Return to ms CVS log

Up to [CSRG BSD Unix] / 43BSDReno / share / doc / usd / 20.msmacros

Annotation of 43BSDReno/share/doc/usd/20.msmacros/ms, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\"    @(#)ms  6.1 (Berkeley) 5/22/86
        !             2: .\"
        !             3: .EH 'USD:20-%''Using the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff'
        !             4: .OH 'Using the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff''USD:20-%'
        !             5: .\".RP
        !             6: ....TM 76-1274-16 39199 39199-11
        !             7: ....ND October 8, 1976
        !             8: .nr CW 2.85i
        !             9: .nr GW .3i
        !            10: .TL
        !            11: Typing Documents on the UNIX System:
        !            12: .br
        !            13: \!.br
        !            14: Using the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff
        !            15: .AU "MH 2C-572" 6377
        !            16: M. E. Lesk
        !            17: .AI
        !            18: .MH
        !            19: .OK
        !            20: \"Text Formatting
        !            21: \"Phototypesetting
        !            22: .AB
        !            23: This document describes a set of easy-to-use macros
        !            24: for preparing documents on the UNIX system.
        !            25: Documents may be produced on either the
        !            26: phototypesetter or a on a computer terminal,
        !            27: without changing the input.
        !            28: .PP
        !            29: The macros provide facilities for paragraphs, sections (optionally
        !            30: with automatic numbering), page titles, footnotes,
        !            31: equations,
        !            32: tables, two-column format, and
        !            33: cover pages for papers.
        !            34: .PP
        !            35: This memo includes, as an appendix,
        !            36: the text of the ``Guide to Preparing
        !            37: Documents with \-ms''
        !            38: which contains additional examples
        !            39: of features of \-ms.
        !            40: .PP
        !            41: This manual is a revision of, and replaces,
        !            42: ``Typing Documents on UNIX,''
        !            43: dated November 22, 1974.
        !            44: .AE
        !            45: .CS 6 6 12 1 0 8
        !            46: .bd I 3
        !            47: .PP
        !            48: .I
        !            49: Introduction.
        !            50: .R
        !            51: This memorandum describes a package of commands to produce
        !            52: papers
        !            53: using the
        !            54: .bd I
        !            55: .I
        !            56: troff
        !            57: .R
        !            58: and
        !            59: .I nroff
        !            60: formatting programs on the
        !            61: .SM
        !            62: UNIX
        !            63: .NL
        !            64: system.
        !            65: As with other
        !            66: .I roff -derived
        !            67: programs,
        !            68: text is prepared interspersed with formatting commands.
        !            69: However, this package,
        !            70: which itself is written in
        !            71: .I troff
        !            72: commands,
        !            73: provides higher-level commands
        !            74: than those provided with the basic
        !            75: .I troff
        !            76: program.
        !            77: The commands available in this package are listed in
        !            78: Appendix A.
        !            79: .bd I 3
        !            80: .PP
        !            81: .I
        !            82: Text.
        !            83: .R
        !            84: Type normally, except that instead of indenting for paragraphs,
        !            85: place a line reading ``.PP'' before each paragraph.
        !            86: This will produce indenting and extra space.
        !            87: .LP
        !            88: Alternatively, the command .LP that was used here will produce
        !            89: a left-aligned (block) paragraph.
        !            90: The paragraph spacing can be changed: see below under ``Registers.''
        !            91: .PP
        !            92: .I
        !            93: Beginning.
        !            94: .R
        !            95: For a document with a paper-type cover sheet, the input should start as follows:
        !            96: .DS L
        !            97:        [optional overall format .RP \- see below]
        !            98:        .TL
        !            99:        Title of document (one or more lines)
        !           100:        .AU
        !           101:        Author(s) (may also be several lines)
        !           102:        .AI
        !           103:        Author's institution(s)
        !           104:        .AB
        !           105:        Abstract; to be placed on the cover sheet of a paper.
        !           106:        Line length is 5/6 of normal; use .ll here to change.
        !           107:        .AE  (abstract end)
        !           108:        text ... (begins with .PP, which see)
        !           109: .DE
        !           110: To omit some of the standard headings
        !           111: (e.g. no abstract, or no author's institution) just
        !           112: omit the corresponding fields and command lines.
