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1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)intro.ms    6.3 (Berkeley) 5/14/86
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .de IR
        !             8: \fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
        !             9: ..
        !            10: .de RI
        !            11: \fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
        !            12: ..
        !            13: .TL
        !            14: INTRODUCTION TO USER'S REFERENCE MANUAL
        !            15: .OH 'Introduction''- % -'
        !            16: .EH '- % -''Introduction'
        !            17: .af % i
        !            18: .pn 6
        !            19: .LP
        !            20: The documentation has been reorganized for 4.3BSD in a format similar
        !            21: to the one used for the Usenix 4.2BSD manuals.
        !            22: It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
        !            23: The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
        !            24: the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
        !            25: .DS
        !            26: I. User's Documents
        !            27:        User's Reference Manual [URM]
        !            28:                Commands (1)
        !            29:                Games (6)
        !            30:                Macro packages and language conventions (7)
        !            31:        User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
        !            32:                Getting Started
        !            33:                Basic Utilities
        !            34:                Communicating with the World
        !            35:                Text Editing
        !            36:                Document Preparation
        !            37:                Amusements
        !            38: 
        !            39: II. Programmer's Documents
        !            40:        Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
        !            41:                System calls (2)
        !            42:                Subroutines (3)
        !            43:                Special files (4)
        !            44:                File formats and conventions (5)
        !            45:        Programmer's Supplementary Documents, Volume 1 [PS1]
        !            46:                Languages in common use
        !            47:                General Reference
        !            48:                Programming Tools
        !            49:                Programming Libraries
        !            50:        Programmer's Supplementary Documents, Volume 2 [PS2]
        !            51:                Documents of Historic Interest
        !            52:                Other Languages
        !            53:                Database Management
        !            54: 
        !            55: III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
        !            56:        Maintenance commands (8)
        !            57:        System Installation and Administration
        !            58:        Supporting Documentation
        !            59: .DE
        !            60: .LP
        !            61: References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
        !            62: thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
        !            63: Documents''.
        !            64: References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
        !            65: .IR sh (1)
        !            66: refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
        !            67: .LP
        !            68: The manual pages give descriptions of the publicly available features of the
        !            69: .UX \s-2/32V\s0
        !            70: system, as extended to provide a virtual memory environment
        !            71: and other enhancements at the University of California.
        !            72: They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
        !            73: .UX
        !            74: operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
        !            75: Various documents on those topics are contained in the
        !            76: ``UNIX User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
        !            77: ``UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PS1 and PS2),
        !            78: and ``UNIX System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
        !            79: In particular, for an overview see ``The UNIX Time-Sharing System'' (PS2:1)
        !            80: by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
        !            81: ``\s8UNIX\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
        !            82: and for an guide to the new features of this virtual version, see
        !            83: ``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.3 Edition)'' (PS1:6).
        !            84: .LP
        !            85: Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
        !            86: and concise.  Where the latter two objectives conflict,
        !            87: the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
        !            88: It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
        !            89: Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
        !            90: .LP
        !            91: Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
        !            92: the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
        !            93: intended to be called by the user's programs.
        !            94: User commands are described in URM section 1.
        !            95: Commands generally reside in directory
        !            96: .I /bin
        !            97: (for
        !            98: .IR bin \|ary
        !            99: programs).
        !           100: Some programs also reside in
        !           101: .I
        !           102: /\|usr/\|bin,
        !           103: .R
        !           104: .I
        !           105: /\|usr/\|ucb,
        !           106: .R
        !           107: or
        !           108: .I
        !           109: /\|usr/\|new,
        !           110: .R
        !           111: to save space in
        !           112: .I  /\|bin.
        !           113: These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
        !           114: .LP
        !           115: Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
        !           116: .I
        !           117: /\|usr/\|games,
        !           118: .R
        !           119: to keep them from contaminating
        !           120: the more staid information of URM section 1.
        !           121: .LP
        !           122: Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
        !           123: writing in various specialized languages such as character codes, 
        !           124: macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
        !           125: .LP
        !           126: System calls are entries into the
        !           127: .UX
        !           128: supervisor.  The system call interface is identical to a C language
        !           129: procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
        !           130: .LP
        !           131: An assortment of subroutines is available;
        !           132: they are described in PRM section 3.
        !           133: The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
        !           134: .IR intro (3).
