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1.1     ! root        1: .\"    @(#)bibdoc.ms   6.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/86
        !             2: .\"
        !             3: .EH 'USD:31-%''BIB \- A Program for Formatting Bibliographies'
        !             4: .OH 'BIB \- A Program for Formatting Bibliographies''USD:31-%'
        !             5: .nr LL 6.5i
        !             6: .nr LT 6.5i
        !             7: .TL
        !             8: \fBBIB \- A Program for Formatting Bibliographies\fP
        !             9: .AU
        !            10: Timothy A. Budd
        !            11: .AI
        !            12: The University of Arizona
        !            13: Department of Computer Science
        !            14: Tucson, Arizona 85721
        !            15: .PP
        !            16: \fIBib\fP is a program for collecting and formatting reference lists in
        !            17: documents.  It is a preprocessor to the nroff/troff typesetting systems,
        !            18: (much like the \fItbl\fP [.tbl.] and \fIeqn\fP [.eqn.] programs) and an alternative
        !            19: to the \fIrefer\fP [.lesk refer.] bibliography program.  \fIBib\fP takes two
        !            20: inputs: a document to be formatted and a library of references.  Imprecise
        !            21: citations in the source document are replaced by more conventional
        !            22: citation strings, the appropriate references are selected from the reference
        !            23: file, and commands are generated to format both citation and the referenced
        !            24: item in the bibliography.
        !            25: .PP
        !            26: An imprecise citation is a list of words surrounded by the characters
        !            27: [\&. .].  Words (which are truncated to six letters)
        !            28: in the imprecise citation are matched against entries in the reference file,
        !            29: and if an entry is found that matches all words, that reference is used.
        !            30: For example:
        !            31: .de 2Q
        !            32: .sp
        !            33: .QS
        !            34: .QS
        !            35: ..
        !            36: .de 2E
        !            37: .sp
        !            38: .QE
        !            39: .QE
        !            40: ..
        !            41: .2Q
        !            42: .PP
        !            43: In Brooks's interesting book [\&. brooks mythical.] various reasons ...
        !            44: .2E
        !            45: .PP
        !            46: Multiple citations are indicated by simply placing a comma in the imprecise
        !            47: citation:
        !            48: .2Q
        !            49: .PP
        !            50: In [\&.kernig tools, kernig elements.], Kernighan and Plauger have ...
        !            51: .2E
        !            52: .PP
        !            53: Embedded newlines, tabs and extra blanks within the
        !            54: imprecise citation are ignored.
        !            55: .PP
        !            56: Judicious use of the K (keyword) field in references in the database
        !            57: can simplify citations
        !            58: considerably.  Also additional information can be placed into citations by
        !            59: surrounding text with curly braces.
        !            60: The additional information is inserted verbatim into the citation,
        !            61: e.g. [.dragon {,\ Chapter 6}.].
        !            62: Note that it may be desirable to use non-breakable spaces, in order that the
        !            63: citation not be split across a line boundary by \fItroff\fP, for example:
        !            64: .2Q
        !            65: .PP
        !            66: For a description of LR parsing, see [\&.dragon {,\e\0Chapter 6}.] by Aho and Ullman.
        !            67: .2E
        !            68: .PP
        !            69: An alternative citation style can be used by surrounding the imprecise
        !            70: citation with {\&. and .\&}.  Most document styles just give the
        !            71: raw citation, without the braces, in this case.  This is useful, for example,
        !            72: to refer to citations in running text.
        !            73: .2Q
        !            74: .PP
        !            75: For a discussion of this point, see reference {\&.dragon.\&}.
        !            76: .2E
        !            77: .PP
        !            78: The algorithm used by \fIbib\fP scans the source input in two passes.
        !            79: In the first pass,
        !            80: references are collected and the location of citations marked.
        !            81: In the second pass, these marks are replaced by the appropriate citation,
        !            82: and the entire list of references is dumped following a call on the macro
        !            83: \&.[].
        !            84: This macro is left untouched.
        !            85: However, this can be altered to achieve other typographic
        !            86: effects.
        !            87: .PP
        !            88: An exception to this process is made in those instances where
        !            89: references are indicated in footnotes.  In this case the macro that
        !            90: generates the reference is placed immediately after each line in which
        !            91: the reference is cited.
        !            92: .PP
        !            93: Reference files are prepared for \fIbib\fP using \fIinvert\fP.
        !            94: By default \fIinvert\fP places an inverted index for the
        !            95: reference list in the file INDEX.  Unless the user specifies an
        !            96: alternative (see the \-p switch described below), this is the first file
        !            97: searched by \fIbib\fP in attempting to locate a reference.  If the entry is not found
        !            98: in the user's file, a standard system-wide index is searched.  If the
        !            99: entry is still not found in the system file, a warning message is produced
        !           100: and a blank citation is generated.
        !           101: .PP
        !           102: The format for entries in the reference file is described more fully in
        !           103: the section `Reference File Formats'.
        !           104: This format is similar to that used by \fIrefer\fP
        !           105: with the following exceptions:
        !           106: .IP 1.
        !           107: An F field, if present, overrides whatever citation string would otherwise
        !           108: be constructed.
        !           109: .IP 2.
        !           110: Certain defined names can be used, and will be expanded differently by
        !           111: different document styles.  For example, the string CACM is expanded into
        !           112: `Communications of the ACM' by some document styles, `Comm.
        !           113: ACM' by others,
        !           114: and `Comm. of the Assoc. of Comp. Mach.' by yet others.
        !           115: Appendix 1 lists the currently recognized names.
        !           116: .IP 3.
        !           117: The program automatically abbreviates names, reverses names, and
        !           118: hyphenates strings of contiguous references, if requested.
        !           119: .IP 4.
        !           120: A reference can have more than one editor field, and editor's names
        !           121: can be abbreviated, reversed, and/or printed in cap/small caps style,
        !           122: independent of any processing done to authors names.
        !           123: .PP
        !           124: Since the user's index is searched before the system index, if the
        !           125: user wants to alter a specific entry in the system index (say to change
        !           126: the name W. E. Howden to William E. Howden, for example) it is a simple
        !           127: matter to copy the system information into a private database and make
        !           128: the changes locally.
        !           129: .PP
        !           130: Citation formats are either determined by explicit switch settings or,
        !           131: more generally, by using a predefined formatting style.  In the latter form,
        !           132: usage looks something like:
        !           133: .sp
        !           134: .ce
        !           135: bib \-t\fIstyle\fP [files]
        !           136: .sp
        !           137: where \fIstyle\fP is a citation style.
        !           138: Currently the following citation styles are available:
        !           139: .IP stdn\0\0 6m
        !           140: (standard numeric) numeric citation.  Reference entries are listed in
        !           141: citation order.
        !           142: .IP stdsn
        !           143: same as stdn, but references are sorted by senior author followed by date.
