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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)ms.diffs 6.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/86
6: .\"
7: .nr LL 6.5i
8: .nr FL 6.0i
9: .if t .nr PD .5v
10: .if t .ds m \u\(ul\dm
11: .if n .ds m -m
12: .AM
13: .OH 'A Revised Version of \*ms''USD:21-%'
14: .EH 'USD:21-%''A Revised Version of \*ms'
15: .TL
16: A Revised Version of \*ms
17: .AU
18: Bill Tuthill
19: .AI
20: Computing Services
21: University of California
22: Berkeley, CA 94720
23: .PP
24: The \*ms macros have been slightly revised and re\%arranged for the
25: Berkeley Unix distribution.
26: Because of the rearrangement,
27: the new macros can be read by the computer
28: in about half the time required by the previous version of \*ms.
29: This means that output will begin to appear between ten seconds
30: and several minutes more quickly, depending on the system load.
31: On long files, however, the savings in total time are not substantial.
32: The old version of \*ms is still available as \*mos.
33: .PP
34: Several bugs in \*ms have been fixed, including
35: a bad problem with the .1C macro,
36: minor difficulties with boxed text,
37: a break induced by .EQ before initialization,
38: the failure to set tab stops in displays,
39: and several bothersome errors in the \fBrefer\fP macros.
40: Macros used only at Bell Laboratories have been removed.
41: There are a few extensions to previous \*ms macros,
42: and a number of new macros, but all the documented \*ms macros
43: still work exactly as they did before, and have the same names as before.
44: Output produced with \*ms should look like output produced with \*mos.
45: .PP
46: One important new feature is automatically numbered footnotes.
47: Footnote numbers are printed by means of a pre-defined string
48: (\e\(**\(**), which you invoke separately from .FS and .FE.
49: Each time it is used, this string increases the footnote number by one,
50: whether or not you use .FS and .FE in your text.
51: Footnote numbers will be superscripted on the phototypesetter
52: and on daisy-wheel terminals, but on low-resolution devices
53: (such as the lpr and a crt), they will be bracketed.
54: If you use \e\(**\(** to indicate numbered footnotes,
55: then the .FS macro will automatically include
56: the footnote number at the bottom of the page.
57: This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\**
58: .DS
59: This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\e\(**\(**
60: \&.FS
61: .sp -.2
62: ...
63: \&.FE
64: .DE
65: .FS
66: If you never use the ``\e\(**\(**'' string,
67: no footnote numbers will appear anywhere in the text,
68: including down here.
69: The output footnotes will look exactly like
70: footnotes produced with \*mos.
71: .FE
72: If you are using \e\(**\(** to number footnotes,
73: but want a particular footnote to be marked with an asterisk or a dagger,
74: then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \(dg
75: .DS
76: then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \e(dg
77: \&.FS \e(dg
78: .sp -.2
79: ...
80: \&.FE
81: .DE
82: .FS \(dg
83: In the footnote, the dagger will appear where the footnote
84: number would otherwise appear, as on the left.
85: .FE
86: Footnote numbering will be temporarily suspended,
87: because the \e\(**\(** string is not used.
88: Instead of a dagger, you could use an asterisk *
89: or double dagger \(dd, represented as \|\e(dd.
90: .PP
91: Another new feature is a macro for printing theses
92: according to Berkeley standards.
93: This macro is called .TM, which stands for thesis mode.
94: (It is much like the .th macro in \*me.)
95: It will put page numbers in the upper right-hand corner;
96: number the first page; suppress the date;
97: and doublespace everything except quotes, displays, and keeps.
98: Use it at the top of each file making up your thesis.
99: Calling .TM defines the .CT macro for chapter titles,
100: which skips to a new page and moves the pagenumber to the center footer.
101: The .P1 (P one) macro can be used even without thesis mode
102: to print the header on page 1,
103: which is suppressed except in thesis mode.
104: If you want roman numeral page numbering,
105: use an ``.af\0PN\0i'' request.
106: .PP
107: There is a new macro especially for bibliography entries,
108: called .XP, which stands for exdented paragraph.
109: It will exdent the first line of the paragraph by \en(PI units,
110: usually 5n (the same as the indent for the first line of a .PP).
111: Most bibliographies are printed this way.
112: Here are some examples of exdented paragraphs:
113: .XP
114: Lumley, Lyle S., \fISex in Crustaceans: Shell Fish Habits,\fP\|
115: Harbinger Press, Tampa Bay and San Diego, October 1979.
116: 243 pages.
117: The pioneering work in this field.
118: .XP
119: Leffadinger, Harry A., ``Mollusk Mating Season: 52 Weeks, or All Year?''
120: in \fIActa Biologica,\fP\| vol. 42, no. 11, November 1980.
121: A provocative thesis, but the conclusions are wrong.
122: .LP
123: Of course, you will have to take care of
124: italicizing the book title and journal,
125: and quoting the title of the journal article.
126: Indentation or exdentation can be changed
127: by setting the value of number register PI.
128: .PP
129: If you need to produce endnotes rather than footnotes,
130: put the references in a file of their own.
131: This is similar to what you would do if you were
132: typing the paper on a conventional typewriter.
133: Note that you can use automatic footnote numbering
134: without actually having .FS and .FE pairs in your text.