        !           135: The functions are described in terms of C;
        !           136: those that will work with Fortran are described in
        !           137: .IR intro (3f).
        !           138: .LP
        !           139: PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
        !           140: each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
        !           141: The names in this section refer to the DEC device names for the hardware,
        !           142: instead of the names of the special files themselves.
        !           143: .LP
        !           144: The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
        !           145: documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
        !           146: for example, the form of the output of the loader and
        !           147: assembler is given.  Excluded are files used by only one command,
        !           148: for example the assembler's intermediate files.
        !           149: .LP
        !           150: Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
        !           151: system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
        !           152: The commands and files described here are almost all kept in the directory
        !           153: .I /\|etc.
        !           154: .LP
        !           155: Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
        !           156: The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
        !           157: together with the section number, and sometimes a
        !           158: letter characteristic of a subcategory, e.g. graphics is 1G,
        !           159: and the math library is 3M.
        !           160: Entries within each section are alphabetized.
        !           161: except for PRM section 3f which appears after the rest of PRM section 3.
        !           162: The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
        !           163: it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of 
        !           164: a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
        !           165: .LP
        !           166: All entries are based on a common format;
        !           167: not all subsections always appear.
        !           168: .RS
        !           169: .LP
        !           170: The
        !           171: .I name
        !           172: subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
        !           173: covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
        !           174: .LP
        !           175: The
        !           176: .IR synopsis ""
        !           177: summarizes the use of the program being described.
        !           178: A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
        !           179: .LP
        !           180: .RS
        !           181: .B Boldface
        !           182: words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
        !           183: .LP
        !           184: Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
        !           185: When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
        !           186: .LP
        !           187: Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
        !           188: may be repeated.
        !           189: .LP
        !           190: A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
        !           191: An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
        !           192: option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
        !           193: a file name could appear.  Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
        !           194: names begin with ``\-''.
        !           195: .LP
        !           196: .RE
        !           197: The
        !           198: .IR description ""
        !           199: subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
        !           200: .LP
        !           201: The
        !           202: .IR files ""
        !           203: subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
        !           204: .LP
        !           205: A
        !           206: .I
        !           207: see also
        !           208: .R
        !           209: subsection gives pointers to related information.
        !           210: .LP
        !           211: A
        !           212: .I  diagnostics
        !           213: subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
        !           214: Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
        !           215: .LP
        !           216: The
        !           217: .IR bugs ""
        !           218: subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
        !           219: Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
        !           220: .LP
        !           221: .RE
        !           222: At the beginning of URM is a table of contents,
        !           223: organized by section and alphabetically within each section.
        !           224: There is also a permuted index derived from the table of contents.
        !           225: Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
        !           226: it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
        !           227: This fact is important because there is considerable
        !           228: name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
        !           229: exist only to exercise a particular system call.
        !           230: .SH
        !           231: HOW TO GET STARTED
        !           232: .LP
        !           233: This section sketches the basic information you need to get started on UNIX;
        !           234: how to log in and log out, how to communicate through your terminal,
        !           235: and how to run a program.
        !           236: See ``\c
        !           237: .UX
        !           238: for Beginners'' in (USD:1) for a more complete introduction to the system.
        !           239: .LP
        !           240: .I
        !           241: Logging in.\ \ 
        !           242: .R
        !           243: Almost any ASCII terminal capable of
        !           244: full duplex operation and generating
        !           245: the entire character set can be used.
        !           246: You must have a valid user name,
        !           247: which may be obtained from the system administration.
        !           248: If you will be accessing UNIX remotely, you will also
        !           249: need to obtain the telephone number for the system that you will be using.
        !           250: .LP
        !           251: After a data connection is established,
        !           252: the login procedure depends on what type of terminal you are using
        !           253: and local system conventions.
        !           254: If your terminal is directly connected to the computer,
        !           255: it generally runs at 9600 or 19200 baud.
        !           256: If you are using a modem running over a phone line,
        !           257: the terminal must be set at the speed appropriate for the modem you are using,
        !           258: typically 300, 1200, or 2400 baud.
        !           259: The half/full duplex switch should always be set at full-duplex.
        !           260: (This switch will often have to be changed
        !           261: since many other systems require half-duplex).