        !           113: The word
        !           114: .SM
        !           115: ABSTRACT
        !           116: .NL
        !           117: can be suppressed by writing ``.AB no'' for ``.AB''.
        !           118: Several interspersed .AU and .AI lines can be used for multiple authors.
        !           119: The headings are not compulsory: beginning
        !           120: with a .PP command is perfectly OK and will just
        !           121: start printing an ordinary paragraph.
        !           122: .I Warning:
        !           123: You can't just begin a document with a line of text.
        !           124: Some \-ms command must
        !           125: precede any text input.  When in doubt, use .LP
        !           126: to get proper initialization, although any of
        !           127: the commands .PP, .LP, .TL, .SH, .NH is good enough.
        !           128: Figure 1 shows the legal arrangement of commands at the
        !           129: start of a document.
        !           130: .PP
        !           131: .I
        !           132: Cover Sheets and First Pages.
        !           133: .R
        !           134: The first line
        !           135: of a document signals the general format of the first page.
        !           136: In particular, if it is ".RP" a cover sheet with title and
        !           137: abstract is prepared.
        !           138: The default format
        !           139: is useful for scanning drafts.
        !           140: .PP
        !           141: In general \-ms is arranged so that only one form
        !           142: of a document need be stored, containing all
        !           143: information;  the first command gives the format,
        !           144: and unnecessary items for that format are ignored.
        !           145: .PP
        !           146: Warning: don't put extraneous material
        !           147: between the .TL and .AE commands.  Processing
        !           148: of the titling items is
        !           149: special, and other data placed in them may not behave
        !           150: as you expect.
        !           151: Don't forget that some \-ms command must precede any input text.
        !           152: .PP
        !           153: .I
        !           154: Page headings.
        !           155: .R
        !           156: The \-ms macros, by default, will print a page heading containing
        !           157: a page number (if greater than 1).
        !           158: A default page footer is provided only in
        !           159: .I nroff ,
        !           160: where the date is used.
        !           161: The user can make minor adjustments to the page headings/footings
        !           162: by redefining the
        !           163: strings
        !           164: LH, CH, and RH
        !           165: which are the left, center and right portions of the page headings,
        !           166: respectively; and the
        !           167: strings
        !           168: LF, CF, and RF,
        !           169: which are the left, center and right portions of the page footer.
        !           170: For more complex formats, the user can redefine
        !           171: the macros PT and BT, which are invoked respectively at the top
        !           172: and bottom of each page.
        !           173: The margins (taken from registers HM and FM for the top and bottom
        !           174: margin respectively) are normally 1 inch; the page header/footer are
        !           175: in the middle of that space.
        !           176: The user who redefines these macros should be careful
        !           177: not to change parameters such as point size or font
        !           178: without resetting them to default values.
        !           179: .PP
        !           180: .2C
        !           181: .I
        !           182: Multi-column formats.
        !           183: .R
        !           184: If you place the command ``.2C'' in your document, the document will
        !           185: be printed in double column format beginning
        !           186: at that point.  This feature is not too useful in computer
        !           187: terminal output, but is often desirable on the typesetter.
        !           188: The command ``.1C'' will go
        !           189: back to one-column format and also skip to a new page.
        !           190: The ``.2C'' command is actually a special case of the command
        !           191: .DS L
        !           192:        .MC [column width [gutter width]]
        !           193: .DE
        !           194: which makes multiple columns with the specified column
        !           195: and gutter width; as many columns as will fit across the page
        !           196: are used.
        !           197: Thus triple, quadruple, ... column pages can be printed.
        !           198: Whenever the number of columns is changed (except going from
        !           199: full width to some larger number of columns)
        !           200: a new page is started.
        !           201: .PP
        !           202: .I
        !           203: Headings.
        !           204: .R
        !           205: To produce a special heading, there are two commands.
        !           206: If you type
        !           207: .DS L
        !           208:        .NH
        !           209:        type section heading here
        !           210:        may be several lines
        !           211: .DE
        !           212: you will get automatically numbered section headings (1, 2, 3, ...),
        !           213: in boldface.
