitute
        !          1671: replacement patterns.
        !          1672: .NH 2
        !          1673: Substitute replacement patterns
        !          1674: .PP
        !          1675: The basic metacharacters for the replacement pattern are
        !          1676: `&' and `~'; these are
        !          1677: given as `\e&' and `\e~' when
        !          1678: .I nomagic
        !          1679: is set.
        !          1680: Each instance of `&' is replaced by the characters
        !          1681: which the regular expression matched.
        !          1682: The metacharacter `~' stands, in the replacement pattern,
        !          1683: for the defining text of the previous replacement pattern.
        !          1684: .PP
        !          1685: Other metasequences possible in the replacement pattern
        !          1686: are always introduced by the escaping character `\e'.
        !          1687: The sequence `\e\fIn\fR' is replaced by the text matched
        !          1688: by the \fIn\fR-th regular subexpression enclosed between
        !          1689: `\e(' and `\e)'.\(dg
        !          1690: .FS
        !          1691: \(dg When nested, parenthesized subexpressions are present,
        !          1692: \fIn\fR is determined by counting occurrences of `\e(' starting from the left.
        !          1693: .FE
        !          1694: The sequences `\eu' and `\el' cause the immediately following character in
        !          1695: the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case respectively
        !          1696: if this character is a letter.
        !          1697: The sequences `\eU' and `\eL' turn such conversion on, either until
        !          1698: `\eE' or `\ee' is encountered, or until the end of the replacement pattern.
        !          1699: .de LC
        !          1700: .br
        !          1701: .sp .1i
        !          1702: .ne 4
        !          1703: .LP
        !          1704: .ta 3i
        !          1705: ..
        !          1706: .NH 1
        !          1707: Option descriptions
        !          1708: .PP
        !          1709: .LC
        !          1710: \fBautoindent\fR, \fBai\fR     default: noai
        !          1711: .ZP
        !          1712: Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text.
        !          1713: At the beginning of each
        !          1714: .I append ,
        !          1715: .I change
        !          1716: or
        !          1717: .I insert
        !          1718: command
        !          1719: or when a new line is
        !          1720: .I opened
        !          1721: or created by an
        !          1722: .I append ,
        !          1723: .I change ,
        !          1724: .I insert ,
        !          1725: or
        !          1726: .I substitute
        !          1727: operation within
        !          1728: .I open
        !          1729: or
        !          1730: .I visual
        !          1731: mode,
        !          1732: .I ex
        !          1733: looks at the line being appended after,
        !          1734: the first line changed
        !          1735: or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space
        !          1736: at the start of the line.
        !          1737: It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so determined.
        !          1738: .IP
        !          1739: If the user then types lines of text in,
        !          1740: they will continue to be justified at the displayed indenting level.
        !          1741: If more white space is typed at the beginning of a line,
        !          1742: the following line will start aligned with the first non-white character
        !          1743: of the previous line.
        !          1744: To back the cursor up to the preceding tab stop one can hit
        !          1745: \fB^D\fR.
        !          1746: The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples of the
        !          1747: .I shiftwidth
        !          1748: option.
        !          1749: You
        !          1750: .I cannot
        !          1751: backspace over the indent,
        !          1752: except by sending an end-of-file with a \fB^D\fR.
        !          1753: .IP
        !          1754: Specially processed in this mode is a line with no characters added
        !          1755: to it, which turns into a completely blank line (the white
        !          1756: space provided for the
        !          1757: .I autoindent
        !          1758: is discarded.)
        !          1759: Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with
        !          1760: an `\(ua' and immediately followed by a \fB^D\fR.
        !          1761: This causes the input to be repositioned at the beginning of the line,
        !          1762: but retaining the previous indent for the next line.
        !          1763: Similarly, a `0' followed by a \fB^D\fR
        !          1764: repositions at the beginning but without
        !          1765: retaining the previous indent.
        !          1766: .IP
        !          1767: .I Autoindent
        !          1768: doesn't happen in
        !          1769: .I global
        !          1770: commands or when the input is not a terminal.