        !           144: .IP stda
        !           145: (standard alphabetic) citations are three letters followed by the last two
        !           146: digits of the date.  For papers with a single author, the letters are the
        !           147: first three letters of the authors last name (e.g. Knu).
        !           148: In papers with two authors the first two letters are from the first author
        !           149: followed by one letter from the second (e.g. HoU). If three or more
        !           150: authors are given the first letters from the first three authors are used
        !           151: (e.g. AHU).
        !           152: .IP openn
        !           153: same as stdsn, only using an open reference format (each major entry is on
        !           154: a new line\u1\d).
        !           155: .FS
        !           156: 1. The open reference format is adapted from \fIA Handbook for Scholars\fP,
        !           157: by Mary-Claire van Leunen, published by Knopf, 1978.
        !           158: .FE
        !           159: .IP opena
        !           160: same as stda, but using an open format.
        !           161: .IP foot
        !           162: footnoted references.
        !           163: .IP supn
        !           164: same as stdn, but using superscripts.
        !           165: .IP spe
        !           166: format used by the journal \fISoftware\(emPractice and Experience\fP.
        !           167: Eventually there will be macro packages available for several journal styles.
        !           168: .PP
        !           169: It is possible to alter slightly the format of standard styles.  For example,
        !           170: to generate references in standard numeric style, but abbreviate first names,
        !           171: the following can be used:
        !           172: .sp
        !           173: .ce
        !           174: bib \-tstdn \-aa ...
        !           175: .PP
        !           176: If two reference items create the same citation string (this can happen
        !           177: if two papers authored by the same person in a single year are referred to
        !           178: in one paper) a disambiguating final letter is added to the citation
        !           179: (i.e., Knu79 becomes Knu79a and Knu79b).
        !           180: As noted previously, this can be altered by using the F field.
        !           181: .PP
        !           182: For the purposes of sorting by author, the last name is taken to be the last
        !           183: word of the name field.  This means some care must be taken when names contain
        !           184: embedded blanks, such as in `Hartley Rogers, Jr.'
        !           185: or `Mary-Claire van Leunen'.
        !           186: In these cases a concealed space (\e\0) should be used, as in
        !           187: `Hartley Rogers,\e\0Jr.'.
        !           188: .PP
        !           189: \fIbib\fP knows very little about \fItroff\fP usage or syntax.  This
        !           190: can sometimes be useful.  For example, to cause an entry to appear in a
        !           191: reference list without having it explicitly cited in the text the citation
        !           192: can be placed in a \fItroff\fP comment.
        !           193: .QS
        !           194: .nr
        !           195: .sp
        !           196:  .\e" [\&.imprecise citation.]
        !           197: .sp
        !           198: .QE
        !           199: .PP
        !           200: It is also possible to embed \fItroff\fP commands within a reference definition.
        !           201: See `abbreviations' in the section `Reference Format Designer's
        !           202: Guide' for an example.
        !           203: .PP
        !           204: In some styles (superscripts) periods and commas should precede the
        !           205: citation while spaces follow.
        !           206: In other styles (brackets) these rules are reversed.  If
        !           207: a period, comma or space immediately precedes a citation, it will be moved to the
        !           208: appropriate location for the particular reference style being used.
        !           209: This movement is not done for citations given in the alternative style.
        !           210: .PP
        !           211: The following is a complete list of options for \fIbib\fP:
        !           212: .IP \-aa 8m
        !           213: reduce author's first names to abbreviations.
        !           214: .IP \-ar\fInum\fP
        !           215: reverse the first \fInum\fP author's names.
        !           216: If \fInum\fP is omitted all names are reversed.
        !           217: .IP \-ax
        !           218: print authors last names in Caps-Small Caps style.  For example Budd becomes
        !           219: B\s-2UDD\s+2.
        !           220: .IP \-c\fIstr\fP
        !           221: build citations according to the template \fIstr\fP.  See the reference
        !           222: format designer's guide for more information on templates.
        !           223: .IP \-ea
        !           224: abbreviate editors' names
        !           225: .IP \-ex
        !           226: places editors' names in Caps-Small Caps style.  (see \-x )
        !           227: .IP \-er\fInum\fP
        !           228: reverse the first \fInum\fP editors' names.  If \fInum\fP is omitted all editors'
        !           229: names are reversed.
        !           230: .IP \-f
        !           231: instead of dumping references following the call on \&.[], dump each
        !           232: reference immediately following the line on which the citation is placed
        !           233: (used for footnoted references).
        !           234: .IP \-h
        !           235: hyphenate runs of three or more contiguous references in the citation string.
        !           236: (eg 2,3,4,5 becomes 2-5).  This is most useful for numeric citation styles,
        !           237: but works generally.
        !           238: The \-h option implies the \-o option.
        !           239: .IP "\-i file"
        !           240: .ns
        !           241: .IP "\-ifile"
        !           242: include and process the indicated file.
        !           243: This is useful for including a private file of string definitions.
        !           244: .IP \-n\fIstr\fP
        !           245: turn off the indicated options.  \fIstr\fP must be composed of the
        !           246: characters \fIafhorx\fP.
        !           247: .IP \-o
        !           248: sort contiguous citations according to the order given by the reference
        !           249: list.  (This option defaults on).
        !           250: .IP "\-p \fIfile\fP"
        !           251: .ns
        !           252: .IP  \-p\fIfile\fP
        !           253: instead of searching the file INDEX,
        !           254: search the indicated reference file(s) before searching the system file.
        !           255: Multiple files are separated by commas.
        !           256: .IP \-s\fIstr\fP
        !           257: sort references according to the template \fIstr\fP.
        !           258: .IP "\-t \fItype\fP"
        !           259: .ns
        !           260: .IP \-t\fItype\fP
        !           261: use the standard macros and switch settings to generate citations and references
        !           262: in the indicated style.
        !           263: .de Ex
        !           264: .sp
        !           265: .QS
        !           266: .nf
        !           267: .ta 3m
        !           268: ..
        !           269: .sp 1.0i
        !           270: .ce 
        !           271: \fBReference File Formats\fP
        !           272: .sp
        !           273: .PP
        !           274: A reference file is a file containing any number of reference
        !           275: items.  Reference items are separated by one or more blank lines.
        !           276: There are no restrictions placed on the order of items in a file,
        !           277: although imposing some order (such as sorting
        !           278: items alphabetically) simplifies updates.
        !           279: .PP
        !           280: A reference item is a collection of field tags and values.
        !           281: A field tag is a percent sign followed by a single letter.