        !           214: For example,
        !           215: .DS L
        !           216:     .NH
        !           217:     Care and Feeding of Department Heads
        !           218: .DE
        !           219: produces
        !           220: .NH
        !           221: Care and Feeding of Department Heads
        !           222: .PP
        !           223: Alternatively,
        !           224: .DS L
        !           225:        .SH
        !           226:        Care and Feeding of Directors
        !           227: .DE
        !           228: will print the heading with no number added:
        !           229: .SH
        !           230: Care and Feeding of Directors
        !           231: .PP
        !           232: Every section heading, of either type, should be followed
        !           233: by a paragraph beginning with .PP or .LP, indicating
        !           234: the end of the heading.
        !           235: Headings may contain more than one line
        !           236: of text.
        !           237: .PP
        !           238: The .NH command also supports more complex numbering schemes.
        !           239: If a numerical argument is given, it is taken to be a
        !           240: ``level'' number and an appropriate sub-section
        !           241: number is generated.
        !           242: Larger level numbers indicate deeper
        !           243: sub-sections, as in this example:
        !           244: .DS L
        !           245:        .NH
        !           246:        Erie-Lackawanna
        !           247:        .NH 2
        !           248:        Morris and Essex Division
        !           249:        .NH 3
        !           250:        Gladstone Branch
        !           251:        .NH 3
        !           252:        Montclair Branch
        !           253:        .NH 2
        !           254:        Boonton Line
        !           255: .DE
        !           256: generates:
        !           257: .NH
        !           258: Erie-Lackawanna
        !           259: .NH 2
        !           260: Morris and Essex Division
        !           261: .NH 3
        !           262: Gladstone Branch
        !           263: .NH 3
        !           264: Montclair Branch
        !           265: .NH 2
        !           266: Boonton Line
        !           267: .PP
        !           268: An explicit ``.NH 0'' will reset the numbering of level 1
        !           269: to one, as here:
        !           270: .DS L
        !           271:        .NH 0
        !           272:        Penn Central
        !           273: .DE
        !           274: .ft 3
        !           275: .if n .ul 1
        !           276: .sp 1
        !           277: 1.  Penn Central
        !           278: .PP
        !           279: .I
        !           280: Indented paragraphs.
        !           281: .R
        !           282: (Paragraphs with hanging numbers, e.g. references.)
        !           283: The sequence
        !           284: .DS L
        !           285:        .IP [1]
        !           286:        Text for first paragraph, typed
        !           287:        normally for as long as you would
        !           288:        like on as many lines as needed.
        !           289:        .IP [2]
        !           290:        Text for second paragraph, ...
        !           291: .DE
        !           292: produces
        !           293: .IP [1]
        !           294: Text for first paragraph, typed normally for as long
        !           295: as you would like on as many lines as
        !           296: needed.
        !           297: .IP [2]
        !           298: Text for second paragraph, ...
        !           299: .LP
        !           300: A series of indented paragraphs may be followed by an ordinary paragraph
        !           301: beginning with .PP or .LP,
        !           302: depending on whether you wish indenting or not.
        !           303: The command .LP was used here.
        !           304: .PP
        !           305: More sophisticated uses of .IP are also possible.
        !           306: If the label is omitted, for example, a plain block indent
        !           307: is produced.
        !           308: .DS L
        !           309:        .IP
        !           310:        This material will
        !           311:        just be turned into a
        !           312:        block indent suitable for quotations or
        !           313:        such matter.
        !           314:        .LP
        !           315: .DE
        !           316: will produce
        !           317: .IP
        !           318: This material
        !           319: will just be turned
        !           320: into a block indent
        !           321: suitable for
        !           322: quotations or such matter.
        !           323: .LP
        !           324: If a non-standard amount of indenting is required,
        !           325: it may be specified after the label (in character positions)
        !           326: and will remain in effect until the next .PP or .LP.
        !           327: Thus, the general form of the .IP command
        !           328: contains two additional fields: the label and the indenting
        !           329: length.  For example,
        !           330: .DS L
        !           331:        .IP first: 9
        !           332:        Notice the longer label, requiring larger
        !           333:        indenting for these paragraphs.
        !           334:        .IP second:
        !           335:        And so forth.
        !           336:        .LP
        !           337: .DE
        !           338: produces this:
        !           339: .IP first: 9
        !           340: Notice the longer label, requiring larger
        !           341: indenting for these paragraphs.
        !           342: .IP second:
        !           343: And so forth.
        !           344: .LP
        !           345: It is also possible to produce multiple nested indents;
        !           346: the command .RS indicates that the next .IP starts from the
        !           347: current indentation level.