        !          1771: .LC
        !          1772: \fBautoprint\fR, \fBap\fR      default: ap
        !          1773: .ZP
        !          1774: Causes the current line to be printed after each
        !          1775: .I delete ,
        !          1776: .I copy ,
        !          1777: .I join ,
        !          1778: .I move ,
        !          1779: .I substitute ,
        !          1780: .I t ,
        !          1781: .I undo
        !          1782: or
        !          1783: shift command.
        !          1784: This has the same effect as supplying a trailing `p'
        !          1785: to each such command.
        !          1786: .I Autoprint
        !          1787: is suppressed in globals,
        !          1788: and only applies to the last of many commands on a line.
        !          1789: .LC
        !          1790: \fBautowrite\fR, \fBaw\fR      default: noaw
        !          1791: .ZP
        !          1792: Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file
        !          1793: if you have modified it and give a
        !          1794: .I next,
        !          1795: .I rewind,
        !          1796: .I stop,
        !          1797: .I tag,
        !          1798: or
        !          1799: .I !
        !          1800: command, or a \fB^\(ua\fR (switch files) or \fB^]\fR (tag goto) command
        !          1801: in
        !          1802: .I visual.
        !          1803: Note, that the
        !          1804: .I edit
        !          1805: and
        !          1806: .I ex
        !          1807: commands do
        !          1808: .B not
        !          1809: autowrite.
        !          1810: In each case, there is an equivalent way of switching when autowrite
        !          1811: is set to avoid the
        !          1812: .I autowrite
        !          1813: (\fIedit\fR
        !          1814: for
        !          1815: .I next ,
        !          1816: .I rewind!
        !          1817: for .I rewind ,
        !          1818: .I stop!
        !          1819: for
        !          1820: .I stop ,
        !          1821: .I tag!
        !          1822: for
        !          1823: .I tag ,
        !          1824: .I shell
        !          1825: for
        !          1826: .I ! ,
        !          1827: and
        !          1828: \fB:e\ #\fR and a \fB:ta!\fR command from within
        !          1829: .I visual).
        !          1830: .LC
        !          1831: \fBbeautify\fR, \fBbf\fR       default: nobeautify
        !          1832: .ZP
        !          1833: Causes all control characters except tab, newline and form-feed
        !          1834: to be discarded from the input.
        !          1835: A complaint is registered the first time a
        !          1836: backspace character is discarded.
        !          1837: .I Beautify
        !          1838: does not apply to command input.
        !          1839: .LC
        !          1840: \fBdirectory\fR, \fBdir\fR     default: dir=/tmp
        !          1841: .ZP
        !          1842: Specifies the directory in which
        !          1843: .I ex
        !          1844: places its buffer file.
        !          1845: If this directory in not
        !          1846: writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be
        !          1847: able to create its buffer there.
        !          1848: .LC
        !          1849: \fBedcompatible\fR     default: noedcompatible
        !          1850: .ZP
        !          1851: Causes the presence of absence of
        !          1852: .B g
        !          1853: and
        !          1854: .B c
        !          1855: suffixes on substitute commands to be remembered, and to be toggled
        !          1856: by repeating the suffices.  The suffix
        !          1857: .B r
        !          1858: makes the substitution be as in the
        !          1859: .I ~
        !          1860: command, instead of like
        !          1861: .I &.
        !          1862: .LC
        !          1863: \fBerrorbells\fR, \fBeb\fR     default: noeb
        !          1864: .ZP
        !          1865: Error messages are preceded by a bell.*
        !          1866: .FS
        !          1867: * Bell ringing in
        !          1868: .I open
        !          1869: and
        !          1870: .I visual
        !          1871: on errors is not suppressed by setting
        !          1872: .I noeb.
        !          1873: .FE
        !          1874: If possible the editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the
        !          1875: terminal (such as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell.
        !          1876: .LC
        !          1877: \fBhardtabs\fR, \fBht\fR       default: ht=8
        !          1878: .ZP
        !          1879: Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or
        !          1880: on which the system expands tabs).
        !          1881: .LC
        !          1882: \fBignorecase\fR, \fBic\fR     default: noic
        !          1883: .ZP
        !          1884: All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular
        !          1885: expression matching.
