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1.1     ! root        1: .\"    @(#)tt01        6.1 (Berkeley) 5/23/86
        !             2: .\"
        !             3: .NH
        !             4: Introduction
        !             5: .tr ^.
        !             6: .PP
        !             7: .UL troff
        !             8: [1]
        !             9: is a text-formatting program,
        !            10: written originally by J. F. Ossanna,
        !            11: for producing
        !            12: high-quality printed output from the phototypesetter
        !            13: on the
        !            14: .UC UNIX
        !            15: operating system.
        !            16: This document is an example of
        !            17: .UL troff
        !            18: output.
        !            19: .PP
        !            20: The single most important rule
        !            21: of using
        !            22: .UL troff
        !            23: is
        !            24: not to use it directly, but through some intermediary.
        !            25: In many ways,
        !            26: .UL troff
        !            27: resembles an assembly language _
        !            28: a remarkably powerful and flexible one _
        !            29: but nonetheless such that many operations must be specified
        !            30: at a level of detail and in a form that is too hard 
        !            31: for most people to use effectively.
        !            32: .PP
        !            33: For two special applications, there are programs that provide
        !            34: an interface to
        !            35: .UL troff
        !            36: for the majority of users.
        !            37: .UL eqn 
        !            38: [2]
        !            39: provides an easy to learn language for typesetting mathematics;
        !            40: the 
        !            41: .UL eqn
        !            42: user
        !            43: need know no 
        !            44: .UL troff
        !            45: whatsoever
        !            46: to typeset mathematics.
        !            47: .UL tbl
        !            48: [3]
        !            49: provides the same convenience for producing tables of arbitrary
        !            50: complexity.
        !            51: .PP
        !            52: For producing straight text (which may well contain mathematics or tables), there are a number of `macro packages'
        !            53: that define formatting rules and operations for specific styles
        !            54: of documents,
        !            55: and reduce the amount of
        !            56: direct contact with 
        !            57: .UL troff .
        !            58: In particular, the `\-ms'
        !            59: [4], 
        !            60: PWB/MM [5], and `\-me' [6]
        !            61: packages
        !            62: for internal memoranda and external papers
        !            63: provide most of the facilities needed
        !            64: for a wide range of document preparation.\(dg
        !            65: .FS
        !            66: \(dg Most Berkeley Unix sites only have \-ms and \-me.
        !            67: .FE
        !            68: (This memo was prepared with `\-ms'.)
        !            69: There are also packages for viewgraphs,
        !            70: for simulating the older
        !            71: .UL roff
        !            72: formatters,
        !            73: and for other special applications.
        !            74: Typically you will find these packages easier to use
        !            75: than
        !            76: .UL troff
        !            77: once you get beyond the most trivial operations;
        !            78: you should always consider them first.
        !            79: .PP
        !            80: In the few cases where existing packages don't do the whole job,
        !            81: the solution is
        !            82: .ul
        !            83: not
        !            84: to write an entirely new set of
        !            85: .UL troff
        !            86: instructions from scratch, but to make small changes
        !            87: to adapt packages that already exist.
        !            88: .WS
        !            89: .PP
        !            90: In accordance with this philosophy of letting someone else
        !            91: do the work,
        !            92: the part of
        !            93: .UL troff
        !            94: described here is only a small part of the whole,
        !            95: although it tries to concentrate on the more useful parts.
        !            96: In any case, there is no attempt to be complete.
        !            97: Rather, the emphasis is on showing how to do simple things,
        !            98: and how to make incremental changes to what already exists.
        !            99: The contents of the remaining sections are:
        !           100: .sp
        !           101: .nf
        !           102: .in .1i
        !           103: .ta .3i
        !           104: \02.   Point sizes and line spacing
        !           105: \03.   Fonts and special characters
        !           106: \04.   Indents and line length
        !           107: \05.   Tabs
        !           108: \06.   Local motions: Drawing lines and characters
        !           109: \07.   Strings
        !           110: \08.   Introduction to macros
        !           111: \09.   Titles, pages and numbering
        !           112: 10.    Number registers and arithmetic
        !           113: 11.    Macros with arguments
        !           114: 12.    Conditionals
        !           115: 13.    Environments
        !           116: 14.    Diversions
        !           117:        Appendix: Typesetter character set
        !           118: .sp
        !           119: .in 0
        !           120: .fi
        !           121: The
        !           122: .UL troff
        !           123: described here is the C-language version supplied with 
        !           124: .UC UNIX
        !           125: Version 7 and 32V as documented in [1].
        !           126: .WS
        !           127: .PP
        !           128: To use
        !           129: .UL troff
        !           130: you have to prepare not only the actual text you want printed,
        !           131: but some information that tells
        !           132: .ul
        !           133: how
        !           134: you want it printed.
        !           135: (Readers who use
        !           136: .UL roff
        !           137: will find the approach familiar.)
        !           138: For
        !           139: .UL troff
        !           140: the text
        !           141: and
        !           142: the formatting information are often intertwined quite intimately.
        !           143: Most commands to
        !           144: .UL troff
        !           145: are placed on a line separate from the text itself,
        !           146: beginning with a period (one command per line).
        !           147: For example,
        !           148: .P1
        !           149: Some text.
        !           150: ^ps 14
        !           151: Some more text.
        !           152: .P2
        !           153: will change the `point size',
        !           154: that is,
        !           155: the size of the letters being printed,
        !           156: to `14 point' (one point is 1/72 inch) like this:
        !           157: .P1
        !           158: .fi
        !           159: Some text.
        !           160: .ps 14
        !           161: Some more text.
        !           162: .ps 10
        !           163: .P2
        !           164: .PP
        !           165: Occasionally, though,
        !           166: something special occurs in the middle of a line _
        !           167: to produce
        !           168: .P1
        !           169: Area = \(*p\fIr\fR\|\s8\u2\d\s0
        !           170: .P2
        !           171: you have to type
        !           172: .P1
        !           173: Area = \e(*p\efIr\efR\e\^|\^\es8\eu2\ed\es0
        !           174: .P2
        !           175: (which we will explain shortly).
        !           176: The backslash character
        !           177: .BD  \e 
        !           178: is used 
        !           179: to introduce
        !           180: .UL troff
        !           181: commands and special characters within a line of text.

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