        !           348: Each .RE will eat up one level of indenting
        !           349: so you should balance .RS and .RE commands.
        !           350: The .RS command should be thought of as ``move right'' and
        !           351: the .RE command as ``move left''.
        !           352: As an example
        !           353: .DS L
        !           354:        .IP 1.
        !           355:        Bell Laboratories
        !           356:        .RS
        !           357:        .IP 1.1
        !           358:        Murray Hill
        !           359:        .IP 1.2
        !           360:        Holmdel
        !           361:        .IP 1.3
        !           362:        Whippany
        !           363:        .RS
        !           364:        .IP 1.3.1
        !           365:        Madison
        !           366:        .RE
        !           367:        .IP 1.4
        !           368:        Chester
        !           369:        .RE
        !           370:        .LP
        !           371: .DE
        !           372: will result in
        !           373: .IP 1.
        !           374: Bell Laboratories
        !           375: .RS
        !           376: .IP 1.1
        !           377: Murray Hill
        !           378: .IP 1.2
        !           379: Holmdel
        !           380: .IP 1.3
        !           381: Whippany
        !           382: .RS
        !           383: .IP 1.3.1
        !           384: Madison
        !           385: .RE
        !           386: .IP 1.4
        !           387: Chester
        !           388: .RE
        !           389: .LP
        !           390: All of these variations on .LP leave the right
        !           391: margin untouched.  Sometimes, for purposes
        !           392: such as setting off a quotation, a paragraph indented
        !           393: on both right and left is required.
        !           394: .QP
        !           395: A single paragraph
        !           396: like this is obtained
        !           397: by preceding it with .QP.
        !           398: More complicated material (several paragraphs) should be
        !           399: bracketed with .QS and .QE.
        !           400: .LP
        !           401: .I
        !           402: Emphasis.
        !           403: .R
        !           404: To get
        !           405: italics
        !           406: (on the typesetter) or underlining (on the terminal)
        !           407: say
        !           408: .DS L
        !           409:        .I
        !           410:        as much text as you want
        !           411:        can be typed here
        !           412:        .R
        !           413: .DE
        !           414: .bd I
        !           415: .br
        !           416: as was done for
        !           417: .I
        !           418: these three words.
        !           419: .R
        !           420: The .R command restores the normal (usually Roman) font.
        !           421: If only one word is to be italicized, it
        !           422: may be just given on the line with the .I command,
        !           423: .br
        !           424: .bd I 3
        !           425: .DS
        !           426:        .I word
        !           427: .DE
        !           428: and in this case no .R is needed to restore
        !           429: the previous font.
        !           430: .B
        !           431: Boldface
        !           432: .R
        !           433: can be produced by
        !           434: .DS L
        !           435:        .B
        !           436:        Text to be set in boldface
        !           437:        goes here
        !           438:        .R
        !           439: .DE
        !           440: and also will be underlined on the terminal or line printer.
        !           441: As with .I, a single word can be placed in boldface
        !           442: by placing it on the same line as the .B command.
        !           443: .PP
        !           444: A few size changes
        !           445: can be specified similarly with
        !           446: the commands .LG (make larger), .SM (make smaller), and .NL
        !           447: (return to normal size).
        !           448: The size change
        !           449: is two points; the commands may be repeated for
        !           450: .SM
        !           451: increased
        !           452: .SM
        !           453: effect
        !           454: .NL
        !           455: (here one .NL canceled two .SM commands).
        !           456: .PP
        !           457: If actual
        !           458: .UL underlining
        !           459: as opposed to italicizing is required on the typesetter,
        !           460: the command
        !           461: .DS
        !           462:        .UL word
        !           463: .DE
        !           464: will underline a word.  There is no way to underline
        !           465: multiple words on the typesetter.
        !           466: .PP
        !           467: .I
        !           468: Footnotes.
        !           469: .R
        !           470: Material placed between lines with the commands .FS
        !           471: (footnote) and .FE (footnote end) will
        !           472: be collected, remembered, and finally placed
        !           473: at the bottom of the current page*.
        !           474: By default, footnotes are 11/12th the
        !           475: length of normal text,
        !           476: but this can be changed using the FL register (see below).
        !           477: .FS
        !           478: * Like this.
        !           479: .FE
        !           480: .PP
        !           481: .I
        !           482: Displays and Tables.