        !          1886: In addition, all upper case characters in regular expressions are mapped
        !          1887: to lower case except in character class specifications.
        !          1888: .LC
        !          1889: \fBlisp\fR     default: nolisp
        !          1890: .ZP
        !          1891: \fIAutoindent\fR indents appropriately for
        !          1892: .I lisp
        !          1893: code, and the \fB( ) { } [[\fR and \fB]]\fR commands in
        !          1894: .I open
        !          1895: and
        !          1896: .I visual
        !          1897: are modified to have meaning for \fIlisp\fR.
        !          1898: .LC
        !          1899: \fBlist\fR     default: nolist
        !          1900: .ZP
        !          1901: All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously,
        !          1902: showing tabs and end-of-lines as in the
        !          1903: .I list
        !          1904: command.
        !          1905: .LC
        !          1906: \fBmagic\fR    default: magic for \fIex\fR and \fIvi\fR\(dg
        !          1907: .FS
        !          1908: \(dg \fINomagic\fR for \fIedit\fR.
        !          1909: .FE
        !          1910: .ZP
        !          1911: If
        !          1912: .I nomagic
        !          1913: is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly reduced,
        !          1914: with only `\(ua' and `$' having special effects.
        !          1915: In addition the metacharacters
        !          1916: `~'
        !          1917: and
        !          1918: `&'
        !          1919: of the replacement pattern are treated as normal characters.
        !          1920: All the normal metacharacters may be made
        !          1921: .I magic
        !          1922: when
        !          1923: .I nomagic
        !          1924: is set by preceding them with a `\e'.
        !          1925: .LC
        !          1926: \fBmesg\fR     default: mesg
        !          1927: .ZP
        !          1928: Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal
        !          1929: while you are in visual mode, if
        !          1930: .I nomesg
        !          1931: is set.
        !          1932: .LC
        !          1933: \fBmodeline\fR default: nomodeline
        !          1934: .ZP
        !          1935: If
        !          1936: .I modeline
        !          1937: is set, then the first 5 lines and the last five lines of the file
        !          1938: will be checked for ex command lines and the comands issued.
        !          1939: To be recognized as a command line, the line must have the string
        !          1940: .B ex:
        !          1941: or
        !          1942: .B vi:
        !          1943: preceeded by a tab or a space.  This string may be anywhere in the
        !          1944: line and anything after the 
        !          1945: .I :
        !          1946: is interpeted as editor commands.  This option defaults to off because
        !          1947: of unexpected behavior when editting files such as
        !          1948: .I /etc/passwd.
        !          1949: .LC
        !          1950: \fBnumber, nu\fR       default: nonumber
        !          1951: .ZP
        !          1952: Causes all output lines to be printed with their
        !          1953: line numbers.
        !          1954: In addition each input line will be prompted for by supplying the line number
        !          1955: it will have.
        !          1956: .LC
        !          1957: \fBopen\fR     default: open
        !          1958: .ZP
        !          1959: If \fInoopen\fR, the commands
        !          1960: .I open
        !          1961: and
        !          1962: .I visual
        !          1963: are not permitted.
        !          1964: This is set for
        !          1965: .I edit
        !          1966: to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to 
        !          1967: open or visual mode.
        !          1968: .LC
        !          1969: \fBoptimize, opt\fR    default: optimize
        !          1970: .ZP
        !          1971: Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal
        !          1972: to not do automatic carriage returns
        !          1973: when printing more than one (logical) line of output,
        !          1974: greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable
        !          1975: cursors when text with leading white space is printed.
        !          1976: .LC
        !          1977: \fBparagraphs,\ para\fR        default: para=IPLPPPQPP\0LIbp
        !          1978: .ZP
        !          1979: Specifies the paragraphs for the \fB{\fR and \fB}\fR operations in
        !          1980: .I open
        !          1981: and 
        !          1982: .I visual.
        !          1983: The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names
        !          1984: of the macros which start paragraphs.
        !          1985: .LC
        !          1986: \fBprompt\fR   default: prompt
        !          1987: .ZP
        !          1988: Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'.
