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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1988 The Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved.
3: .\"
4: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided
5: .\" that: (1) source distributions retain this entire copyright notice and
6: .\" comment, and (2) distributions including binaries display the following
7: .\" acknowledgement: ``This product includes software developed by the
8: .\" University of California, Berkeley and its contributors'' in the
9: .\" documentation or other materials provided with the distribution and in
10: .\" all advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software.
11: .\" Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may
12: .\" be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
13: .\" specific prior written permission.
14: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
15: .\" WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
16: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
17: .\"
18: .\" @(#)sendmail.8 6.4 (Berkeley) 6/24/90
19: .\"
20: .TH SENDMAIL 8 "June 24, 1990"
21: .UC 4
22: .SH NAME
23: sendmail \- send mail over the internet
24: .SH SYNOPSIS
25: .B sendmail
26: [
27: flags
28: ] [
29: address ...
30: ]
31: .PP
32: .B newaliases
33: .PP
34: .B mailq
35: [
36: .B \-v
37: ]
38: .SH DESCRIPTION
39: .I Sendmail
40: sends a message to one or more
41: .IR recipients ,
42: routing the message over whatever networks
43: are necessary.
44: .I Sendmail
45: does internetwork forwarding as necessary
46: to deliver the message to the correct place.
47: .PP
48: .I Sendmail
49: is not intended as a user interface routine;
50: other programs provide user-friendly
51: front ends;
52: .I sendmail
53: is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.
54: .PP
55: With no flags,
56: .I sendmail
57: reads its standard input
58: up to an end-of-file
59: or a line consisting only of a single dot
60: and sends a copy of the message found there
61: to all of the addresses listed.
62: It determines the network(s) to use
63: based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
64: .PP
65: Local addresses are looked up in a file
66: and aliased appropriately.
67: Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address
68: with a backslash.
69: Normally the sender is not included in any alias
70: expansions, e.g.,
71: if `john' sends to `group',
72: and `group' includes `john' in the expansion,
73: then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.
74: .PP
75: Flags are:
76: .TP 1.2i
77: .B \-ba
78: Go into \s-1ARPANET\s0 mode.
79: All input lines must end with a CR-LF,
80: and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.
81: Also,
82: the ``From:'' and ``Sender:''
83: fields are examined for the name of the sender.
84: .TP 1.2i
85: .B \-bd
86: Run as a daemon. This requires Berkeley IPC.
87: .I Sendmail
88: will fork and run in background
89: listening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections.
90: This is normally run from
91: .IR /etc/rc .
92: .TP 1.2i
93: .B \-bi
94: Initialize the alias database.
95: .TP 1.2i
96: .B \-bm
97: Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
98: .TP 1.2i
99: .B \-bp
100: Print a listing of the queue.
101: .TP 1.2i
102: .B \-bs
103: Use the \s-2SMTP\s0 protocol as described in RFC821
104: on standard input and output.
105: This flag implies all the operations of the
106: .B \-ba
107: flag that are compatible with \s-2SMTP\s0.
108: .TP 1.2i
109: .B \-bt
110: Run in address test mode.
111: This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing;
112: it is used for debugging configuration tables.
113: .TP 1.2i
114: .B \-bv
115: Verify names only \- do not try to collect or deliver a message.
116: Verify mode is normally used for validating
117: users or mailing lists.
118: .TP 1.2i
119: .B \-bz
120: Create the configuration freeze file.
121: .TP 1.2i
122: .BI \-C file
123: Use alternate configuration file.
124: .I Sendmail
125: refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.
126: The frozen configuration file is bypassed.
127: .TP 1.2i
128: .BI \-d X
129: Set debugging value to
130: .I X.
131: .TP 1.2i
132: .BI \-F fullname
133: Set the full name of the sender.
134: .TP 1.2i
135: .BI \-f name
136: Sets the name of the ``from'' person
137: (i.e., the sender of the mail).