        !           282: Currently, the following field tags are recognized:
        !           283: .Ex
        !           284: .ta 0.5i
        !           285: A      Author's name
        !           286: B      Title of book containing item
        !           287: C      City of publication
        !           288: D      Date
        !           289: E      Editor(s) of book containing item
        !           290: F      Caption
        !           291: G      Government (NTIS) ordering number
        !           292: I      Issuer (publisher)
        !           293: J      Journal name
        !           294: K      Keys for searching
        !           295: N      Issue number
        !           296: O      Other information
        !           297: P      Page(s) of article
        !           298: R      Technical report number
        !           299: S      Series title
        !           300: T      Title
        !           301: V      Volume number
        !           302: W      Where the item can be found locally
        !           303: X      Annotations (not in all macro styles)
        !           304: .QE
        !           305: .PP
        !           306: Author and editor fields can be repeated, as necessary, but all other fields
        !           307: can occur at most once
        !           308: in any reference.  The field information is as long as necessary,
        !           309: and can extend onto new lines.
        !           310: Lines that do not begin with a percent sign or a period
        !           311: are treated as continuations of the previous line.
        !           312: The order of fields is irrelevant, except that authors and editors
        !           313: are listed in the order of occurrence.
        !           314: .PP
        !           315: Generally a reference falls into one of several basic categories.
        !           316: An example of each and a brief comment is given below.  With less
        !           317: standard references (Archival Sources, Correspondence, Government
        !           318: Documents, Newspapers) generally some experimentation is necessary.
        !           319: .SH
        !           320: Books
        !           321: .PP
        !           322: A book is something with a publisher that isn't a journal article or
        !           323: a technical report.  Generally, books also have authors and titles
        !           324: and dates of publication (although some don't).  For books not published
        !           325: by a major publishing house it is also helpful to give a city for the
        !           326: publisher.  Some government documents also qualify as books, so a book
        !           327: may have a government ordering number.
        !           328: .PP
        !           329: It is conventional that the authors names appear in the reference in
        !           330: the same form as on the title page of the book.  Note also that
        !           331: string definitions are provided for most of the major publishing houses
        !           332: (PRHALL for Prentice-Hall, for example).
        !           333: The string definition may include the city as part of the definition,
        !           334: depending on the database in use.
        !           335: .Ex
        !           336: %A     R. E. Griswold
        !           337: %A     J. F. Poage
        !           338: %A     I. P. Polonsky
        !           339: %T     The SNOBOL4 Programming Language
        !           340: %I     PRHALL
        !           341: %D     second edition 1971
        !           342: .QE
        !           343: .PP
        !           344: Sometimes a book (particularly old books) will have no listed publisher.
        !           345: The reference entry must still have an I field.
        !           346: .Ex
        !           347: %A     R. Colt Hoare
        !           348: %T     A Tour through the Island of Elba
        !           349: %I     (no listed publisher)
        !           350: %C     London
        !           351: %D     1814
        !           352: .QE
        !           353: .PP
        !           354: If a reference database contains entries from many people (such
        !           355: as a departmental-wide database), the W field can be used to indicate
        !           356: where the referenced item can be found; using the initials of the owner,
        !           357: for example.
        !           358: Any entry style can take a W field, since this field is not used in
        !           359: formatting the reference.
        !           360: .PP
        !           361: The K field is used to define general subject categories for an entry.
        !           362: This is useful in locating all entries pertaining to a specific subject
        !           363: area.
        !           364: Note the use of the backslash, to indicate the last name is Van Tassel,
        !           365: and not simply Tassel.
        !           366: .Ex
        !           367: %A     Dennie Van\e\0Tassel
        !           368: %T     Program Style, Design, Efficiency,
        !           369: Debugging and Testing
        !           370: %I     PRHALL
        !           371: %D     1978
        !           372: %W     tab
        !           373: %K     testing debugging
        !           374: .QE
        !           375: .SH
        !           376: Journal article
        !           377: .PP
        !           378: The only requirement for a journal article is that it have a
        !           379: journal name and a volume number.
        !           380: Usually journal articles also have authors, titles, page
        !           381: numbers, and a date of publication.  They may also have numbers, and,
        !           382: less frequently, a publisher.  (Generally, publishers are only listed for
        !           383: obscure journals).
        !           384: .PP
        !           385: Note that string names (such as CACM for \fICommunications of the ACM\fP)
        !           386: are defined for most major journals.
        !           387: There are also string names for the months of the year, so that months
        !           388: can be abbreviated to the first three letters.
        !           389: Note also in this example the use of the K field to define a short
        !           390: name (hru) that can be used in searching for the reference.
        !           391: .Ex
        !           392: %A     M. A. Harrison
        !           393: %A     W. L. Ruzzo
        !           394: %A     J. D. Ullman
        !           395: %T     Protection in Operating Systems
        !           396: %J     CACM
        !           397: %V     19
        !           398: %N     8
        !           399: %P     461-471
        !           400: %D     AUG 1976
        !           401: %K     hru
        !           402: .QE
        !           403: .SH
        !           404: Article in conference proceedings
        !           405: .PP
        !           406: An article from a conference is printed as though it were a journal
        !           407: article and the journal name was the name of the conference.
        !           408: Note that string names (SOSP) are also defined for the major
        !           409: conferences (Symposium on Operating System Principles).
        !           410: .Ex
        !           411: %A     M. Bishop
        !           412: %A     L. Snyder
        !           413: %T     The Transfer of Information and Authority
        !           414: in a Protection System
        !           415: %J     Proceedings of the 7th SOSP
        !           416: %P     45-54
        !           417: %D     1979
        !           418: .QE
        !           419: .SH
        !           420: Article in book
        !           421: .PP
        !           422: An article in a book has two titles, the title of the article and the title
        !           423: of the book.  The first goes into the T field and the second into the B
        !           424: field.  Similarly the author of the article goes into the A field and the
        !           425: editor of the book goes into the E field.
        !           426: .Ex
        !           427: %A     John B. Goodenough
        !           428: %T     A Survey of Program Testing Issues
        !           429: %B     Research Directions in Software Technology
        !           430: %E     Peter Wegner
        !           431: %I     MIT Press
        !           432: %P     316-340
        !           433: %D     1979
        !           434: .QE
        !           435: .PP
        !           436: If a work as more than one editor, they each get their own %E field.
        !           437: .Ex
        !           438: %A     R. J. Lipton
        !           439: %A     L. Snyder
        !           440: %T     On Synchronization and Security
        !           441: %E     Richard A. DeMillo
        !           442: %E     David P. Dobkin
        !           443: %E     Anita K. Jones
        !           444: %E     Richard J. Lipton
        !           445: %B     Foundations of Secure Computation
        !           446: %P     367-388
        !           447: %I     ACPRESS
        !           448: %D     1978
        !           449: .QE
        !           450: .PP
        !           451: Sometimes the book is part of a multi-volume series, and hence may
        !           452: contain a volume field and/or a series name.
        !           453: .Ex
        !           454: %A     C.A.R. Hoare
        !           455: %T     Procedures and parameters: An axiomatic approach
        !           456: %B     Symposium on semantics of algorithmic languages
        !           457: %E     E. Engeler
        !           458: %P     102-116
        !           459: %S     Lecture Notes in Mathematics
        !           460: %V     188
        !           461: %I     Springer-Verlag
        !           462: %C     Berlin-Heidelberg-New York
        !           463: %D     1971
        !           464: .QE
        !           465: .PP
        !           466: In any reference format, the O field can be used to give additional information.
