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Annotation of 43BSDReno/usr.bin/printf/printf.1, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.
        !             3: .\"
        !             4: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided
        !             5: .\" that: (1) source distributions retain this entire copyright notice and
        !             6: .\" comment, and (2) distributions including binaries display the following
        !             7: .\" acknowledgement:  ``This product includes software developed by the
        !             8: .\" University of California, Berkeley and its contributors'' in the
        !             9: .\" documentation or other materials provided with the distribution and in
        !            10: .\" all advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software.
        !            11: .\" Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may
        !            12: .\" be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
        !            13: .\" specific prior written permission.
        !            14: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
        !            15: .\" WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
        !            16: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
        !            17: .\"
        !            18: .\"     @(#)printf.1   5.8 (Berkeley) 7/24/90
        !            19: .\"
        !            20: .Dd July 24, 1990
        !            21: .Dt PRINTF 1
        !            22: .AT 1
        !            23: .Sh NAME
        !            24: .Nm printf
        !            25: .Nd formatted output
        !            26: .Sh SYNOPSIS
        !            27: .Pp
        !            28: .Nm printf format
        !            29: .Op  arguments  ...
        !            30: .Sh DESCRIPTION
        !            31: .Nm Printf
        !            32: formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
        !            33: of the
        !            34: .Ar format  .
        !            35: The
        !            36: .Ar format
        !            37: is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
        !            38: which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
        !            39: are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
        !            40: each of which causes printing of the next successive
        !            41: .Ar argument  .
        !            42: .Pp
        !            43: The
        !            44: .Ar arguments
        !            45: after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
        !            46: either
        !            47: .Cm c
        !            48: or
        !            49: .Cm s  ;
        !            50: otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
        !            51: .Pp
        !            52: .Df I
        !            53: A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
        !            54: .br
        !            55: If the leading character is a single or double quote, or not a digit,
        !            56: plus, or minus sign, the value is the ASCII code of the next character.
        !            57: .De
        !            58: .Pp
        !            59: The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
        !            60: .Ar arguments  .
        !            61: Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
        !            62: string.
        !            63: .Pp
        !            64: Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in the
        !            65: draft proposed ANSI C Standard X3J11.  The characters and their meanings
        !            66: are as follows:
        !            67: .Tw Ds
        !            68: .Tp Cm \ea
        !            69: Write a <bell> character.
        !            70: .Tp Cm \eb
        !            71: Write a <backspace> character.
        !            72: .Tp Cm \ef
        !            73: Write a <form-feed> character.
        !            74: .Tp Cm \en
        !            75: Write a <new-line> character.
        !            76: .Tp Cm \er
        !            77: Write a <carriage return> character.
        !            78: .Tp Cm \et
        !            79: Write a <tab> character.
        !            80: .Tp Cm \ev
        !            81: Write a <vertical tab> character.
        !            82: .Tp Cm \e\'
        !            83: Write a <single quote> character.
        !            84: .Tp Cm \e\e
        !            85: Write a backslash character.
        !            86: .Tp Cx Cm \e
        !            87: .Ar num
        !            88: .Cx
        !            89: Write an 8-bit character whose ASCII value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit
        !            90: octal number
        !            91: .Ar num  .
        !            92: .Tp
        !            93: .Pp
        !            94: Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
        !            95: (``%'').
        !            96: The remainder of the format specification includes, in the
        !            97: following order:
        !            98: .Pp
        !            99: Zero or more of the following flags:
        !           100: .Pp
        !           101: .Ds I
        !           102: .Tw Ds
        !           103: .Tp Cm #
        !           104: A `#' character
        !           105: specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternate form''.