        !          1989: .LC
        !          1990: \fBredraw\fR   default: noredraw
        !          1991: .ZP
        !          1992: The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent
        !          1993: terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in
        !          1994: .I visual
        !          1995: the characters to the right of the cursor position are refreshed
        !          1996: as each input character is typed.)
        !          1997: Useful only at very high speed.
        !          1998: .LC
        !          1999: \fBremap\fP    default: remap
        !          2000: .ZP
        !          2001: If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged.
        !          2002: For example, if
        !          2003: .B o
        !          2004: is mapped to
        !          2005: .B O ,
        !          2006: and
        !          2007: .B O
        !          2008: is mapped to
        !          2009: .B I ,
        !          2010: then if
        !          2011: .I remap
        !          2012: is set,
        !          2013: .B o
        !          2014: will map to
        !          2015: .B I ,
        !          2016: but if
        !          2017: .I noremap
        !          2018: is set, it will map to
        !          2019: .B O .
        !          2020: .LC
        !          2021: \fBreport\fR   default: report=5\(dg
        !          2022: .FS
        !          2023: \(dg 2 for \fIedit\fR.
        !          2024: .FE
        !          2025: .ZP
        !          2026: Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands.
        !          2027: Any command which modifies more than the specified number of lines
        !          2028: will provide feedback as to the scope of its changes.
        !          2029: For commands such as
        !          2030: .I global ,
        !          2031: .I open ,
        !          2032: .I undo ,
        !          2033: and
        !          2034: .I visual
        !          2035: which have potentially more far reaching scope,
        !          2036: the net change in the number of lines in the buffer is
        !          2037: presented at the end of the command, subject to this same threshold.
        !          2038: Thus notification is suppressed during a
        !          2039: .I global
        !          2040: command on the individual commands performed.
        !          2041: .LC
        !          2042: \fBscroll\fR   default: scroll=\(12 window
        !          2043: .ZP
        !          2044: Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when an end-of-file
        !          2045: is received from a terminal input in command mode,
        !          2046: and the number of lines printed by a command mode
        !          2047: .I z
        !          2048: command (double the value of
        !          2049: .I scroll ).
        !          2050: .LC
        !          2051: \fBsections\fR default: sections=SHNHH\0HU
        !          2052: .ZP
        !          2053: Specifies the section macros for the \fB[[\fR and \fB]]\fR operations
        !          2054: in
        !          2055: .I open
        !          2056: and
        !          2057: .I visual.
        !          2058: The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names
        !          2059: of the macros which start paragraphs.
        !          2060: .LC
        !          2061: \fBshell\fR, \fBsh\fR  default: sh=/bin/sh
        !          2062: .ZP
        !          2063: Gives the path name of the shell forked for 
        !          2064: the shell escape command `!', and by the
        !          2065: .I shell
        !          2066: command.
        !          2067: The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if present.
        !          2068: .LC
        !          2069: \fBshiftwidth\fR, \fBsw\fR     default: sw=8
        !          2070: .ZP
        !          2071: Gives the width a software tab stop,
        !          2072: used in reverse tabbing with \fB^D\fR when using
        !          2073: .I autoindent
        !          2074: to append text,
        !          2075: and by the shift commands.
        !          2076: .LC
        !          2077: \fBshowmatch, sm\fR    default: nosm
        !          2078: .ZP
        !          2079: In
        !          2080: .I open
        !          2081: and
        !          2082: .I visual
        !          2083: mode, when a \fB)\fR or \fB}\fR is typed, move the cursor to the matching
        !          2084: \fB(\fR or \fB{\fR for one second if this matching character is on the
        !          2085: screen.  Extremely useful with
        !          2086: .I lisp.
        !          2087: .LC
        !          2088: \fBslowopen, slow\fR   terminal dependent
        !          2089: .ZP
        !          2090: Affects the display algorithm used in
        !          2091: .I visual
        !          2092: mode, holding off display updating during input of new text to improve
        !          2093: throughput when the terminal in use is both slow and unintelligent.
        !          2094: See
        !          2095: .I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi"
        !          2096: for more details.
        !          2097: .LC
        !          2098: \fBtabstop,\ ts\fR     default: ts=8
        !          2099: .ZP
        !          2100: The editor expands tabs in the input file to be on
        !          2101: .I tabstop
        !          2102: boundaries for the purposes of display.