        !           467: This is frequently used, for example, for secondary references.
        !           468: .Ex
        !           469: %A     A. Girard
        !           470: %A     J-C Rault
        !           471: %T     A Programming Technique for Software Reliability
        !           472: %B     Symposium on Software Reliability
        !           473: %I     IEEE
        !           474: %C     Montvale, New Jersey
        !           475: %D     1977
        !           476: %O     (Discussed in Glib [32])
        !           477: .QE
        !           478: .SH
        !           479: Compilations
        !           480: .PP
        !           481: A compilation is the work of several authors gathered together by an editor
        !           482: into a book.  The reference format is the same as for a book, with
        !           483: the editor(s) taking the place of the author.
        !           484: .Ex
        !           485: %E     R. A. DeMillo
        !           486: %E     D. P. Dobkin
        !           487: %E     A. K. Jones
        !           488: %E     R. J. Lipton
        !           489: %T     Foundations of Secure Computation
        !           490: %I     ACPRESS
        !           491: %D     1978
        !           492: .QE
        !           493: .SH
        !           494: Technical Reports
        !           495: .PP
        !           496: A technical report must have a report number.  They usually have authors,
        !           497: titles, dates and an issuing institution (the I field is used for this).
        !           498: They may also have a city and a government issue number.  Again string
        !           499: values (UATR for `University of Arizona Technical Report') will
        !           500: frequently simplify typing references.
        !           501: .Ex
        !           502: %A     T. A. Budd
        !           503: %T     An APL Complier
        !           504: %R     UATR 81-17
        !           505: %C     Tucson, Arizona
        !           506: %D     1981
        !           507: .QE
        !           508: .PP
        !           509: If the institution name is not part of the technical report number, then
        !           510: the institution should be given separately.
        !           511: .Ex
        !           512: %A     Douglas Baldwin
        !           513: %A     Frederick Sayward
        !           514: %T     Heuristics for Determining Equivalence of Program Mutations
        !           515: %R     Technical Report Number 161
        !           516: %I     Yale University
        !           517: %D     1979
        !           518: .QE
        !           519: .SH
        !           520: PhD Thesis
        !           521: .PP
        !           522: A PhD thesis is listed as if it were a book, and the institution granting
        !           523: the degree the publisher.
        !           524: .Ex
        !           525: %A     Martin Brooks
        !           526: %T     Automatic Generation of Test Data for
        !           527: Recursive Programs Having Simple Errors
        !           528: %I     PhD Thesis, Stanford University
        !           529: %D     1980
        !           530: .QE
        !           531: .PP
        !           532: Some authors prefer to treat Master's and Bachelor theses similarly, although
        !           533: most references on style instruct say to treat a Master's degree as an
        !           534: article or as a report.
        !           535: .Ex
        !           536: %A     A. Snyder
        !           537: %T     A Portable Compiler for the Language C
        !           538: %R     Master's Thesis
        !           539: %I     M.I.T.
        !           540: %D     1974
        !           541: .QE
        !           542: .SH
        !           543: Miscellaneous
        !           544: .PP
        !           545: A miscellaneous object is something that does not fit into any other form.
        !           546: It can have any of the the following fields; an author, a title, a date,
        !           547: page numbers, and, most generally, other information (the O field).
        !           548: .PP
        !           549: Any reference item can contain an F field, and the corresponding text
        !           550: will override whatever citation would otherwise be constructed.
        !           551: .Ex
        !           552: %F     BHS--
        !           553: %A     Timothy A. Budd
        !           554: %A     Robert Hess
        !           555: %A     Frederick G. Sayward
        !           556: %T     User's Guide for the EXPER Mutation Analysis system
        !           557: %O     (Yale university, memo)
        !           558: .QE
        !           559: .sp 1.0i
        !           560: .ce
        !           561: \fBReference Format Designer's Guide\fP
        !           562: .sp
        !           563: .PP
        !           564: This section need only be read by those users
        !           565: who wish to write their own formatting macro packages.
        !           566: .PP
        !           567: The information necessary for generating citations and references of a
        !           568: particular style is contained in a \fIformat file\fP.  A format file
        !           569: consists of two parts; a sequence of format commands, which are read and
        !           570: interpreted by \fIbib\fP, and a sequence of text lines (usually \fItroff\fP macro
        !           571: definitions) which are merely copied to output.
        !           572: The format file name is always prefixed with the string bib.
        !           573: Thus the format file for a standard document type, such as stdn, is found
        !           574: in a file called bib.stdn in the standard library area.
        !           575: .PP
        !           576: When \fIbib\fP encounters a \-t switch, the user's directory is first searched for
        !           577: a format file matching the given name, before the system area is examined.
        !           578: Thus the user can create individual style database files.
        !           579: .PP
        !           580: Each formatting command is distinguished by a single
        !           581: letter, which must be the first character on a line.
        !           582: The formatting commands in a database file are similar to the command line options
        !           583: for \fIbib\fP.  The legal commands,
        !           584: and their arguments, are as follows:
        !           585: .sp
        !           586: # text
        !           587: .PP
        !           588: A line beginning with a sharp sign is a comment, and all remaining text on the
        !           589: line is ignored.
        !           590: .sp
        !           591: A
        !           592: .PP
        !           593: The A command controls how authors' names are to be formatted.  It can be
        !           594: followed by the following character sequences:
        !           595: .QS
        !           596: .IP A 8m
        !           597: Authors' names are to be abbreviated.  (see \*(oqabbreviations\*(cq, below).
        !           598: .IP R\fInum\fP
        !           599: The first \fInum\fP authors' names are to be reversed.  If \fInum\fP is
        !           600: omitted, all authors' names are reversed.
        !           601: .IP X
        !           602: Authors' names are to be printed in Caps-Small Caps style.
        !           603: .QE
        !           604: .sp
        !           605: E
        !           606: .PP
        !           607: The E command is equivalent to the A command, except that it controls the
        !           608: formatting of editors' names.
        !           609: .sp
        !           610: F
        !           611: .PP
        !           612: The F command indicates that references are to be dumped immediately after
        !           613: a line containing a citation, such as when the references are to be placed
        !           614: in footnotes.
        !           615: .sp
        !           616: S \fItemplate\fP
        !           617: .PP
        !           618: The S command indicates references are to be sorted before being dumped.
        !           619: The comparison used in sorting is based on the \fItemplate\fP.  See
        !           620: the discussion on sorting (below) for an explanation of templates.
        !           621: .sp
        !           622: C \fItemplate\fP
        !           623: .PP
        !           624: The \fItemplate\fP is used as a model in constructing citations.
        !           625: See the discussion below.
        !           626: .sp
        !           627: D \fI\0word \0definition\fP
        !           628: .PP
        !           629: The word-definition pair is placed into a table.
