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1.1 root 1: .\" @(#)g4 6.1 (Berkeley) 5/22/86
2: .\"
3: .SC "A Large Example"
4: .PP
5: Here is the complete source for the three display equations
6: in the abstract of this guide.
7: .sp
8: .nf
9: .ps -2
10: .vs -2
11: .EQ I
12: G(z)~mark =~ e sup { ln ~ G(z) }
13: ~=~ exp left (
14: sum from k>=1 {S sub k z sup k} over k right )
15: ~=~ prod from k>=1 e sup {S sub k z sup k /k}
16: .EN
17: .EQ I
18: lineup = left ( 1 + S sub 1 z +
19: { S sub 1 sup 2 z sup 2 } over 2! + ... right )
20: left ( 1+ { S sub 2 z sup 2 } over 2
21: + { S sub 2 sup 2 z sup 4 } over { 2 sup 2 cdot 2! }
22: + ... right ) ...
23: .EN
24: .EQ I
25: lineup = sum from m>=0 left (
26: sum from
27: pile { k sub 1 ,k sub 2 ,..., k sub m >=0
28: above
29: k sub 1 +2k sub 2 + ... +mk sub m =m}
30: { S sub 1 sup {k sub 1} } over {1 sup k sub 1 k sub 1 ! } ~
31: { S sub 2 sup {k sub 2} } over {2 sup k sub 2 k sub 2 ! } ~
32: ...
33: { S sub m sup {k sub m} } over {m sup k sub m k sub m ! }
34: right ) z sup m
35: .EN
36: .sp
37: .fi
38: .ps +2
39: .vs +2
40: .SC "Keywords, Precedences, Etc."
41: .PP
42: If you don't use braces,
43: .UC EQN
44: will
45: do operations in the order shown in this list.
46: .P1 3
47: .ft I
48: dyad vec under bar tilde hat dot dotdot
49: fwd back down up
50: fat roman italic bold size
51: sub sup sqrt over
52: from to
53: .ft R
54: .P2
55: These operations group to the left:
56: .P1
57: .ft I
58: over sqrt left right
59: .ft R
60: .P2
61: All others group to the right.
62: .PP
63: Digits, parentheses, brackets, punctuation marks, and these mathematical words
64: are converted
65: to Roman font when encountered:
66: .P1
67: sin cos tan sinh cosh tanh arc
68: max min lim log ln exp
69: Re Im and if for det
70: .P2
71: These character sequences are recognized and translated as shown.
72: .sp
73: .nf
74: .tr -\(mi
75: .in .5i
76: .ta 1i
77: >= $>=$
78: <= $<=$
79: == $==$
80: != $!=$
81: +- $+-$
82: -> $->$
83: <- $<-$
84: << $<<$
85: >> $>>$
86: inf $inf$
87: partial $partial$
88: half $half$
89: prime $prime$
90: approx $approx$
91: nothing $nothing$
92: cdot $cdot$
93: times $times$
94: del $del$
95: grad $grad$
96: \&... $...$
97: ,..., $,...,$
98: sum $sum$
99: .sp 3p
100: int $int$
101: .sp 2p
102: prod $prod$
103: union $union$
104: inter $inter$
105: .sp
106: .in
107: .fi
108: .tr --
109: .PP
110: To obtain Greek letters,
111: simply spell them out in whatever case you want:
112: .sp
113: .nf
114: .in .2i
115: .ta .7i 1.4i 2.1i
116: DELTA $DELTA$ iota $iota$
117: GAMMA $GAMMA$ kappa $kappa$
118: LAMBDA $LAMBDA$ lambda $lambda$
119: OMEGA $OMEGA$ mu $mu$
120: PHI $PHI$ nu $nu$
121: PI $PI$ omega $omega$
122: PSI $PSI$ omicron $omicron$
123: SIGMA $SIGMA$ phi $phi$
124: THETA $THETA$ pi $pi$
125: UPSILON $UPSILON$ psi $psi$
126: XI $XI$ rho $rho$
127: alpha $alpha$ sigma $sigma$
128: beta $beta$ tau $tau$
129: chi $chi$ theta $theta$
130: delta $delta$ upsilon $upsilon$
131: epsilon $epsilon$ xi $xi$
132: eta $eta$ zeta $zeta$
133: gamma $gamma$
134: .sp
135: .in
136: .fi
137: .PP
138: These are all the words known to
139: .UC EQN
140: (except for characters with names),
141: together with the section where they are discussed.
142: .sp
143: .nf
144: .in .2i
145: .ta .7i 1.4i 2.1i
146: above 17, 18 lpile 17
147: back 21 mark 15
148: bar 13 matrix 18
149: bold 12 ndefine 20
150: ccol 18 over 9
151: col 18 pile 17
152: cpile 17 rcol 18
153: define 20 right 16
154: delim 19 roman 12
155: dot 13 rpile 17
156: dotdot 13 size 12
157: down 21 sqrt 10
158: dyad 13 sub 7
159: fat 12 sup 7
160: font 12 tdefine 20
161: from 11 tilde 13
162: fwd 21 to 11
163: gfont 12 under 13
164: gsize 12 up 21
165: hat 13 vec 13
166: italic 12 ~, ^ 4, 6
167: lcol 18 { } 8
168: left 16 "..." 8, 14
169: lineup 15
170: .sp
171: .in 0
172: .fi
173: .SC Troubleshooting
174: .PP
175: If you make a mistake in an equation,
176: like leaving out a brace (very common)
177: or having one too many (very common)
178: or having a
179: .ul
180: sup
181: with nothing before it (common),
182: .UC EQN
183: will tell you with the message
184: .P1 2
185: .ft I
186: syntax error between lines x and y, file z
187: .ft R
188: .P2
189: where
190: .ul
191: x
192: and
193: .ul
194: y
195: are approximately the lines
196: between which the trouble occurred, and
197: .ul
198: z
199: is the name
200: of the file in question.
201: The line numbers are approximate _ look nearby as well.
202: There are also self-explanatory messages that arise if you leave out a quote
203: or try to run
204: .UC EQN
205: on a non-existent file.
206: .PP
207: If you want to check a document before actually printing it
208: (on
209: .UC UNIX
210: only),
211: .P1
212: eqn files >/dev/null
213: .P2
214: will
215: throw away the output but print the messages.
216: .PP
217: If you use something like dollar signs as delimiters,
218: it is easy to leave one out.
219: This causes very strange troubles.
220: The program
221: .ul
222: checkeq
223: checks for misplaced or missing dollar signs
224: and similar troubles.
225: .PP
226: In-line equations can only be so big
227: because of an internal buffer in
228: .UC TROFF .
229: If you get a message
230: ``word overflow'',
231: you have exceeded this limit.
232: If you print the equation as a displayed equation
233: this message will usually go away.
234: The message
235: ``line overflow''
236: indicates you have exceeded an even bigger buffer.
237: The only cure for this is to break the equation into two separate ones.
238: .PP
239: On a related topic,
240: .UC EQN
241: does not break equations by itself _
242: you must split long equations up across multiple lines
243: by yourself,
244: marking each by a separate
245: .UC .EQ
246: \&...\&
247: .UC .EN
248: sequence.
249: .UC EQN
250: does warn about equations that are too long
251: to fit on one line.
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