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1.1 root 1: .\" @(#)ed.1 6.1 (Berkeley) 4/29/85
2: .\"
3: .TH ED 1 "April 29, 1985"
4: .AT 3
5: .if t .ds q \(aa
6: .if n .ds q '
7: .SH NAME
8: ed \- text editor
9: .SH SYNOPSIS
10: .B ed
11: [
12: .B \-
13: ] [
14: .B \-x
15: ] [ name ]
16: .SH DESCRIPTION
17: .I Ed
18: is the standard text editor.
19: .PP
20: If a
21: .I name
22: argument is given,
23: .I ed
24: simulates an
25: .I e
26: command (see below)\| on the named file; that is to say,
27: the file is read into
28: .I ed's
29: buffer so that it can be edited.
30: If
31: .B \-x
32: is present, an
33: .I x
34: command is simulated first to handle an encrypted file.
35: The optional
36: .B \-
37: suppresses the printing
38: of explanatory output
39: and should be used
40: when the standard input is
41: an editor script.
42: .PP
43: .I Ed
44: operates on a copy of any file it is editing; changes made
45: in the copy have no effect on the file until a
46: .IR w ""
47: (write)\|
48: command is given.
49: The copy of the text being edited resides
50: in a temporary file called the
51: .IR buffer .
52: .PP
53: Commands to
54: .I ed
55: have a simple and regular structure: zero or
56: more
57: .I addresses
58: followed by a single character
59: .I command,
60: possibly
61: followed by parameters to the command.
62: These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
63: Missing addresses are supplied by default.
64: .PP
65: In general, only one command may appear on a line.
66: Certain commands allow the
67: addition of text to the buffer.
68: While
69: .I ed
70: is accepting text, it is said
71: to be in
72: .I "input mode."
73: In this mode, no commands are recognized;
74: all input is merely collected.
75: Input mode is left by typing a period `\fB.\fR' alone at the
76: beginning of a line.
77: .PP
78: .I Ed
79: supports a limited form of
80: .I "regular expression"
81: notation.
82: A regular expression specifies
83: a set of strings of characters.
84: A member of this set of strings is said to be
85: .I matched
86: by the regular expression.
87: In the following specification for regular expressions
88: the word `character' means any character but newline.
89: .IP 1.
90: Any character except a special character
91: matches itself.
92: Special characters are
93: the regular expression delimiter plus
94: .RB \e\|[\| .
95: and sometimes ^\|*\|$.
96: .IP 2.
97: A
98: .B .
99: matches any character.
100: .IP 3.
101: A \e followed by any character except a digit or (\|) matches that character.
102: .IP 4.
103: A nonempty string
104: .I s
105: bracketed
106: .RI [ \|s\| ]
107: (or
108: .RI [^ s\| ])
109: matches any character in (or not in)
110: .I s.
111: In
112: .I s,
113: \e has no special meaning, and ] may only appear as
114: the first letter.
115: A substring
116: .I a\-b,
117: with
118: .I a
119: and
120: .I b
121: in ascending ASCII order, stands for the inclusive
122: range of ASCII characters.
123: .IP 5.
124: A regular expression of form 1-4 followed by * matches a sequence of
125: 0 or more matches of the regular expression.
126: .IP 6.
127: A regular expression,
128: .I x,
129: of form 1-8, bracketed
130: .RI \e( \|x\| \e)
131: matches what
132: .I x
133: matches.
134: .IP 7.
135: A \e followed by a digit
136: .I n
137: matches a copy of the string that the
138: bracketed regular expression beginning with the
139: .IR n th
140: \e( matched.
141: .IP 8.
142: A regular expression of form 1-8,
143: .I x,
144: followed by a regular expression of form 1-7,
145: .I y
146: matches a match for
147: .I x
148: followed by a match for
149: .I y,
150: with the
151: .I x
152: match being as long as possible while still permitting a
153: .I y
154: match.
155: .IP 9.
156: A regular expression of form 1-8 preceded by ^
157: (or followed by $), is constrained to matches that
158: begin at the left (or end at the right) end of a line.
159: .IP 10.
160: A regular expression of form 1-9 picks out the
161: longest among the leftmost matches in a line.
162: .IP 11.
163: An empty regular expression stands for a copy of the
164: last regular expression encountered.
165: .PP
166: Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
167: lines and in one command
168: (see
169: .I s
170: below)\|
171: to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
172: If it is desired to use one of
173: the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
174: character, that character may be preceded by `\e'.