        !           630: Before each reference is dumped it is examined for the
        !           631: occurrence of these words.  Any occurrence of a word from this table is replaced
        !           632: by the definition, which is then rescanned for other words.
        !           633: Words are limited to alphanumeric characters, ampersand and underscore.
        !           634: .PP
        !           635: Definitions can extend over multiple lines by ending lines with a backslash
        !           636: (\e).  The backslash will be removed, and the definition, including the newline
        !           637: and the next line,
        !           638: will be entered into the table.  This is useful for including several
        !           639: fields as part of a single definition (city names can be included as part
        !           640: of a definition for a publishing house, for example).
        !           641: .sp
        !           642: I \fIfilename\fP
        !           643: .PP
        !           644: The indicated file is included at the current point.  The included file may
        !           645: contain other formatting commands.
        !           646: .sp
        !           647: H
        !           648: .PP
        !           649: Three or more contiguous citations that refer to adjacent items in the
        !           650: reference list are replaced by a hyphenated string.  For example, the
        !           651: citation 2,3,4,5 would be replaced by 2-5.  This is most useful with
        !           652: numeric citations.  The H option implies the O option.
        !           653: .sp
        !           654: O
        !           655: .PP
        !           656: Contiguous citations are sorted according to the order given by the reference
        !           657: list.
        !           658: .sp
        !           659: R \fInumber\fP
        !           660: .PP
        !           661: The first \fInumber\fP author's names are reversed on output (i.e. T. A. Budd
        !           662: becomes Budd, T. A.).
        !           663: If number is omitted all names are reversed.
        !           664: .sp
        !           665: T \fIstr\fP
        !           666: .PP
        !           667: The \fIstr\fP is a list of field names.  Each time a definition string for
        !           668: a named field is produced, a second string containing just the last character
        !           669: will also be generated.  See `Trailing characters', below.
        !           670: .sp
        !           671: X
        !           672: .PP
        !           673: Authors' last names are to be printed in Caps/Small Caps
        !           674: format (i.e., Budd becomes B\s-2UDD\s+2).
        !           675: .sp 2
        !           676: .PP
        !           677: The first line in the format file that does not match a format command
        !           678: causes that line, and all subsequent lines, to be immediately copied to
        !           679: the output.
        !           680: .SH
        !           681: File Naming Conventions
        !           682: .PP
        !           683: Standard database format files are kept in a standard library area.
        !           684: The string BMACLIB in bib.h points to this directory (/usr/new/lib/bmac in
        !           685: the distribution).  In addition, this name is always defined when
        !           686: reading format files.
        !           687: There are three types of files:
        !           688: .IP bib.xxx 10m
        !           689: These files contain bib commands to format documents in the xxx style.
        !           690: .IP bibinc.xxx
        !           691: These files contain information (such as definitions) used by more than one
        !           692: style database.
        !           693: .IP bmac.xxx
        !           694: These files are the \fItroff\fP macros to actually implement a style.
        !           695: They are generally not examined by \fIbib\fP at all, but are processed
        !           696: by troff in response to a .so command.
        !           697: .PP
        !           698: The first command output by \fIbib\fP defines the string l] to be the
        !           699: standard macro database directory.  This allows macro files to be
        !           700: independent of where they are actually stored.
        !           701: .SH
        !           702: Naming Conventions
        !           703: .PP
        !           704: There is a simple naming convention for strings, registers and macros used
        !           705: by \fIbib\fP.  All strings, registers and macros are denoted by two character
        !           706: names containing either a left or right brace.  The following are general rules:
        !           707: .IP [x
        !           708: If x is alphanumeric, the string contains the value of a reference field.
        !           709: If x is nonalphanumeric, this is a formatting string preceding a citation.
        !           710: .IP ]x
        !           711: If x is alphanumeric, this is the final character from a reference field.
        !           712: If x is nonalphanumeric, the string is formatting information within a citation.
        !           713: .IP x[
        !           714: Strings in this format, where x is can be any character, are defined by the
        !           715: specific macro package in use and are not specified by \fIbib\fP.
        !           716: .IP x]
        !           717: If x is nonalphanumeric these strings represent formatting commands following
        !           718: citations (the inverse of [x commands).  Other strings represent
        !           719: miscellaneous formatting commands,
        !           720: such as the space between leading letters in abbreviated names.
        !           721: .SH
        !           722: Sorting
        !           723: .PP
        !           724: The sort template is used in comparing two references to generate
        !           725: the sorted reference list.  The sort template is a sequence of
        !           726: sort objects.  Each sort object consists of an optional negative sign, followed
        !           727: by a field character, followed by an optional signed size.  The leading negative
        !           728: sign, if present, specifies the sort is to be in decreasing order, rather than
        !           729: increasing.  The field character indicates which field in the reference
        !           730: is to be compared.  The entire field is used, except in the case of the `A'
        !           731: field, in which case only the senior author's last name is used.
        !           732: A positive number following the field character indicates that only the first
        !           733: n characters are to be examined in the comparison.  The negative value indicates
        !           734: only the last \fIn\fP characters.  Thus, for example, the template AD\-2 indicates
        !           735: that sorting is to be done by the senior author followed by the last two
        !           736: characters of the date.
        !           737: .PP
        !           738: The sort algorithm is stable, so that two documents which compare equally
        !           739: will be listed in citation order.
        !           740: .PP
        !           741: Note that in sorting, citation construction, and elsewhere, if an author
        !           742: field is not present the senior editor will be used.  If neither author nor
        !           743: editor fields are present the institution name will be used.
        !           744: .SH
        !           745: Citations
        !           746: .PP
        !           747: A citation template is similar to a sort template, with the following
        !           748: exceptions:  The field name `1' refers to the number which
        !           749: represents the position of the reference in the reference list (after sorting).
        !           750: The field name `2' generates a three character sequence; If the
        !           751: paper being referenced has only one author, this is the first three characters
        !           752: of the author's last name.  For two author papers, this is the first two
        !           753: characters of the senior author, followed by the first character of the second
        !           754: author.  For papers with three or more authors the first letter of the first
        !           755: three authors is used.
        !           756: The field name `3' is used to specify a format consisting of the authors'
        !           757: last names, or the senior author followed by the text `et al' if more than
        !           758: four authors are listed.  The fields `4' through `9' are reserved to be
        !           759: used to specify formats that cannot be produced using templates.  These
        !           760: will be implemented either as local modifications to \fIbib\fP or in future
        !           761: releases.
        !           762: .PP
        !           763: In order to postpone the inevitable clash of local changes versus new releases, it is
        !           764: suggested that local formatting styles use numbers starting at 9 and working
        !           765: downward.
        !           766: .PP
        !           767: Each object can be followed by either of the letters `u' or
        !           768: `l' and the field will be printed in all upper or all lower case,
        !           769: respectively.