        !          2103: .LC
        !          2104: \fBtaglength,\ tl\fR   default: tl=0
        !          2105: .ZP
        !          2106: Tags are not significant beyond this many characters.
        !          2107: A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant.
        !          2108: .LC
        !          2109: \fBtags\fR     default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags
        !          2110: .ZP
        !          2111: A path of files to be used as tag files for the
        !          2112: .I tag
        !          2113: command.
        !          2114: A requested tag is searched for in the specified files, sequentially.
        !          2115: By default, files called
        !          2116: .B tags
        !          2117: are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib
        !          2118: (a master file for the entire system).
        !          2119: .LC
        !          2120: \fBterm\fR     from environment TERM
        !          2121: .ZP
        !          2122: The terminal type of the output device.
        !          2123: .LC
        !          2124: \fBterse\fR    default: noterse
        !          2125: .ZP
        !          2126: Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user.
        !          2127: .LC
        !          2128: \fBwarn\fR     default: warn
        !          2129: .ZP
        !          2130: Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!'
        !          2131: command escape.
        !          2132: .LC
        !          2133: \fBwindow\fR   default: window=speed dependent
        !          2134: .ZP
        !          2135: The number of lines in a text window in the
        !          2136: .I visual
        !          2137: command.
        !          2138: The default is 8 at slow speeds (600 baud or less),
        !          2139: 16 at medium speed (1200 baud),
        !          2140: and the full screen (minus one line) at higher speeds.
        !          2141: .LC
        !          2142: \fBw300,\ w1200\, w9600\fR
        !          2143: .ZP
        !          2144: These are not true options but set
        !          2145: .B window
        !          2146: only if the speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600),
        !          2147: respectively.
        !          2148: They are suitable for an EXINIT
        !          2149: and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule.
        !          2150: .LC
        !          2151: \fBwrapscan\fR, \fBws\fR       default: ws
        !          2152: .ZP
        !          2153: Searches using the regular expressions in addressing
        !          2154: will wrap around past the end of the file.
        !          2155: .LC
        !          2156: \fBwrapmargin\fR, \fBwm\fR     default: wm=0
        !          2157: .ZP
        !          2158: Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in
        !          2159: .I open
        !          2160: and
        !          2161: .I visual
        !          2162: modes.  See
        !          2163: .I "An Introduction to Text Editing with Vi"
        !          2164: for details.
        !          2165: .LC
        !          2166: \fBwriteany\fR, \fBwa\fR       default: nowa
        !          2167: .IP
        !          2168: Inhibit the checks normally made before
        !          2169: .I write
        !          2170: commands, allowing a write to any file which the system protection
        !          2171: mechanism will allow.
        !          2172: .NH 1
        !          2173: Limitations
        !          2174: .PP
        !          2175: Editor limits that the user is likely to encounter are as follows:
        !          2176: 1024 characters per line,
        !          2177: 256 characters per global command list,
        !          2178: 128 characters per file name,
        !          2179: 128 characters in the previous inserted and deleted text in
        !          2180: .I open
        !          2181: or
        !          2182: .I visual,
        !          2183: 100 characters in a shell escape command,
        !          2184: 63 characters in a string valued option,
        !          2185: and 30 characters in a tag name, and
        !          2186: a limit of 250000 lines in the file is silently enforced.
        !          2187: .PP
        !          2188: The
        !          2189: .I visual
        !          2190: implementation limits the number of macros defined with map to
        !          2191: 32, and the total number of characters in macros to be less than 512.
        !          2192: .LP
        !          2193: .LP
        !          2194: .I Acknowledgments.
        !          2195: Chuck Haley contributed greatly to the early development of
        !          2196: .I ex.
        !          2197: Bruce Englar encouraged the redesign which led to
        !          2198: .I ex
        !          2199: version 1.
        !          2200: Bill Joy wrote versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7,
        !          2201: and created the framework that users see in the present editor.
        !          2202: Mark Horton added macros and other features and made the
        !          2203: editor work on a large number of terminals and Unix systems.

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