        !           483: .R
        !           484: To prepare displays of lines, such as tables, in which
        !           485: the lines should not be re-arranged,
        !           486: enclose them in the commands .DS and .DE
        !           487: .DS L
        !           488:        .DS
        !           489:        table lines, like the
        !           490:        examples here, are placed
        !           491:        between .DS and .DE
        !           492:        .DE
        !           493: .DE
        !           494: By default, lines between .DS and .DE are indented and left-adjusted.
        !           495: You can also center lines, or retain the left margin.
        !           496: Lines bracketed by .DS C and .DE commands are
        !           497: centered (and not re-arranged); lines bracketed
        !           498: by .DS L and .DE are left-adjusted, not indented, and
        !           499: not re-arranged.
        !           500: A plain .DS is equivalent
        !           501: to .DS I, which indents and left-adjusts.  Thus,
        !           502: .DS C
        !           503: these lines were preceded
        !           504: by .DS C and followed by
        !           505: a .DE command;
        !           506: .DE
        !           507: whereas
        !           508: .DS L
        !           509: these lines were preceded
        !           510: by .DS L and followed by
        !           511: a .DE command.
        !           512: .DE
        !           513: Note that .DS C centers each line; there is a variant .DS B
        !           514: that makes the display into a left-adjusted block of text, and
        !           515: then centers that entire block.
        !           516: Normally a display is kept together, on one page.
        !           517: If you wish to have a long display which
        !           518: may be split across page
        !           519: boundaries,
        !           520: use .CD, .LD, or .ID in place of
        !           521: the commands .DS C, .DS L, or .DS I respectively.
        !           522: An extra argument to the .DS I or .DS command is taken
        !           523: as an amount to indent.
        !           524: Note: it is tempting to assume that .DS R will right adjust
        !           525: lines, but it doesn't work.
        !           526: .PP
        !           527: .I
        !           528: Boxing words or lines.
        !           529: .R
        !           530: To draw rectangular boxes around words the command
        !           531: .DS L
        !           532:        .BX word
        !           533: .DE
        !           534: will print
        !           535: .BX word
        !           536: as shown.
        !           537: The boxes will not be neat on a terminal, and this
        !           538: should not be used as a substitute for italics.
        !           539: .B1
        !           540: Longer pieces of text may be boxed
        !           541: by enclosing them with .B1 and .B2:
        !           542: .DS L
        !           543:        .B1
        !           544:        text...
        !           545:        .B2
        !           546: .DE
        !           547: as has been done here.
        !           548: .B2
        !           549: .PP
        !           550: .I
        !           551: Keeping blocks together.
        !           552: .R
        !           553: If you wish to keep a table or other block of lines
        !           554: together on a page, there are ``keep - release'' commands.
        !           555: If a block of lines preceded by .KS and followed by .KE does
        !           556: not fit on the remainder of the current page, it will begin
        !           557: on a new page.
        !           558: Lines bracketed by .DS and .DE commands are automatically
        !           559: kept together this way.
        !           560: There is also a ``keep floating'' command: if the
        !           561: block to be kept together is preceded by .KF instead of .KS
        !           562: and does not fit
        !           563: on the current page, it will be moved down through the text
        !           564: until the top of the next page.  Thus, no large blank space
        !           565: will be introduced in the document.  
        !           566: .PP
        !           567: .I
        !           568: Nroff/Troff commands.
        !           569: .R
        !           570: Among the useful commands from the basic formatting programs
        !           571: are the following.  They all work with both typesetter and
        !           572: computer terminal output:
        !           573: .DS L
        !           574:        .bp - begin new page.
        !           575:        .br - ``break'', stop running text
        !           576:                  from line to line.
        !           577:        .sp n - insert n blank lines.
        !           578:        .na - don't adjust right margins.
        !           579: .DE
        !           580: .PP
        !           581: .I
        !           582: Date.
        !           583: .R
        !           584: By default, documents produced on computer terminals have the
        !           585: date at the bottom of each page; documents produced on
        !           586: the typesetter don't.
        !           587: To force the date, say ``.DA''.  To force no date, say ``.ND''.
        !           588: To lie about the date, say ``.DA July 4, 1776''
        !           589: which puts the specified date at the bottom of each page.
        !           590: The command
        !           591: .DS L
        !           592:        .ND May 8, 1945
        !           593: .DE
        !           594: in ".RP" format
        !           595: places the specified date on the cover sheet and nowhere else.