138: .B \-f
139: can only be used
140: by ``trusted'' users
141: (normally
142: .I root,
143: .I daemon,
144: and
145: .I network)
146: or if the person you are trying to become
147: is the same as the person you are.
148: .TP 1.2i
149: .BI \-h N
150: Set the hop count to
151: .I N.
152: The hop count is incremented every time the mail is
153: processed.
154: When it reaches a limit,
155: the mail is returned with an error message,
156: the victim of an aliasing loop.
157: If not specified,
158: ``Received:'' lines in the message are counted.
159: .TP 1.2i
160: .B \-n
161: Don't do aliasing.
162: .TP 1.2i
163: .BI \-o x\|value
164: Set option
165: .I x
166: to the specified
167: .I value.
168: Options are described below.
169: .TP 1.2i
170: .BI \-q[ time ]
171: Processed saved messages in the queue at given intervals.
172: If
173: .I time
174: is omitted,
175: process the queue once.
176: .I Time
177: is given as a tagged number,
178: with `s' being seconds,
179: `m' being minutes,
180: `h' being hours,
181: `d' being days,
182: and
183: `w' being weeks.
184: For example,
185: ``\-q1h30m'' or ``\-q90m''
186: would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.
187: If
188: .I time
189: is specified,
190: .I sendmail
191: will run in background.
192: This option can be used safely with
193: .BR \-bd .
194: .TP 1.2i
195: .BI \-r name
196: An alternate and obsolete form of the
197: .B \-f
198: flag.
199: .TP 1.2i
200: .B \-t
201: Read message for recipients.
202: To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.
203: The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.
204: Any addresses in the argument list will be suppressed,
205: that is,
206: they will
207: .I not
208: receive copies even if listed in the message header.
209: .TP 1.2i
210: .B \-v
211: Go into verbose mode.
212: Alias expansions will be announced, etc.
213: .PP
214: There are also a number of processing options that may be set.
215: Normally these will only be used by a system administrator.
216: Options may be set either on the command line
217: using the
218: .B \-o
219: flag
220: or in the configuration file.
221: These are described in detail in the
222: .ul
223: Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide.
224: The options are:
225: .TP 1.2i
226: .RI A file
227: Use alternate alias file.
228: .TP 1.2i
229: c
230: On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
231: don't initiate immediate connection.
232: This requires queueing.
233: .TP 1.2i
234: .RI d x
235: Set the delivery mode to
236: .I x.
237: Delivery modes are
238: `i' for interactive (synchronous) delivery,
239: `b' for background (asynchronous) delivery,
240: and
241: `q' for queue only \- i.e.,
242: actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.
243: .TP 1.2i
244: D
245: Try to automatically rebuild the alias database
246: if necessary.
247: .TP 1.2i
248: .RI e x
249: Set error processing to mode
250: .I x.
251: Valid modes are
252: `m' to mail back the error message,
253: `w' to ``write'' back the error message
254: (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in),
255: `p' to print the errors on the terminal
256: (default),
257: `q' to throw away error messages
258: (only exit status is returned),
259: and `e'
260: to do special processing for the BerkNet.
261: If the text of the message is not mailed back
262: by
263: modes `m' or `w'
264: and if the sender is local to this machine,
265: a copy of the message is appended to the file
266: ``dead.letter''
267: in the sender's home directory.
268: .TP 1.2i
269: .RI F mode
270: The mode to use when creating temporary files.
271: .TP 1.2i
272: f
273: Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.
274: .TP 1.2i
275: .RI g N
276: The default group id to use when calling mailers.
277: .TP 1.2i
278: .RI H file
279: The SMTP help file.
280: .TP 1.2i
281: i
282: Do not take dots on a line by themselves
283: as a message terminator.
284: .TP 1.2i
285: .RI L n
286: The log level.
287: .TP 1.2i
288: m
289: Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion.
290: .TP 1.2i
291: o
292: If set, this message may have
293: old style headers.
294: If not set,
295: this message is guaranteed to have new style headers
296: (i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses).
297: If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly
298: determine the header format in most cases.