        !           262: .LP
        !           263: When a connection is established, the system types ``login:'';
        !           264: you type your user name, followed by the ``return'' key.
        !           265: If you have a password, the system asks for it
        !           266: and suppresses echo to the terminal so the password will not appear.
        !           267: After you have logged in, the ``return'', ``new line'', or ``linefeed'' keys
        !           268: will give exactly the same results.
        !           269: A message-of-the-day usually greets you before your first prompt.
        !           270: .LP
        !           271: If the system types out a few garbage characters
        !           272: after you have established a data connection
        !           273: (the ``login:'' message at the wrong speed),
        !           274: depress the ``break'' (or ``interrupt'') key.
        !           275: This is a speed-independent signal to
        !           276: .UX
        !           277: that a different speed terminal is in use.
        !           278: The system then will type ``login:,'' this time at another speed.
        !           279: Continue depressing the break key until ``login:'' appears clearly,
        !           280: then respond with your user name.
        !           281: .LP
        !           282: For all these terminals, it is important
        !           283: that you type your name in lower-case if possible; if you type
        !           284: upper-case letters,
        !           285: .UX
        !           286: will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case
        !           287: letters and will translate all subsequent lower-case letters to upper case.
        !           288: .LP
        !           289: The evidence that you have successfully logged in is that a shell program
        !           290: will type a prompt (``$'' or ``%'') to you.
        !           291: (The shells are described below under ``How to run a program.'')
        !           292: .LP
        !           293: For more information, consult
        !           294: .IR tset (1),
        !           295: and
        !           296: .IR stty (1),
        !           297: which tell how to adjust terminal behavior;
        !           298: .IR getty (8)
        !           299: discusses the login sequence in more detail, and
        !           300: .IR tty (4)
        !           301: discusses terminal I/O.
        !           302: .LP
        !           303: .I
        !           304: Logging out.\ \ 
        !           305: .R
        !           306: There are three ways to log out:
        !           307: .IP
        !           308: By typing ``logout'' or an end-of-file
        !           309: indication (EOT character, control-D) to the shell.
        !           310: The shell will terminate and the ``login:'' message will appear again.
        !           311: .IP
        !           312: You can log in directly as another user by giving a
        !           313: .IR login (1)
        !           314: command.
        !           315: .IP
        !           316: If worse comes to worse,
        !           317: you can simply hang up the phone; but beware \- some machines may
        !           318: lack the necessary hardware to detect that the phone has been hung up.
        !           319: Ask your system administrator if this is a problem on your machine.
        !           320: .LP
        !           321: .I
        !           322: How to communicate through your terminal.\ \ 
        !           323: .R
        !           324: When you type characters, a gnome deep in the system
        !           325: gathers your characters and saves them in a secret place.
        !           326: The characters will not be given to a program
        !           327: until you type a return (or newline), as described above in
        !           328: .I
        !           329: Logging in.
        !           330: .R
        !           331: .LP
        !           332: .UX
        !           333: terminal I/O is full-duplex.
        !           334: It has full read-ahead, which means that you can type at any time,
        !           335: even while a program is typing at you.
        !           336: Of course, if you type during output, the printed output will
        !           337: have the input characters interspersed.
        !           338: However, whatever you type will be saved up and interpreted in correct sequence.
        !           339: There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead,
        !           340: but it is generous and not likely to be exceeded unless
        !           341: the system is in trouble.
        !           342: When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system
        !           343: throws away all the saved characters (or beeps, if your prompt was a ``%'').
        !           344: .LP
        !           345: The delete (DEL) character in typed input kills all the
        !           346: preceding characters in the line,
        !           347: so typing mistakes can be repaired on a single line.
        !           348: Also, the backspace character (control-H) erases the last character typed.
        !           349: .IR Tset (1)
        !           350: or
        !           351: .IR stty (1)
        !           352: can be used to change these defaults.
        !           353: Successive uses of backspace erases characters back to, but
        !           354: not beyond, the beginning of the line.
        !           355: DEL and backspace can be transmitted to a program by preceding them with ``\e''.
        !           356: (So, to erase ``\e'', you need two backspaces).
        !           357: .LP
        !           358: An
        !           359: .I
        !           360: interrupt signal
        !           361: .R
        !           362: is sent to a program by typing control-C or the ``break'' key
        !           363: which is not passed to programs.