        !           596: Place this line before the title.
        !           597: .PP
        !           598: .I
        !           599: Signature line.
        !           600: .R
        !           601: You can obtain a signature line by placing
        !           602: the command .SG in the document.
        !           603: The authors' names will
        !           604: be output in place of the .SG line.
        !           605: An argument to .SG
        !           606: is used
        !           607: as a typing identification line, and
        !           608: placed after the signatures.
        !           609: The .SG command is ignored
        !           610: in released paper format.
        !           611: .PP
        !           612: .I
        !           613: Registers.
        !           614: .R
        !           615: Certain of the registers used by \-ms can
        !           616: be altered to change default
        !           617: settings.
        !           618: They should be changed with .nr commands,
        !           619: as with
        !           620: .DS
        !           621:        .nr PS 9
        !           622: .DE
        !           623: .bd I
        !           624: to make the default point size 9 point.
        !           625: If the effect is needed immediately, the
        !           626: normal
        !           627: .I
        !           628: troff
        !           629: .R
        !           630: command should be used
        !           631: in addition to changing the number register.
        !           632: .br
        !           633: .ps 9
        !           634: .vs 10p
        !           635: .TS
        !           636: c0 c c c
        !           637: c c c c
        !           638: a l l l.
        !           639: Register       Defines Takes   Default
        !           640:                effect
        !           641: PS     point size      next para.      10
        !           642: VS     line spacing    next para.      12 pts
        !           643: LL     line length     next para.      6\(fm\(fm
        !           644: LT     title length    next para.      6\(fm\(fm
        !           645: PD     para. spacing   next para.      0.3 VS
        !           646: PI     para. indent    next para.      5 ens
        !           647: FL     footnote length next FS 11/12 LL
        !           648: CW     column width    next 2C 7/15 LL
        !           649: GW     intercolumn gap next 2C 1/15 LL
        !           650: PO     page offset     next page       26/27\(fm\(fm
        !           651: HM     top margin      next page       1\(fm\(fm
        !           652: FM     bottom margin   next page       1\(fm\(fm
        !           653: .TE
        !           654: .ps \n(PS
        !           655: .vs \n(VS
        !           656: You may also alter
        !           657: the strings
        !           658: LH, CH, and RH which are the left, center, and right headings
        !           659: respectively; and similarly LF, CF, and RF which are strings in the
        !           660: page footer.
        !           661: The page number on
        !           662: .I
        !           663: output
        !           664: .R
        !           665: is taken from register PN, to permit
        !           666: changing its output style.
        !           667: For more complicated headers and footers
        !           668: the macros PT and BT can be redefined, as
        !           669: explained earlier.
        !           670: .bd I 3
        !           671: .PP
        !           672: .I
        !           673: Accents.
        !           674: .R
        !           675: To simplify typing certain foreign words,
        !           676: strings representing common accent marks are defined.
        !           677: They precede the letter over which the mark
        !           678: is to appear.
        !           679: Here are the strings:
        !           680: .TS
        !           681: center;
        !           682: c c6 c c.
        !           683: Input  Output  Input   Output
        !           684: \e*\(fme       \*'e    \e*~a   \*~a
        !           685: \e*\(gae       \*`e    \e*Ce   \h'0.15m'\v'-0.6m'\s6\zv\s0\v'0.6m'\h'-0.15m'e
        !           686: \e*:u  \*:u    \e*,c   \*,c
        !           687: \e*^e  \o'^e'
        !           688: .TE
        !           689: .PP
        !           690: .I
        !           691: Use.
        !           692: .R
        !           693: After your document is prepared and stored on a file,
        !           694: you can print it on a terminal with the command*
        !           695: .bd I
        !           696: .FS
        !           697: * If .2C was used, pipe the
        !           698: .I nroff
        !           699: output
        !           700: through
        !           701: .I col;
        !           702: make the first line of the input
        !           703: ``.pi /usr/bin/col.''
        !           704: .br
        !           705: .FE
        !           706: .DS L
        !           707: .I
        !           708:    nroff \-ms file
        !           709: .R
        !           710: .DE
        !           711: and you can print it on the typesetter with the
        !           712: command
        !           713: .DS L
        !           714: .I
        !           715:    troff \-ms file
        !           716: .R
        !           717: .DE
        !           718: (many options are possible).