299: .TP 1.2i
300: .RI Q queuedir
301: Select the directory in which to queue messages.
302: .TP 1.2i
303: .RI r timeout
304: The timeout on reads;
305: if none is set,
306: .I sendmail
307: will wait forever for a mailer.
308: This option violates the word (if not the intent) of the SMTP specification,
309: show the timeout should probably be fairly large.
310: .TP 1.2i
311: .RI S file
312: Save statistics in the named file.
313: .TP 1.2i
314: s
315: Always instantiate the queue file,
316: even under circumstances where it is not strictly necessary.
317: This provides safety against system crashes during delivery.
318: .TP 1.2i
319: .RI T time
320: Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time.
321: After delivery has failed
322: (e.g., because of a host being down)
323: for this amount of time,
324: failed messages will be returned to the sender.
325: The default is three days.
326: .TP 1.2i
327: .RI t stz,dtz
328: Set the name of the time zone.
329: .TP 1.2i
330: .RI u N
331: Set the default user id for mailers.
332: .PP
333: In aliases,
334: the first character of a name may be
335: a vertical bar to cause interpretation of
336: the rest of the name as a command
337: to pipe the mail to.
338: It may be necessary to quote the name
339: to keep
340: .I sendmail
341: from suppressing the blanks from between arguments.
342: For example, a common alias is:
343: .PP
344: msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"
345: .PP
346: Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:\c
347: .IR filename ''
348: to ask
349: .I sendmail
350: to read the named file for a list of recipients.
351: For example, an alias such as:
352: .PP
353: poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
354: .PP
355: would read
356: .I /usr/local/lib/poets.list
357: for the list of addresses making up the group.
358: .PP
359: .I Sendmail
360: returns an exit status
361: describing what it did.
362: The codes are defined in
363: .RI < sysexits.h >
364: .ta 3n +\w'EX_UNAVAILABLE'u+3n
365: .de XX
366: .ti \n(.iu
367: ..
368: .in +\w'EX_UNAVAILABLE'u+6n
369: .XX
370: EX_OK Successful completion on all addresses.
371: .XX
372: EX_NOUSER User name not recognized.
373: .XX
374: EX_UNAVAILABLE Catchall meaning necessary resources
375: were not available.
376: .XX
377: EX_SYNTAX Syntax error in address.
378: .XX
379: EX_SOFTWARE Internal software error,
380: including bad arguments.
381: .XX
382: EX_OSERR Temporary operating system error,
383: such as \*(lqcannot fork\*(rq.
384: .XX
385: EX_NOHOST Host name not recognized.
386: .XX
387: EX_TEMPFAIL Message could not be sent immediately,
388: but was queued.
389: .PP
390: If invoked as
391: .I newaliases,
392: .I sendmail
393: will rebuild the alias database.
394: If invoked as
395: .I mailq,
396: .I sendmail
397: will print the contents of the mail queue.
398: .SH FILES
399: Except for
400: /etc/sendmail.cf,
401: these pathnames are all specified in
402: /etc/sendmail.cf.
403: Thus,
404: these values are only approximations.
405: .PP
406: .if t .ta 2i
407: .if n .ta 3i
408: /etc/aliases raw data for alias names
409: .br
410: /etc/aliases.pag
411: .br
412: /etc/aliases.dir data base of alias names
413: .br
414: /etc/sendmail.cf configuration file
415: .br
416: /etc/sendmail.fc frozen configuration
417: .br
418: /usr/share/misc/sendmail.hf help file
419: .br
420: /var/log/sendmail.st collected statistics
421: .br
422: /var/spool/mqueue/* temp files
423: .SH SEE\ ALSO
424: binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3),
425: aliases(5), mailaddr(7), rc(8);
426: .br
427: DARPA Internet Request For Comments
428: RFC819, RFC821, RFC822;
429: .br
430: .ul
431: Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router
432: (SMM:16);
433: .br
434: .ul
435: Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide
436: (SMM:7)
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