        !           770: .PP
        !           771: If necessary for disambiguating, the character `@' can be used as
        !           772: a separator between objects in the citation template.  Any text which should
        !           773: be inserted into the citation uninterpreted should be surrounded by either
        !           774: {} or <> pairs.
        !           775: .SH
        !           776: Citation Formatting
        !           777: .PP
        !           778: In the output, each citation is surrounded by the strings \e*([[ and \e*(]]
        !           779: (\e*([{ and \e*(}] in the alternative style).
        !           780: Multiple citations are separated by the string \e*(],.
        !           781: The text portion of a format file should contain \fItroff\fP definitions for
        !           782: these strings to achieve the appropriate typographic effect.
        !           783: .PP
        !           784: Citations that are preceded by a period, comma, space or other puncuation
        !           785: are surrounded by string values for formatting the puncuation in the
        !           786: approprate location.
        !           787: Again, \fItroff\fP commands should be given to insure the appropriate values are
        !           788: produced.
        !           789: .KS
        !           790: .PP
        !           791: The following table summarizes the string values that must be defined
        !           792: to handle citations.
        !           793: .TS
        !           794: center;
        !           795: l l l.
        !           796: [[     ]]      Standard citation beginning and ending
        !           797: {[     }]      Alternate citation beginning and ending
        !           798: [\&.   .]      Period before and after citation
        !           799: [,     ,]      Comma before and after citation
        !           800: [?     ?]      Question mark before and after citation
        !           801: [!     !]      Exclaimation Point before and after citation
        !           802: [:     :]      Colon before and after citation
        !           803: [;     ;]      Semi-Colon before and after citation
        !           804: ["     "]      Double Quote before and after citation
        !           805: ['     ']      Single Quote before and after citation
        !           806: [<     >]      Space before and after citation
        !           807: ],             Multiple citation separator
        !           808: ]-             Separator for a range of citations
        !           809: .TE
        !           810: .KE
        !           811: .SH
        !           812: Name Formatting
        !           813: .PP
        !           814: Authors' (and editors') names can be abbreviated, reversed, and/or printed
        !           815: in Caps-small Caps format.  In producing the string values for an author,
        !           816: formatting strings are inserted to give the macro writer greater flexibility
        !           817: in producing the final output.  Currently the following strings are used:
        !           818: .TS
        !           819: center;
        !           820: l l.
        !           821: a]     gap between sucessive initials
        !           822: b]     comma between last name and initial in reversed text
        !           823: c]     comma between authors
        !           824: n]     \fIand\fP between two authors
        !           825: m]     \fIand\fP between last two authors
        !           826: p]     period following initial
        !           827: .TE
        !           828: .PP
        !           829: For example, suppose the name `William E. Howden' is abbreviated
        !           830: and reversed.  It will come out looking like
        !           831: .ce
        !           832: Howden\\*(b]W\\*(p]\\*(a]E\\*(p]
        !           833: .SH
        !           834: Reference Formatting
        !           835: .PP
        !           836: The particular style used in printing references is decided by macros
        !           837: passed to \fItroff\fP.  Basically, for each reference,
        !           838: \fIbib\fP generates a sequence of string definitions, one for each field in the
        !           839: reference, followed by a call on the formatting macro.  For example an
        !           840: entry which in the reference file looks like:
        !           841: .KS
        !           842: .nf
        !           843: .ta 3m
        !           844: .sp
        !           845: %A     M. A. Harrison
        !           846: %A     W. L. Ruzzo
        !           847: %A     J. D. Ullman
        !           848: %T     Protection in Operating Systems
        !           849: %J     CACM
        !           850: %V     19
        !           851: %N     8
        !           852: %P     461-471
        !           853: %D     1976
        !           854: %K     hru
        !           855: .sp
        !           856: .KE
        !           857: .LP
        !           858: is converted into the following sequence of commands
        !           859: .KS
        !           860: .nf
        !           861: .sp
        !           862:  .[\-
        !           863:  .ds [F 1
        !           864:  .ds [A M. A. Harrison
        !           865:  .as [A \e*(c]W. L. Ruzzo
        !           866:  .as [A \e*(m]J. D. Ullman
        !           867:  .ds [T Protection in Operating Systems
        !           868:  .ds [J Communications of the ACM
        !           869:  .ds [V 19
        !           870:  .ds [N 8
        !           871:  .nr [P 1
        !           872:  .ds [P 461-471
        !           873:  .ds [D 1976
        !           874:  .][
        !           875: .sp
        !           876: .KE
        !           877: .PP
        !           878: Note that the commands are preceded by a call on the macro `.[\-'.
        !           879: This can be used by the macro routines for initialization, for example to
        !           880: delete old string values.  The string [F is the citation value used
        !           881: in the document.
        !           882: Note that the string CACM has been expanded.
        !           883: .PP
        !           884: The strings c], n] and m] are used to separate authors.  c] separates
        !           885: the initial authors in multi-author documents (it is usually a comma
        !           886: with some space before and after), n] separates authors in two author
        !           887: documents (usually `\ and\ '), and m] separates the last two authors
        !           888: in multi-author documents (either `\ and\ ' or `,\ and\ ').
        !           889: .PP
        !           890: If abbreviation is specified, the string a] is used to separate initials
        !           891: in the author's first name.
        !           892: .PP
        !           893: The \fIbib\fP system provides minimal assistance in
        !           894: deciding format types.  For example note that the number register [P has
        !           895: been set of 1, to indicate that the article is on more than one page.
        !           896: Similarly, in documents with editors, the register [E is set to the number
        !           897: of editors.
        !           898: .SH
        !           899: Trailing Characters
        !           900: .PP
        !           901: There is a problem with fields that end with punctuation characters causing
        !           902: multiple occurrences of those characters to be printed.  For example, suppose
        !           903: author fields are terminated with a period, as in T. A. Budd.  If names
        !           904: are reversed, this could be printed as Budd, T. A..  Even if names are not
        !           905: reversed, abbreviations, such as in Jr. can cause problems.
        !           906: .PP
        !           907: To avoid this problem \fIbib\fP, if instructed, generates the last
        !           908: character from a particular field as a separate string.  The string name
        !           909: is a right brace  followed by the field character.  Macro packages should
        !           910: test this value before generating punctuation.
        !           911: .SH
        !           912: Abbreviations
        !           913: .PP
        !           914: The algorithm used to generate abbreviations from first names is fairly
        !           915: simple: Each word in the first name field that begins with a capital
        !           916: is reduced to that capital letter followed by a period.
        !           917: In some cases, this may not be sufficient.  For example, suppose
        !           918: Ole-Johan Dahl should be abbreviated `O\-J. Dahl'.  The only
        !           919: way to achieve this (short of editing the output) is to include \fItroff\fP commands
        !           920: in the reference file that alter the strings produced by \fIbib\fP, as in the following
        !           921: .QS
        !           922: .sp
        !           923:  ...
