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1.1 ! root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California. ! 2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement ! 3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution. ! 4: .\" ! 5: .\" @(#)dd.1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/29/85 ! 6: .\" ! 7: .TH DD 1 "April 29, 1985" ! 8: .UC 4 ! 9: .SH NAME ! 10: dd \- convert and copy a file ! 11: .SH SYNOPSIS ! 12: .B dd ! 13: [option=value] ... ! 14: .SH DESCRIPTION ! 15: .I Dd ! 16: copies the specified input file ! 17: to the specified output with ! 18: possible conversions. ! 19: The standard input and output are used by default. ! 20: The input and output block size may be ! 21: specified to take advantage of raw physical I/O. ! 22: .PP ! 23: .br ! 24: .ns ! 25: .TP 15 ! 26: .I option ! 27: .I values ! 28: .br ! 29: .ns ! 30: .TP ! 31: if= ! 32: input file name; standard input is default ! 33: .br ! 34: .ns ! 35: .TP ! 36: of= ! 37: output file name; standard output is default ! 38: .br ! 39: .ns ! 40: .TP ! 41: .RI ibs= n ! 42: input block size ! 43: .I n ! 44: bytes (default 512) ! 45: .br ! 46: .ns ! 47: .TP ! 48: .RI obs= n ! 49: output block size (default 512) ! 50: .br ! 51: .ns ! 52: .TP ! 53: .RI bs= n ! 54: set both input and output block size, ! 55: superseding ! 56: .I ibs ! 57: and ! 58: .I obs; ! 59: also, if no conversion is specified, ! 60: it is particularly efficient since no copy need be done ! 61: .br ! 62: .ns ! 63: .TP ! 64: .RI cbs= n ! 65: conversion buffer size ! 66: .br ! 67: .ns ! 68: .TP ! 69: .RI skip= n ! 70: skip ! 71: .IR n "" ! 72: input records before starting copy ! 73: .br ! 74: .ns ! 75: .TP ! 76: .RI files= n ! 77: copy ! 78: .I n ! 79: input files before terminating (makes sense only ! 80: where input is a magtape or similar device). ! 81: .br ! 82: .ns ! 83: .TP ! 84: .RI seek= n ! 85: seek ! 86: .I n ! 87: records from beginning of output file before copying ! 88: .br ! 89: .ns ! 90: .TP ! 91: count=\fIn\fR ! 92: copy only ! 93: .IR n "" ! 94: input records ! 95: .br ! 96: .ns ! 97: .TP ! 98: conv=ascii ! 99: .ds h \h'\w'conv='u' ! 100: convert EBCDIC to ASCII ! 101: .br ! 102: .ns ! 103: .IP \*hebcdic ! 104: convert ASCII to EBCDIC ! 105: .br ! 106: .ns ! 107: .IP \*hibm ! 108: slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC ! 109: .br ! 110: .ns ! 111: .IP \*hblock ! 112: convert variable length records to fixed length ! 113: .br ! 114: .ns ! 115: .IP \*hunblock ! 116: convert fixed length records to variable length ! 117: .br ! 118: .ns ! 119: .IP \*hlcase ! 120: map alphabetics to lower case ! 121: .br ! 122: .ns ! 123: .IP \*hucase ! 124: map alphabetics to upper case ! 125: .br ! 126: .ns ! 127: .IP \*hswab ! 128: swap every pair of bytes ! 129: .br ! 130: .ns ! 131: .IP \*hnoerror ! 132: do not stop processing on an error ! 133: .br ! 134: .ns ! 135: .IP \*hsync ! 136: pad every input record to ! 137: .I ibs ! 138: .br ! 139: .ns ! 140: .IP "\*h... , ..." ! 141: several comma-separated conversions ! 142: .PP ! 143: .fi ! 144: Where sizes are specified, ! 145: a number of bytes is expected. ! 146: A number may end with ! 147: .B "k, b" ! 148: or ! 149: .B w ! 150: to specify multiplication by ! 151: 1024, 512, or 2 respectively; ! 152: a pair of numbers may be separated by ! 153: .B x ! 154: to indicate a product. ! 155: .PP ! 156: .I Cbs ! 157: is used only if ! 158: .I ascii, ! 159: .I unblock, ! 160: .I ebcdic, ! 161: .I ibm, ! 162: or ! 163: .I block ! 164: conversion is specified. ! 165: In the first two cases, ! 166: .I cbs ! 167: characters are placed into the conversion buffer, any specified ! 168: character mapping is done, ! 169: trailing blanks trimmed and new-line added ! 170: before sending the line to the output. ! 171: In the latter three cases, characters are read into the ! 172: conversion buffer, and blanks added ! 173: to make up an ! 174: output record of size ! 175: .IR cbs . ! 176: .PP ! 177: After completion, ! 178: .I dd ! 179: reports the number of whole and partial input and output ! 180: blocks. ! 181: .PP ! 182: For example, to read an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte ! 183: EBCDIC card images per record into the ASCII file ! 184: .I x: ! 185: .IP ! 186: .nf ! 187: dd if=/dev/rmt0 of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase ! 188: .fi ! 189: .PP ! 190: Note the use of raw magtape. ! 191: .I Dd ! 192: is especially suited to I/O on the raw ! 193: physical devices because it allows reading ! 194: and writing in arbitrary record sizes. ! 195: .SH "SEE ALSO" ! 196: cp(1), tr(1) ! 197: .SH DIAGNOSTICS ! 198: f+p records in(out): numbers of full and partial records read(written) ! 199: .SH BUGS ! 200: The ASCII/EBCDIC conversion tables are ! 201: taken ! 202: from the 256 character standard in ! 203: the CACM Nov, 1968. ! 204: The `ibm' conversion, while less blessed as a standard, ! 205: corresponds better to certain IBM print train conventions. ! 206: There is no universal solution. ! 207: .br ! 208: One must specify ``conv=noerror,sync'' when copying ! 209: raw disks with bad sectors to insure ! 210: .I dd ! 211: stays synchronized. ! 212: .PP ! 213: Certain combinations of arguments to ! 214: .I conv= ! 215: are permitted. ! 216: However, the ! 217: .I block ! 218: or ! 219: .I unblock ! 220: option cannot be combined with ! 221: .IR ascii , ! 222: .IR ebcdic "" ! 223: or ! 224: .IR ibm . ! 225: Invalid combinations ! 226: .I "silently ignore" ! 227: all but the last mutually-exclusive keyword.
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