        !           364: This signal generally causes whatever program you are running to terminate.
        !           365: It is typically used to stop a long printout that you do not want.
        !           366: However, programs can arrange either to ignore this signal altogether,
        !           367: or to be notified when it happens (instead of being terminated).
        !           368: The editor, for example, catches interrupts and stops what it is doing,
        !           369: instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can
        !           370: be used to halt an editor printout without losing the file being edited.
        !           371: The interrupt character can also be changed with
        !           372: .IR tset (1)
        !           373: or
        !           374: .IR stty (1).
        !           375: .LP
        !           376: It is also possible to suspend output temporarily using ^S (control-S)
        !           377: and later resume output with ^Q (control-Q).
        !           378: Output can be thrown away without interrupting
        !           379: the program by typing ^O (control-O); see
        !           380: .IR tty (4).
        !           381: .LP
        !           382: The
        !           383: .IR quit ""
        !           384: signal is generated by typing the \s8ASCII\s10 FS character.
        !           385: (FS appears many places on different terminals, most commonly
        !           386: as control-\e or control-\^|\^.)
        !           387: It not only causes a running program to terminate
        !           388: but also generates a file with the core image of the terminated process.
        !           389: Quit is useful for debugging.
        !           390: .LP
        !           391: Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal,
        !           392: .UX
        !           393: tries to be intelligent about whether
        !           394: you have a terminal with the newline function
        !           395: or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return and line-feed.
        !           396: In the latter case, all input carriage returns
        !           397: are turned to newline characters (the standard line delimiter)
        !           398: and both a carriage return and a line feed are echoed to the terminal.
        !           399: If you get into the wrong mode, the
        !           400: .IR reset (1)
        !           401: command will rescue you.
        !           402: If the terminal does not appear to be echoing anything that you type,
        !           403: it may be stuck in ``no-echo'' or ``raw'' mode.
        !           404: Try typing ``(control-J)reset(control-J)'' to recover.
        !           405: .LP
        !           406: Tab characters are used freely in
        !           407: .UX
        !           408: source programs.
        !           409: If your terminal does not have the tab function,
        !           410: you can arrange to have them turned into spaces
        !           411: during output, and echoed as spaces during input.
        !           412: The system assumes that tabs are set every eight columns.
        !           413: Again, the
        !           414: .IR tset (1)
        !           415: or
        !           416: .IR stty (1)
        !           417: command can be used to change these defaults.
        !           418: .IR Tset (1)
        !           419: can be used to set the tab stops automatically when necessary.
        !           420: .LP
        !           421: .I
        !           422: How to run a program; the shells.\ \ 
        !           423: .R
        !           424: When you have successfully logged in, a program
        !           425: called a shell is listening to your terminal.
        !           426: The shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up
        !           427: into a command name and arguments, and executes the command.
        !           428: A command is simply an executable program.
        !           429: The shell looks in several system directories to find the command.  You can also
        !           430: place commands in your own directory and have the shell find them there.
        !           431: There is nothing special about system-provided
        !           432: commands except that they are kept in a directory where the shell can find them.
        !           433: .LP
        !           434: The command name is always the first word on an input line;
        !           435: it and its arguments are separated from one another by spaces.
        !           436: .LP
        !           437: When a program terminates, the shell will ordinarily regain control and type 
        !           438: a prompt at you to show that it is ready for another command.
        !           439: .LP
        !           440: The shells have many other capabilities, that are described in detail in
        !           441: sections
        !           442: .IR sh (1)
        !           443: and
        !           444: .IR csh (1).
        !           445: If the shell prompts you with ``$'', then it is an instance of
        !           446: .IR sh (1)
        !           447: the standard shell provided by Bell Labs.
        !           448: If it prompts with ``%'' then it is an instance of
        !           449: .IR csh (1),
        !           450: a shell written at Berkeley.
        !           451: The shells are different for all but the most simple terminal usage.
        !           452: Most users at Berkeley choose
        !           453: .IR csh (1)
        !           454: because of the
        !           455: .I history
        !           456: mechanism and the
        !           457: .I alias
        !           458: feature, that greatly enhance its power when used interactively.
        !           459: .I Csh
        !           460: also supports the job-control facilities;
        !           461: see
        !           462: .IR csh (1)
        !           463: or the Csh introduction in USD:4 for details.