        !           924:  %A Ole-Johan Dahl
        !           925:  .ds [A O\-J. Dahl
        !           926:  ...
        !           927: .sp
        !           928: .QE
        !           929: .PP
        !           930: In fact, any \fItroff\fP commands can be entered in the middle of a reference
        !           931: entry, and the commands are copied uninterpreted to the output.
        !           932: For example, the user may wish to have a switch indicating whether the name
        !           933: is to be abbreviated or not:
        !           934: .QS
        !           935: .sp
        !           936:  ...
        !           937:  %A Ole-Johan Dahl
        !           938:  .if \en(i[ .ds [A O\-J. Dahl
        !           939:  ...
        !           940: .sp
        !           941: .QE
        !           942: .SH
        !           943: An Example
        !           944: .PP
        !           945: Figure 1 shows the format file for the standard alphabetic format.
        !           946: The sort command indicates that sorting is to be done by senior author,
        !           947: followed by the last two digits of the date.  The citation template
        !           948: indicates that citations will be the three character sequence described
        !           949: in the section of citations
        !           950: followed by the last two characters of the date (i.e. AHU79, for
        !           951: example).
        !           952: .KS
        !           953: .nf
        !           954: .sp
        !           955: #  standard alphabetic format
        !           956: SAD\-2
        !           957: C2D\-2
        !           958: I BMACLIB/bibinc.fullnames
        !           959: I BMACLIB/bibinc.std
        !           960: .sp
        !           961: .ce
        !           962: \fBFigure 1\fP
        !           963: .sp
        !           964: .KE
        !           965: .PP
        !           966: The two I commands include two files.  The first is a file of definitions
        !           967: for common strings, such as dates and journal names.  A portion of this
        !           968: file is shown in figure 2.
        !           969: Note that a no-op has been inserted into the definition string for
        !           970: BIT in order to avoid further expansion when the
        !           971: definition is rescanned.
        !           972: .PP
        !           973: The second file is a sequence of \fItroff\fP macros
        !           974: for formatting the references.  The beginning of this file is shown in figure 3.
        !           975: .PP
        !           976: On the basis of some simple rules (the presence or absence of certain fields)
        !           977: the document is identified as one of five different types, and a call made
        !           978: on a different macro for each type.  This is shown in figure 4.
        !           979: .PP
        !           980: Finally figure 5 shows the macro for one of those different types, in this
        !           981: case the book formatting macro.
        !           982: .KS
        !           983: .nf
        !           984: .sp
        !           985: # full journal names, and other names
        !           986: #
        !           987: # journals
        !           988: D ACTA Acta Informatica
        !           989: D BIT B\e&IT
        !           990: D CACM Communications of the ACM
        !           991:  ...
        !           992: # months
        !           993: D JAN January
        !           994:  ...
        !           995: D DEC December
        !           996: .sp
        !           997: .ce
        !           998: \fBFigure 2\fP
        !           999: .sp
        !          1000: .KE
        !          1001: .KS
        !          1002: .nf
        !          1003: .sp
        !          1004:  #  standard end macros
        !          1005:  #
        !          1006:  .ds [ [
        !          1007:  .ds ] ]
        !          1008:  .ds , ,
        !          1009:  .ds >. .
        !          1010:  .ds >, ,
        !          1011:  .ds c] , \e&
        !          1012:  .ds n] "" and \&
        !          1013:  .ds m] , and \&
        !          1014:    ...
        !          1015:  .de p[   \e" produce reference beginning
        !          1016:  .IP [\e\e$1]\0\0
        !          1017:  ..
        !          1018:  .de []   \e" start displaying collected references
        !          1019:  .SH
        !          1020:  References
        !          1021:  .LP
        !          1022:  ..
        !          1023: .sp
        !          1024: .ce
        !          1025: \fBFigure 3\fP
        !          1026: .sp
        !          1027: .KE
        !          1028: .KS
        !          1029: .nf
        !          1030: .sp
        !          1031:  .de ][   \e" choose format
        !          1032:  .ie !"\e\e*([J"" \e{\e
        !          1033:  .    ie !"\e\e*([V"" .nr t[ 1    \e" journal
        !          1034:  .    el            .nr t[ 5    \e" conference paper
        !          1035:  .\e}
        !          1036:  .el .ie !"\e\e*([B"" .nr t[ 3    \e" article in book
        !          1037:  .el .ie !"\e\e*([R"" .nr t[ 4    \e" technical report
        !          1038:  .el .ie !"\e\e*([I"" .nr t[ 2    \e" book
        !          1039:  .el                .nr t[ 0    \e" other
        !          1040:  .\e\en(t[[
        !          1041:  ..
        !          1042: .sp
        !          1043: .ce
        !          1044: \fBFigure 4\fP
        !          1045: .sp
        !          1046: .KE
        !          1047: .KS
        !          1048: .nf
        !          1049: .sp
        !          1050:    ...
        !          1051:  .de 2[ \e" book
        !          1052:  .if !"\e\e*([F"" .p[ \e\e*([F
        !          1053:  .if !"\e\e*([A"" \e\e*([A,
        !          1054:  .if !"\e\e*([T"" \e\ef2\e\e*([T,\e\ef1
        !          1055:  \e\e*([I\ec
        !          1056:  .if !"\e\e*([C"" , \e\e*([C\ec
        !          1057:  .if !"\e\e*([D"" \e& (\e\e*([D)\ec
        !          1058:  \e&.
        !          1059:  .if !"\e\e*([G"" Gov't. ordering no. \e\e*([G.
        !          1060:  .if !"\e\e*([O"" \e\e*([O
        !          1061:  .]\-
        !          1062:  ..
        !          1063: .sp
        !          1064: .ce
        !          1065: \fBFigure 5\fP
        !          1066: .sp
        !          1067: .KE
        !          1068: .SH
        !          1069: Acknowledgements
        !          1070: .PP
        !          1071: \fIbib\fP was inspired by \fIrefer\fP, written by M. Lesk.
        !          1072: .[]
        !          1073: .rs
        !          1074: .bp
        !          1075: .SH
        !          1076: APPENDIX 1
        !          1077: .nr PS 9
        !          1078: .nr VS 11
        !          1079: .sp
        !          1080: Standard Names
        !          1081: .PP
        !          1082: The following list gives the standard names recognized in most
        !          1083: citation styles.  Various different forms for the output are used
        !          1084: by the different styles.
        !          1085: In the longer reference style,
        !          1086: the conference proceedings will also refer
        !          1087: to the date (%D), city(%C),
        !          1088: and when the proceedings are published as a journal,
        !          1089: the journal name (%J), volumn (%V) and number (%N).
        !          1090: .sp
        !          1091: .TS
        !          1092: expand;
        !          1093: l s
        !          1094: l l.
