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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved.
3: .\"
4: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided
5: .\" that: (1) source distributions retain this entire copyright notice and
6: .\" comment, and (2) distributions including binaries display the following
7: .\" acknowledgement: ``This product includes software developed by the
8: .\" University of California, Berkeley and its contributors'' in the
9: .\" documentation or other materials provided with the distribution and in
10: .\" all advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software.
11: .\" Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may
12: .\" be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
13: .\" specific prior written permission.
14: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
15: .\" WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
16: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
17: .\"
18: .\" @(#)join.1 6.3 (Berkeley) 7/24/90
19: .\"
20: .Dd July 24, 1990
21: .Dt JOIN 1
22: .Os BSD 4.4
23: .Sh NAME
24: .Nm join
25: .Nd relational database operator
26: .Sh SYNOPSIS
27: .Nm join
28: .Op Fl a Ar file_number
29: .Op Fl e Ar string
30: .Op Fl j Ar file_number field
31: .if n .br
32: .Op Fl o Ar list
33: .Op Fl t Ar char
34: .Op Fl v Ar file_number
35: .Ob
36: .Fl \&1
37: .Ar field
38: .Oe
39: .Ob
40: .Fl \&2
41: .Ar field
42: .Oe
43: .Ar file1
44: .if n .br
45: .Ar file2
46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
47: The join utility performs an ``equality join'' on the files
48: .Ar file1
49: and
50: .Ar file2 .
51: The joined files are written to the standard
52: output.
53: .Pp
54: The ``join field'' is a field in each file on which the
55: files are compared.
56: There is one line in the output for
57: each pair of lines in
58: .Ar file1
59: and
60: .Ar file2
61: which have identical
62: join fields.
63: The output line by default consists of the
64: join field, then the remaining fields from
65: .Ar file1 ,
66: then the
67: remaining fields from
68: .Ar file2 .
69: This format can be changed by
70: using the
71: .Fl o
72: option (see below).
73: .Pp
74: The files file1 and file2 should be ordered in the collating
75: sequence of
76: .Li sort -b
77: on the fields on which they are to be
78: joined, by default the first in each line; Otherwise, all
79: join field matches need not be reported.
80: .Pp
81: The default input field separators are <blank>s.
82: In this
83: case, multiple separators count as one field separator, and
84: leading separators are ignored.
85: The default output field
86: separator is a <space>.
87: .Pp
88: The following options are available:
89: .Tw Fl
90: .Tc Fl a
91: .Ws
92: .Ar file_number
93: .Cx
94: In addition to the default output, produce a line
95: for each unpairable line in file
96: .Ar file_number ,
97: where
98: .Ar file_number
99: is 1 or 2.
100: .Tc Fl e
101: .Ws
102: .Ar string
103: .Cx
104: Replace empty output fields by the string
105: .Ar string .
106: .Tc Fl j
107: .Ws
108: .Ar file_number field
109: .Cx
110: Join on the
111: .Sf Ar field 'th
112: field of file
113: .Ar file_number .
114: If
115: .Ar file_number
116: is missing, (i.e., the
117: first digit of the option argument is neither 1 nor
118: 2), use the
119: .Sf Ar field 'th
120: field in each file.
121: Fields are
122: decimal integers starting with 1.
123: .Tc Fl o
124: .Ws
125: .Ar list
126: .Cx
127: Each output line comprises the fields specified in
128: .Ar list ,
129: each element of which has the form
130: .Ql file_number.field ,
131: where
132: .Ar file_number
133: is a file
134: number and field is a decimal integer field number.
135: The elements of list are either comma or <space> separated.
136: The list is written only for lines with matching join fields,
137: and is not output unless specifically requested.
138: .Tc Fl t
139: .Ws
140: .Ar char
141: .Cx
142: Use character
143: .Ar char
144: as a separator, for both input
145: and output.
146: Every appearance of char in a line is
147: significant.
148: When this option is specified, the
149: collating sequence should be the same as sort
150: without the
151: .Fl b
152: option.
153: .Tc Fl v
154: .Ws
155: .Ar file_number
156: .Cx
157: Instead of the default output, produce a line only
158: for each unpairable line in
159: .Ar file_number ,
160: where
161: .Ar file_number
162: is 1 or 2.
163: .Tc Fl 1
164: .Ws
165: .Ar field
166: .Cx
167: Join on the
168: .Sf Ar field 'th
169: field of file 1.
170: Fields are
171: decimal integers starting with 1.
172: .Tc Fl 2
173: .Ws
174: .Ar field
175: .Cx
176: Join on the
177: .Sf Ar field 'th
178: field of file 2.
179: Fields are
180: decimal integers starting with 1.
181: .Tp
182: .Pp
183: If both
184: .Ql \-a 1
185: and
186: .Ql \-a 2
187: are specified, both sets of information
188: are output,
189: .Ql \-a 2
190: always first, regardless of the specified
191: order.
192: .Pp
193: The following arguments are required:
194: .Dw Fl
195: .Di L
196: .Dp Ar file1
197: .Dp Ar file2
198: A pathname of a file to be joined.
199: If either of
200: the
201: .Ar file1
202: or
203: .Ar file2
204: arguments is
205: .Sq Fl
206: the standard
207: input is used in its place.
208: .Dp
209: .Pp
210: The
211: .Nm join
212: utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
213: .Sh STANDARDS
214: The
215: .Nm join
216: function is expected to be POSIX 1003.2 compatible.
217: .Sh SEE ALSO
218: .Xr awk 1
219: .Xr comm 1 ,
220: .Xr look 1
221: .Xr sort 1 ,
222: .Xr uniq 1 ,
223: .Sh BUGS
224: The conventions of
225: .Nm
226: .Xr join 1 ,
227: .Xr comm 1 ,
228: .Xr sort 1 ,
229: .Xr uniq 1 ,
230: .Xr look 1
231: and
232: .Xr awk 1
233: are wildly incongruous.
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