        !           464: .LP
        !           465: You can change from one shell to the other by using the
        !           466: .I chsh (1)
        !           467: command, which takes effect at your next login.
        !           468: .LP
        !           469: .I
        !           470: The current directory.\ \ 
        !           471: .R
        !           472: .UX
        !           473: has a file system arranged as a hierarchy of directories.
        !           474: When the system administrator gave you a user name,
        !           475: they also created a directory for you (ordinarily
        !           476: with the same name as your user name).
        !           477: When you log in, any file name you type is by default in this directory.
        !           478: Since you are the owner of this directory, you have
        !           479: full permission to read, write, alter, or destroy its contents.
        !           480: Permissions to have your will with other directories
        !           481: and files will have been granted or denied to you by their owners.
        !           482: As a matter of observed fact, few
        !           483: .UX
        !           484: users protect their files from perusal by other users.
        !           485: .LP
        !           486: To change the current directory (but not the set of permissions you
        !           487: were endowed with at login) use
        !           488: .IR cd (1).
        !           489: .LP
        !           490: .I
        !           491: Path names.\ \ 
        !           492: .R
        !           493: To refer to files not in the current directory, you must use a path name.
        !           494: Full path names begin with ``/\|'', the name of the root directory of the
        !           495: whole file system.
        !           496: After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next
        !           497: sub-directory (followed by a ``/\|'') until finally the file name is reached.
        !           498: For example,
        !           499: .I
        !           500: /\^usr/\^tmp/\^filex
        !           501: .R
        !           502: refers to the file
        !           503: .I
        !           504: filex
        !           505: .R
        !           506: in the directory
        !           507: .I
        !           508: tmp; tmp
        !           509: .R
        !           510: is itself a subdirectory of
        !           511: .I
        !           512: usr; usr
        !           513: .R
        !           514: springs directly from the root directory.
        !           515: .LP
        !           516: If your current directory has subdirectories,
        !           517: the path names of files therein begin with
        !           518: the name of the subdirectory with no prefixed ``/\|''.
        !           519: .LP
        !           520: A path name may be used anywhere a file name is required.
        !           521: .LP
        !           522: Important commands that modify the contents of files are
        !           523: .IR cp (1),
        !           524: .IR mv (1),
        !           525: and
        !           526: .IR rm (1),
        !           527: which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files.
        !           528: To find out the status of files or directories, use 
        !           529: .IR ls (1).
        !           530: See
        !           531: .IR mkdir (1)
        !           532: for making directories and
        !           533: .IR rmdir (1)
        !           534: for destroying them.
        !           535: .LP
        !           536: For a fuller discussion of the file system, see
        !           537: ``A Fast File System for UNIX'' (SMM:14)
        !           538: by McKusick, Joy, Leffler, and Fabry.
        !           539: It may also be useful to glance through PRM section 2,
        !           540: that discusses system calls, even if you do not intend
        !           541: to deal with the system at that level.
        !           542: .LP
        !           543: .I
        !           544: Writing a program.\ \ 
        !           545: .R
        !           546: To enter the text of a source program into a
        !           547: .UX
        !           548: file, use the editor
        !           549: .IR ex (1)
        !           550: or its display editing alias
        !           551: .IR vi (1).
        !           552: (The old standard editor
        !           553: .IR ed (1)
        !           554: is also available.)
        !           555: The principal languages in
        !           556: .UX
        !           557: are provided by the C compiler
        !           558: .IR cc (1),
        !           559: the Fortran compiler
        !           560: .IR f77 (1),
        !           561: and its derivatives 
        !           562: .IR efl (1)
        !           563: and
        !           564: .IR ratfor (1),
        !           565: the Pascal compiler
        !           566: .IR pc (1),
        !           567: and interpreter
        !           568: .IR pi (1),
        !           569: and the Lisp system
        !           570: .IR lisp (1).
        !           571: User contributed software in the latest
        !           572: release of the system supports
        !           573: APL, B, the Functional Programming language, and Icon.
        !           574: Refer to
        !           575: .IR apl (1),
        !           576: .IR b (1),
        !           577: .IR fp (1),
        !           578: and
        !           579: .IR icon (1),
        !           580: respectively for more information about each.
        !           581: After the program text has been entered through the editor
        !           582: and written to a file, you can give the file
        !           583: to the appropriate language processor as an argument.