        !          1095: \fBJournal Names\fP
        !          1096: ACTA   Acta Informatica
        !          1097: BIT    B\&IT
        !          1098: BSTJ   Bell System Technical Journal
        !          1099: CACM   Communications of the ACM
        !          1100: COMP   IEEE Computer
        !          1101: COMPJOUR       The Computer Journal
        !          1102: COMPLANG       Journal of Computer Languages
        !          1103: COMPSUR        ACM Computing Surveys
        !          1104: I&C    Information and Control
        !          1105: IBMJRD IBM Journal of Research and Development
        !          1106: IBMSJ  IBM Systems Journal
        !          1107: IEEETC IEEE Transactions on Computers
        !          1108: IEEETSE        IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
        !          1109: IJCIS  International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences
        !          1110: IPL    Information Processing Letters
        !          1111: JACM   Journal of the ACM
        !          1112: JCSS   Journal of Computer and System Sciences
        !          1113: MATHST Mathematics Systems Theory
        !          1114: NMATH  Numerical Mathematics
        !          1115: SIAMJC Siam Journal on Computing
        !          1116: SIAMJNA        Siam Journal on Numerical Analysis
        !          1117: SIGACT S\&IGACT News
        !          1118: SIGPLAN        SI\&GPLAN Notices
        !          1119: SIGSOFT        Software Engineering Notes
        !          1120: SP&E   Software\(emPractice & Experience
        !          1121: SPE    Software\(emPractice & Experience
        !          1122: TOCS   ACM Transactions on Computer Systems
        !          1123: TODS   ACM Transactions on Database Systems
        !          1124: TOMS   ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software
        !          1125: TOPLAS ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems
        !          1126: .TE
        !          1127: .sp
        !          1128: .TS
        !          1129: expand;
        !          1130: l s
        !          1131: l l.
        !          1132: \fBConferences\fP
        !          1133: ADA80  PROC of the ACM-SI\&GPLAN Symposium on the Ada Programming Language, SIGPLAN
        !          1134: ASPLOS82       PROC of the SYMP on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, SIGPLAN
        !          1135: CCC79  PROC of the SI\&GPLAN 1979 SYMP on Compiler Construction, SIGPLAN
        !          1136: CCC82  PROC of the SI\&GPLAN 1982 SYMP on Compiler Construction, SIGPLAN
        !          1137: CCC84  PROC of the SI\&GPLAN 1984 SYMP on Compiler Construction, SIGPLAN
        !          1138: CONF   Conference
        !          1139: FJCC   Fall Joint Computer Conference
        !          1140: FOCS   Annual SYMP on Foundations of Computer Science
        !          1141: HICSS  Hawaii International CONF on System Science
        !          1142: ICSE   International CONF on Software Engineering
        !          1143: JER3   PROC Third Jerusalem CONF on Information Technology
        !          1144: JICAI  Joint International CONF on Artificial Intelligence
        !          1145: PLISS83        PROC SI\&GPLAN 1983 SYMP on Programming Language Issues in Software Systems, SIGPLAN
        !          1146: POPL   ACM SYMP on Principles of Programming Languages
        !          1147: POPL5  Conference Record of the Fifth POPL
        !          1148: POPL6  Conference Record of the Sixth POPL
        !          1149: POPL7  Conference Record of the Seventh POPL
        !          1150: POPL8  Conference Record of the Eighth POPL
        !          1151: POPL9  Conference Record of the Ninth POPL
        !          1152: POPL10 Conference Record of the Tenth POPL
        !          1153: POPL11 Conference Record of the Eleventh POPL
        !          1154: PROC   Proceedings
        !          1155: SOSP   SYMP on Operating System Principles
        !          1156: STOC   Annual ACM SYMP on Theory of Computing
        !          1157: SYMP   Symposium
        !          1158: WJCC   PROC Western Joint Computer CONF
        !          1159: .TE
        !          1160: .sp
        !          1161: .TS
        !          1162: expand;
        !          1163: l s
        !          1164: l l.
        !          1165: \fBLonger place names\fP
        !          1166: BTLHO  Bell Laboratories
        !          1167: BTLMH  Bell Laboratories
        !          1168: CMU    Carnegie-Mellon University
        !          1169: CMUCS  Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University
        !          1170: DG     Data General
        !          1171: MITAI  MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
        !          1172: MITLCS MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
        !          1173: SUCS   Computer Science Department, Stanford University
        !          1174: SUCSL  Computer Systems Lab., Stanford Electronics Lab., Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
        !          1175: SUEE   Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University
        !          1176: TUM    Technische Universit\*:at M\*:unchen
        !          1177: UCB    University of California, Berkeley
        !          1178: UCBCS  Computer Science Division, EECS, UCB
        !          1179: UCBERL ERL, EECS, UCB
        !          1180: .TE
        !          1181: .2C
        !          1182: .TS
        !          1183: l s
        !          1184: l l.
        !          1185: \fBShort place names\fP
        !          1186: CORP   Corporation
        !          1187: CSD    Computer Science Department
        !          1188: DCS    Department of Computer Science
        !          1189: DEPT   Department
        !          1190: DISS   Dissertation
        !          1191: TR     Technical Report
        !          1192: UATR   University of Arizona Technical Report
        !          1193: UNIV   University
        !          1194: ERL    Electronics Research Laboratory
        !          1195: .TE
        !          1196: .sp
        !          1197: .TS
        !          1198: l s
        !          1199: l l.
        !          1200: \fBMonths of the year\fP
        !          1201: JAN    January
        !          1202: FEB    February
        !          1203: MAR    March
        !          1204: APR    April
        !          1205: MAY    May
        !          1206: JUN    June
        !          1207: JUL    July
        !          1208: AUG    August
        !          1209: SEP    September
        !          1210: OCT    October
        !          1211: NOV    November
        !          1212: DEC    December
        !          1213: .TE
        !          1214: .sp
        !          1215: .TS
        !          1216: l s
        !          1217: l l.
        !          1218: \fBPublishers\fP
        !          1219: ACADEMIC       Academic Press
        !          1220: ACPRESS        Academic Press
        !          1221: ADDISON        Addison Wesley
        !          1222: ANSI   American National Standards Institute
        !          1223: CSPRESS        Computer Science Press
        !          1224: DIGITAL        Digital Press
        !          1225: ELSEVIER       American Elsevier
        !          1226: FREEMAN        W. H. Freeman and Company
        !          1227: GPO    U. S. Government Printing Office
        !          1228: HOLT   Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
        !          1229: IEEEP  IEEE Press
        !          1230: MCGRAW McGraw-Hill
        !          1231: MGHILL McGraw-Hill
        !          1232: MITP   MIT Press
        !          1233: NHOLL  North-Holland
        !          1234: NYC    New York, N\&Y
        !          1235: PRENTICE       Prentice Hall
        !          1236: PRHALL Prentice Hall
        !          1237: SPRINGER       Springer Verlag
        !          1238: SRA    Science Research Associates
        !          1239: WILEY  John Wiley & Sons
        !          1240: WINTH  Winthrop Publishers
        !          1241: .TE
        !          1242: 

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