135: If you place footnotes in a separate file,
136: you can use .IP macros with \e\(**\(**\| as a hanging tag;
137: this will give you numbers at the left-hand margin.
138: With some styles of endnotes,
139: you would want to use .PP rather then .IP macros,
140: and specify \e\(**\(** before the reference begins.
141: .PP
142: There are four new macros to help produce a table of contents.
143: Table of contents entries must be enclosed in .XS and .XE pairs,
144: with optional .XA macros for additional entries;
145: arguments to .XS and .XA specify the page number,
146: to be printed at the right.
147: A final .PX macro prints out the table of contents.
148: Here is a sample of typical input and output text:
149: .DS
150: \&.XS ii
151: Introduction
152: \&.XA 1
153: Chapter 1: Review of the Literature
154: \&.XA 23
155: Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence
156: \&.XE
157: \&.PX
158: .sp .5
159: .lt 5.5i
160: .tl ''\fBTable of Contents\fP''
161: .ta 5i 5.5iR
162: .sp
163: Introduction & ii\|
164: Chapter 1: Review of the Literature & 1
165: Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence & 23
166: .sp .5
167: .DE
168: The .XS and .XE pairs may also be used in the text,
169: after a section header for instance,
170: in which case page numbers are supplied automatically.
171: However, most documents that require a table of contents
172: are too long to produce in one run,
173: which is necessary if this method is to work.
174: It is recommended that you do a table of contents
175: after finishing your document.
176: To print out the table of contents, use the .PX macro;
177: if you forget it, nothing will happen.
178: .PP
179: As an aid in producing text that will format correctly
180: with both \fBnroff\fP and \fBtroff\fP,
181: there are some new string definitions that define quotation marks
182: and dashes for each of these two formatting programs.
183: The \e\(**\^\u_\d string will yield two hyphens in \fBnroff\fP,
184: but in \fBtroff\fP it will produce an em dash\*-
185: like this one.
186: The \e\(**Q and \e\(**U strings will produce
187: `` and '' in \fBtroff\fP, but " in \fBnroff\fP.
188: (In typesetting, the double quote is traditionally considered bad form.)
189: .PP
190: There are now a large number of optional
191: foreign accent marks defined by the \*ms macros.
192: All the accent marks available in \*mos are present,
193: and they all work just as they always did.
194: However, there are better definitions available
195: by placing .AM at the beginning of your document.
196: Unlike the \*mos accent marks,
197: the accent strings should come \fIafter\fP\| the letter being accented.
198: Here is a list of the diacritical marks,
199: with examples of what they look like.
200: .DS
201: .ta 2i 3i
202: name of accent input output
203: \l'3.5i'
204: acute accent e\e\(**\' e\*'
205: grave accent e\e\(**\` e\*`
206: circumflex o\e\(**\d^\u o\*^
207: cedilla c\e\(**, c\*,
208: tilde n\e\(**\d~\u n\*~
209: question \e\(**? \*?
210: exclamation \e\(**! \*!
211: umlaut u\e\(**: u\*:
212: digraph s \e\(**8 \*8
213: hac\*vek c\e\(**v c\*v
214: macron a\e\(**_ a\*_
215: underdot s\e\(**. s\*.
216: o-slash o\e\(**/ o\*/
217: angstrom a\e\(**o a\*o
218: yogh kni\e\(**3t kni\*3t
219: Thorn \e\(**(Th \*(Th
220: thorn \e\(**(th \*(th
221: Eth \e\(**(D- \*(D-
222: eth \e\(**(d- \*(d-
223: hooked o \e\(**q \*q
224: ae ligature \e\(**(ae \*(ae
225: AE ligature \e\(**(Ae \*(Ae
226: oe ligature \e\(**(oe \*(oe
227: OE ligature \e\(**(Oe \*(Oe
228: .DE
229: If you want to use these new diacritical marks,
230: don't forget the .AM at the top of your file.
231: Without it, some will not print at all,
232: and others will be placed on the wrong letter.
233: .PP
234: It is also possible to produce custom headers and footers
235: that are different on even and odd pages.
236: The .OH and .EH macros define odd and even headers,
237: while .OF and .EF define odd and even footers.
238: Arguments to these four macros are specified as with .tl.
239: This document was produced with:
240: .DS
241: \&.OH \'\ef\^IThe -mx Macros\'\'Page %\ef\^P\'
242: \&.EH \'\ef\^IPage %\'\'The -mx Macros\ef\^P\'
243: .DE
244: Note that it would be a error to have an apostrophe in the header text;
245: if you need one, you will have to use a different delimiter
246: around the left, center, and right portions of the title.
247: You can use any character as a delimiter, provided it doesn't appear
248: elsewhere in the argument to .OH, .EH, .OF, or EF.
249: .PP
250: The \*ms macros work in conjunction with
251: the \fBtbl\fR, \fBeqn\fR, and \fBrefer\fR preprocessors.
252: Macros to deal with these items are read in only as needed,
253: as are the thesis macros (.TM),
254: the special accent mark definitions (.AM),
255: table of contents macros (.XS and .XE),
256: and macros to format the optional cover page.
257: The code for the \*ms package lives in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.s,
258: and sourced files reside in the directory /usr/ucb/lib/ms.
259: .sp
260: .tl '''\*(DY'
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