        !           584: The output of the language processor
        !           585: will be left on a file in the current directory named ``a.out''.
        !           586: If the output is precious, use
        !           587: .IR mv (1)
        !           588: to move it to a less exposed name after successful compilation.
        !           589: .LP
        !           590: When you have finally gone through this entire process
        !           591: without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program
        !           592: can be run by giving its name to the shell
        !           593: in response to the shell (``$'' or ``%'') prompt.
        !           594: .LP
        !           595: Your programs can receive arguments from the command line
        !           596: just as system programs do,
        !           597: see ``UNIX Programming - Second Edition'' (PS2:3),
        !           598: or for a more terse description
        !           599: .IR execve (2).
        !           600: .LP
        !           601: .I
        !           602: Text processing.\ \ 
        !           603: .R
        !           604: Almost all text is entered through the editor
        !           605: .IR ex (1)
        !           606: (often entered via
        !           607: .IR vi (1)).
        !           608: The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are:
        !           609: .IR cat (1),
        !           610: .IR more (1),
        !           611: and
        !           612: .IR nroff (1).
        !           613: .LP
        !           614: The
        !           615: .IR cat (1)
        !           616: command simply dumps \s8ASCII\s10 text
        !           617: on the terminal, with no processing at all.
        !           618: .IR More (1)
        !           619: is useful for preventing the output of a command from
        !           620: scrolling off the top of your screen.
        !           621: It is also well suited to perusing files.
        !           622: .IR Nroff (1)
        !           623: is an elaborate text formatting program.
        !           624: Used naked, it requires careful forethought, but for
        !           625: ordinary documents it has been tamed; see
        !           626: .IR me (7)
        !           627: and
        !           628: .IR ms (7).
        !           629: .LP
        !           630: .IR Troff (1)
        !           631: prepares documents for a Graphics Systems phototypesetter
        !           632: or a Versatec Plotter;
        !           633: it is similar to 
        !           634: .IR nroff (1),
        !           635: and often works from exactly the same source text.
        !           636: It was used to produce this manual.
        !           637: .LP
        !           638: .IR Script (1)
        !           639: lets you keep a record of your session in a file,
        !           640: which can then be printed, mailed, etc.
        !           641: It provides the advantages of a hard-copy terminal
        !           642: even when using a display terminal.
        !           643: .LP
        !           644: .I
        !           645: Status inquiries.\ \ 
        !           646: .R
        !           647: Various commands exist to provide you with useful information.
        !           648: .IR w (1)
        !           649: prints a list of users currently logged in, and what they are doing.
        !           650: .IR date (1)
        !           651: prints the current time and date.
        !           652: .IR ls (1)
        !           653: will list the files in your directory or give
        !           654: summary information about particular files.
        !           655: .LP
        !           656: .I
        !           657: Surprises.\ \ 
        !           658: .R
        !           659: Certain commands provide inter-user communication.
        !           660: Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be
        !           661: well to learn something about them, because someone else may aim them at you.
        !           662: .LP
        !           663: To communicate with another user currently logged in,
        !           664: .IR write (1)
        !           665: or
        !           666: .IR talk (1)
        !           667: is used;
        !           668: .IR mail (1)
        !           669: will leave a message whose presence will be announced
        !           670: to another user when they next log in.
        !           671: The write-ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to
        !           672: the these commands if you are a target.
        !           673: .LP
        !           674: If you use
        !           675: .IR csh (1)
        !           676: the key ^Z (control-Z) will cause jobs to ``stop''.
        !           677: If this happens before you learn about it,
        !           678: you can simply continue by saying ``fg'' (for foreground) to bring
        !           679: the job back.
        !           680: .SH
        !           681: CONVERTING FROM 4.2BSD SYSTEMS
        !           682: .LP
        !           683: A detailed list of changes from the 4.2BSD to the 4.3BSD distributions
        !           684: is contained in ``Bug Fixes and Changes in 4.3BSD'' (SMM:12),
        !           685: and ``Changes to the Kernel in 4.3BSD'' (SMM:13).
        !           686: Detailed conversion procedures are described in
        !           687: ``Installing and Operating 4.3BSD on the VAX'' (SMM:1);
        !           688: it also discusses changes from pre-4.2BSD systems.

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