175: This also applies to the character bounding the regular
176: expression (often `/')\| and to `\e' itself.
177: .PP
178: To understand addressing in
179: .I ed
180: it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
181: .I "current line."
182: Generally speaking, the current line is
183: the last line affected by a command; however,
184: the exact effect on the current line
185: is discussed under the description of
186: the command.
187: Addresses are constructed as follows.
188: .TP
189: 1.
190: The character `\fB.\fR' addresses the current line.
191: .TP
192: 2.
193: The character `$' addresses the last line of the buffer.
194: .TP
195: 3.
196: A decimal number
197: .I n
198: addresses the
199: .IR n -th
200: line of the buffer.
201: .TP
202: 4.
203: `\(fm\fIx\fR' addresses the line marked with the name
204: .IR x ,
205: which must be a lower-case letter.
206: Lines are marked with the
207: .I k
208: command described below.
209: .TP
210: 5.
211: A regular expression enclosed in slashes `/' addresses
212: the line found by searching forward from the current line
213: and stopping at the first line containing a
214: string that matches the regular expression.
215: If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
216: buffer.
217: .TP
218: 6.
219: A regular expression enclosed in queries `?' addresses
220: the line found by searching backward from the current line
221: and stopping at the first line containing
222: a string that matches the regular expression.
223: If necessary
224: the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
225: .TP
226: 7.
227: An address followed by a plus sign `+'
228: or a minus sign `\-' followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
229: (resp. minus)\| the indicated number of lines.
230: The plus sign may be omitted.
231: .TP
232: 8.
233: If an address begins with `+' or `\-'
234: the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
235: e.g. `\-5' is understood to mean `\fB.\fR\-5'.
236: .TP
237: 9.
238: If an address ends with `+' or `\-',
239: then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
240: As a consequence of this rule and rule 8,
241: the address `\-' refers to the line before the current line.
242: Moreover,
243: trailing
244: `+' and `\-' characters
245: have cumulative effect, so `\-\-' refers to the current
246: line less 2.
247: .TP
248: 10.
249: To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
250: the character `^' in addresses is
251: equivalent to `\-'.
252: .PP
253: Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
254: Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
255: of an address as an error.
256: Commands which accept one or two addresses
257: assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
258: If more addresses are given than such a command requires,
259: the last one or two (depending on what is accepted)\| are used.
260: .PP
261: Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
262: `\fB,\fR'.
263: They may also be separated by a semicolon
264: `\fB;\fR'.
265: In this case the current line `\fB.\fR' is set to
266: the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
267: This feature can be used to determine the starting
268: line for forward and backward searches (`/', `?')\|.
269: The second address of any two-address sequence
270: must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
271: The special form `%'
272: is an abbreviation for the address pair `1,$'.
273: .PP
274: In the following list of
275: .I ed
276: commands, the default addresses
277: are shown in parentheses.
278: The parentheses are not part of
279: the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
280: the default.
281: .PP
282: As mentioned, it is generally illegal for more than one
283: command to appear on a line.
284: However, most commands may be suffixed by `p'
285: or by `l', in which case
286: the current line is either
287: printed or listed respectively
288: in the way discussed below.
289: Commands may also be suffixed by `n',
290: meaning the output of the command is to
291: be line numbered.
292: These suffixes may be combined in any order.
293: .TP 5
294: .RB (\| .\| )\|a
295: .br
296: .ns
297: .TP 5
298: <text>
299: .br
300: .ns
301: .TP 5
302: .B .
303: .br
304: The append command reads the given text
305: and appends it after the addressed line.
306: `\fB.\fR' is left
307: on the last line input, if there
308: were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
309: Address `0' is legal for this command; text is placed
310: at the beginning of the buffer.
311: .TP 5
312: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|c
313: .br
314: .ns
315: .TP 5
316: <text>
317: .br
318: .ns
319: .TP 5
320: .B .
321: .br
322: The change
323: command deletes the addressed lines, then accepts input
324: text which replaces these lines.
325: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line input; if there were none,
326: it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
327: .TP 5
328: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|d
329: The delete command deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.
330: The line originally after the last line deleted becomes the current line;
331: if the lines deleted were originally at the end,
332: the new last line becomes the current line.
333: .TP 5
334: e filename
335: The edit
336: command causes the entire contents of the buffer to be deleted,
337: and then the named file to be read in.
338: `\fB.\fR' is set to the last line of the buffer.
339: The number of characters read is typed.