        !           719: In each case, if your document is stored in several files,
        !           720: just list all the filenames
        !           721: where we have used ``file''.
        !           722: If equations or tables are used,
        !           723: .I
        !           724: eqn
        !           725: .R
        !           726: and/or
        !           727: .I
        !           728: tbl
        !           729: .R
        !           730: must be invoked as preprocessors.
        !           731: .br
        !           732: .bd I 3
        !           733: .PP
        !           734: .I
        !           735: References and further study.
        !           736: .R
        !           737: If you have to do Greek or mathematics, see
        !           738: .I eqn
        !           739: [1]
        !           740: for equation setting.
        !           741: To aid
        !           742: .I eqn
        !           743: users,
        !           744: .I \-ms
        !           745: provides definitions of .EQ and .EN
        !           746: which normally center the equation and set it off slightly.
        !           747: An argument on .EQ is taken to be an equation
        !           748: number and placed in the right margin near the equation.
        !           749: In addition, there are three special arguments to EQ:
        !           750: the letters C, I, and L indicate centered (default),
        !           751: indented, and left adjusted equations, respectively. 
        !           752: If there is both a format argument
        !           753: and an equation number,
        !           754: give the format argument first, as in
        !           755: .bd I
        !           756: .DS
        !           757:        .EQ L (1.3a)
        !           758: .DE
        !           759: for a left-adjusted equation numbered (1.3a).
        !           760: .PP
        !           761: Similarly,
        !           762: the macros .TS and .TE
        !           763: are defined
        !           764: to separate tables (see [2]) from text with a little space.
        !           765: A very long table with a heading may be broken
        !           766: across pages by beginning it with .TS H
        !           767: instead of .TS,
        !           768: and placing the line .TH in the table data
        !           769: after the heading.  If the table
        !           770: has no heading repeated from page to page,
        !           771: just use the ordinary .TS and .TE macros.
        !           772: .PP
        !           773: To learn more about
        !           774: .I troff
        !           775: see
        !           776: [3] for a general introduction, and [4]
        !           777: for the full details (experts only).
        !           778: Information on related UNIX commands
        !           779: is in [5].
        !           780: For jobs that do not seem well-adapted
        !           781: to \-ms, consider other macro packages.
        !           782: It is often far easier to write a specific macro packages
        !           783: for such tasks as imitating particular journals than
        !           784: to try to adapt \-ms.
        !           785: .PP
        !           786: .bd I 3
        !           787: .I
        !           788: Acknowledgment.
        !           789: .R
        !           790: Many thanks are due to Brian Kernighan for
        !           791: his help in the design and implementation of this package,
        !           792: and for his assistance in preparing this manual.
        !           793: .bd I
        !           794: .SH
        !           795: .ce
        !           796: References
        !           797: .PP
        !           798: .IP [1]
        !           799: B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry,
        !           800: .I
        !           801: Typesetting Mathematics \(em Users Guide (2nd edition),
        !           802: .R
        !           803: Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 17.
        !           804: .IP [2]
        !           805: M. E. Lesk,
        !           806: .I
        !           807: Tbl \(em A Program to Format Tables,
        !           808: .R
        !           809: Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 45.
        !           810: .IP [3]
        !           811: B. W. Kernighan,
        !           812: .I
        !           813: A Troff Tutorial,
        !           814: .R
        !           815: Bell Laboratories, 1976.
        !           816: .IP [4]
        !           817: J. F. Ossanna,
        !           818: .I
        !           819: Nroff\|/Troff Reference Manual,
        !           820: .R
        !           821: Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 51.
        !           822: .IP [5]
        !           823: K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie,
        !           824: .I
        !           825: UNIX Programmer's Manual,
        !           826: .R
        !           827: Bell Laboratories, 1978.
        !           828: .1C
        !           829: .SH
        !           830: .ce
        !           831: Appendix A
        !           832: .ce
        !           833: List of Commands
        !           834: .ft R
        !           835: .TS
        !           836: expand;
        !           837: l2 l5 l2 l.
        !           838: 1C     Return to single column format. LG      Increase type size.
        !           839: 2C     Start double column format.     LP      Left aligned block paragraph.
        !           840: AB     Begin abstract. 
        !           841: AE     End abstract.   
        !           842: AI     Specify author's institution.   