        !           106: For
        !           107: .Cm c  ,
        !           108: .Cm d ,
        !           109: and
        !           110: .Cm s  ,
        !           111: formats, this option has no effect.  For the
        !           112: .Cm o
        !           113: formats the precision of the number is increased to force the first
        !           114: character of the output string to a zero.  For the
        !           115: .Cm x
        !           116: .Pq Cm X
        !           117: format, a non-zero result has the string
        !           118: .Li 0x
        !           119: .Pq Li 0X
        !           120: prepended to it.  For
        !           121: .Cm e  ,
        !           122: .Cm E ,
        !           123: .Cm f  ,
        !           124: .Cm g ,
        !           125: and
        !           126: .Cm G  ,
        !           127: formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
        !           128: digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
        !           129: results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).  For
        !           130: .Cm g
        !           131: and
        !           132: .Cm G
        !           133: formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
        !           134: would otherwise be;
        !           135: .Tp Cm \&\-
        !           136: A minus sign `\-' which specifies
        !           137: .Em left adjustment
        !           138: of the output in the indicated field;
        !           139: .Tp Cm \&+
        !           140: A `+' character specifying that there should always be
        !           141: a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
        !           142: .Tp Sq \&\ \&
        !           143: A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
        !           144: for a signed format.  A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
        !           145: .Tp Cm \&0
        !           146: A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
        !           147: rather than blank-padding.  A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
        !           148: .Tp
        !           149: .De
        !           150: .Pp 
        !           151: .Tw Ds
        !           152: .Tp Field Width:
        !           153: An optional digit string specifying a
        !           154: .Em field width ;
        !           155: if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
        !           156: be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
        !           157: has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
        !           158: is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
        !           159: .Tp Precision:
        !           160: An optional period,
        !           161: .Sq Cm \&.\& ,
        !           162: followed by an optional digit string giving a
        !           163: .Em precision
        !           164: which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
        !           165: for
        !           166: .Cm e
        !           167: and 
        !           168: .Cm f
        !           169: formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed
        !           170: from a string; if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
        !           171: as zero;
        !           172: .Tp Format:
        !           173: A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
        !           174: .Cm diouxXfwEgGcs ) .
        !           175: .Tp
        !           176: .Pp
        !           177: A field width or precision may be
        !           178: .Sq Cm \&*
        !           179: instead of a digit string.
        !           180: In this case an
        !           181: .Ar argument
        !           182: supplies the field width or precision.
        !           183: .Pp
        !           184: The format characters and their meanings are:
        !           185: .Tw Fl
        !           186: .Tp Cm diouXx
        !           187: The
        !           188: .Ar argument
        !           189: is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned decimal, unsigned octal,
        !           190: or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
        !           191: .Tp Cm f
        !           192: The
        !           193: .Ar argument
        !           194: is printed in the style `[\-]ddd.ddd' where the number of d's
        !           195: after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
        !           196: the argument.
        !           197: If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
        !           198: is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
        !           199: .Tp Cm eE
        !           200: The
        !           201: .Ar argument
        !           202: is printed in the style
        !           203: .Cx `[-]d.ddd
        !           204: .Cm e
        !           205: .Cx \(+-dd\'
        !           206: .Cx
        !           207: where there
        !           208: is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
        !           209: the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
        !           210: missing, 6 digits are produced.
        !           211: An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.
        !           212: .Tp Cm gG
        !           213: The
        !           214: .Ar argument
        !           215: is printed in style
        !           216: .Cm f
        !           217: or in style
        !           218: .Cm e
        !           219: .Pq Cm E
        !           220: whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
        !           221: .Tp Cm c
        !           222: The first character of
        !           223: .Ar argument
        !           224: is printed.
        !           225: .Tp Cm s
        !           226: Characters from the string
        !           227: .Ar argument
        !           228: are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters
        !           229: indicated by the precision specification is reached; however if the
        !           230: precision is 0 or missing, all characters in the string are printed.
        !           231: .Tp Cm \&%
        !           232: Print a `%'; no argument is used.
        !           233: .Tp
        !           234: .Pp
        !           235: In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
        !           236: a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
        !           237: the actual width.
        !           238: .Sh RETURN VALUE
        !           239: .Nm Printf
        !           240: exits 0 on success, 1 on failure.
        !           241: .Sh SEE ALSO
        !           242: .Xr printf 3
        !           243: .Sh HISTORY
        !           244: .Nm Printf
        !           245: as a command, appears in 4.3+Reno BSD.  It is modeled
        !           246: after the standard library function,
        !           247: .Xr printf 3 .
        !           248: .Sh BUGS
        !           249: Since the number is translated from ASCII to floating-point, and
        !           250: then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
        !           251: .Pp
        !           252: ANSI hexadecimal character constants were deliberately not provided.

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