        !           843: AU     Specify author. ND      Change or cancel date.
        !           844: B      Begin boldface. NH      Specify numbered heading.
        !           845: DA     Provide the date on each page.  NL      Return to normal type size.
        !           846: DE     End display.    PP      Begin paragraph.
        !           847: DS     Start display (also CD, LD, ID).        
        !           848: EN     End equation.   R       Return to regular font (usually Roman).
        !           849: EQ     Begin equation. RE      End one level of relative indenting.
        !           850: FE     End footnote.   RP      Use released paper format.
        !           851: FS     Begin footnote. RS      Relative indent increased one level.
        !           852:                SG      Insert signature line.
        !           853: I      Begin italics.  SH      Specify section heading.
        !           854:                SM      Change to smaller type size.
        !           855: IP     Begin indented paragraph.       TL      Specify title.
        !           856: KE     Release keep.   
        !           857: KF     Begin floating keep.    UL      Underline one word.
        !           858: KS     Start keep.     
        !           859: .TE
        !           860: .sp
        !           861: .ce
        !           862: .ft B
        !           863: Register Names
        !           864: .ft R
        !           865: .PP
        !           866: The following register names are used by \-ms internally.
        !           867: Independent use of these names in one's own macros may
        !           868: produce incorrect output.
        !           869: Note that no lower case letters are used in any \-ms internal name.
        !           870: .TS
        !           871:  expand;
        !           872: c s s  s s s  s s s  s s
        !           873: l l l  l l l  l l l  l l.
        !           874: Number registers used in \-ms
        !           875: :      DW      GW      HM      IQ      LL      NA      OJ      PO      T.      TV
        !           876: #T     EF      H1      HT      IR      LT      NC      PD      PQ      TB      VS
        !           877: .T     FC      H2      IF      IT      MF      ND      PE      PS      TC      WF
        !           878: 1T     FL      H3      IK      KI      MM      NF      PF      PX      TD      YE
        !           879: AV     FM      H4      IM      L1      MN      NS      PI      RO      TN      YY
        !           880: CW     FP      H5      IP      LE      MO      OI      PN      ST      TQ      ZN
        !           881: .TE
        !           882: .sp
        !           883: .TS
        !           884: expand;
        !           885: c s s  s s s  s s s  s s
        !           886: l l l  l l l  l l l  l l.
        !           887: String registers used in \-ms
        !           888: \(fm   A5      CB      DW      EZ      I       KF      MR      R1      RT      TL
        !           889: \(ga   AB      CC      DY      FA      I1      KQ      ND      R2      S0      TM
        !           890: ^      AE      CD      E1      FE      I2      KS      NH      R3      S1      TQ
        !           891: ~      AI      CF      E2      FJ      I3      LB      NL      R4      S2      TS
        !           892: :      AU      CH      E3      FK      I4      LD      NP      R5      SG      TT
        !           893: ,      B       CM      E4      FN      I5      LG      OD      RC      SH      UL
        !           894: 1C     BG      CS      E5      FO      ID      LP      OK      RE      SM      WB
        !           895: 2C     BT      CT      EE      FQ      IE      ME      PP      RF      SN      WH
        !           896: A1     C       D       EL      FS      IM      MF      PT      RH      SY      WT
        !           897: A2     C1      DA      EM      FV      IP      MH      PY      RP      TA      XD
        !           898: A3     C2      DE      EN      FY      IZ      MN      QF      RQ      TE      XF
        !           899: A4     CA      DS      EQ      HO      KE      MO      R       RS      TH      XK
        !           900: .TE
        !           901: .ne 4i
        !           902: .br
        !           903: .ne 5i
        !           904: .ta 1i 2i 3i 4i
        !           905: .vs .6i
        !           906: .nf
        !           907: .in 1i
        !           908: .ll 4.2i
        !           909: .ce
        !           910: Order of Commands in Input
        !           911: 
        !           912:        RP
        !           913: TL
        !           914: AU
        !           915: AI
        !           916:        AB
        !           917:        AE
        !           918: 
        !           919:                NH, SH
        !           920:                        PP, LP
        !           921:                        text ...
        !           922: .br
        !           923: .ce
        !           924: Figure 1
        !           925: .fi
        !           926: .in 0

This archive runs on limited infrastructure. Preserving old code on modern bandwidth. Automated agents are requested to crawl responsibly.