340: `filename' is remembered for possible use as a default file name
341: in a subsequent
342: .I r
343: or
344: .I w
345: command.
346: If `filename' is missing, the remembered name is used.
347: .TP 5
348: E filename
349: This command is the same as
350: .I e,
351: except that no diagnostic results when no
352: .I w
353: has been given since the last buffer alteration.
354: .TP 5
355: f filename
356: The filename command prints the currently remembered file name.
357: If `filename' is given,
358: the currently remembered file name is changed to `filename'.
359: .TP 5
360: (1,$)\|g/regular expression/command list
361: In the global
362: command, the first step is to mark every line which matches
363: the given regular expression.
364: Then for every such line, the
365: given command list is executed with `\fB.\fR' initially set to that line.
366: A single command or the first of multiple commands
367: appears on the same line with the global command.
368: All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must be ended with `\e'.
369: .I A,
370: .I i,
371: and
372: .I c
373: commands and associated input are permitted;
374: the `\fB.\fR' terminating input mode may be omitted if it would be on the
375: last line of the command list.
376: The commands
377: .I g
378: and
379: .I v
380: are not permitted in the command list.
381: .TP 5
382: .RB (\| .\| )\|i
383: .ns
384: .TP 5
385: <text>
386: .br
387: .ns
388: .TP 5
389: .B .
390: .br
391: This command inserts the given text before the addressed line.
392: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
393: at the line before the addressed line.
394: This command differs from the
395: .I a
396: command only in the placement of the
397: text.
398: .TP 5
399: .RB (\| .\| ,\ . +1)\|j
400: This command joins the addressed lines into a single line;
401: intermediate newlines simply disappear.
402: `\fB.\fR' is left at the resulting line.
403: .TP 5
404: ( \fB. \fR)\|k\fIx\fR
405: The mark command marks the addressed line with
406: name
407: .I x,
408: which must be a lower-case letter.
409: The address form `\(fm\fIx\fR' then addresses this line.
410: .ne 2.5
411: .TP 5
412: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|l
413: The list command
414: prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
415: non-graphic characters are
416: printed in two-digit octal,
417: and long lines are folded.
418: The
419: .I l
420: command may be placed on the same line after any non-i/o
421: command.
422: .TP 5
423: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|m\fIa
424: The move command repositions the addressed lines after the line
425: addressed by
426: .IR a .
427: The last of the moved lines becomes the current line.
428: .TP 5
429: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|p
430: The print command prints the addressed lines.
431: `\fB.\fR'
432: is left at the last line printed.
433: The
434: .I p
435: command
436: may
437: be placed on the same line after any non-i/o command.
438: .TP
439: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|P
440: This command is a synonym for
441: .I p.
442: .TP 5
443: q
444: The quit command causes
445: .I ed
446: to exit.
447: No automatic write
448: of a file is done.
449: .TP 5
450: Q
451: This command is the same as
452: .I q,
453: except that no diagnostic results when no
454: .I w
455: has been given since the last buffer alteration.
456: .TP 5
457: ($)\|r filename
458: The read command
459: reads in the given file after the addressed line.
460: If no file name is given,
461: the remembered file name, if any, is used
462: (see
463: .I e
464: and
465: .I f
466: commands)\|.
467: The file name is remembered if there was no
468: remembered file name already.
469: Address `0' is legal for
470: .I r
471: and causes the
472: file to be read at the beginning of the buffer.
473: If the read is successful, the number of characters
474: read is typed.
475: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line read in from the file.
476: .TP 5
477: (\| \fB.\fR\|, \fB.\fR\|)\|s/regular expression/replacement/ or,
478: .br
479: .ns
480: .TP 5
481: (\| \fB.\fR\|, \fB.\fR\|)\|s/regular expression/replacement/g
482: The substitute command searches each addressed
483: line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
484: On each line in which a match is found,
485: all matched strings are replaced by the replacement specified,
486: if the global replacement indicator `g' appears after the command.
487: If the global indicator does not appear, only the first occurrence
488: of the matched string is replaced.
489: It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
490: Any punctuation character
491: may be used instead of `/' to delimit the regular expression
492: and the replacement.
493: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line substituted.
494: .IP
495: An ampersand `&' appearing in the replacement
496: is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
497: The special meaning of `&' in this context may be
498: suppressed by preceding it by `\e'.
499: The characters
500: .I `\|\en'
501: where
502: .I n
503: is a digit,
504: are replaced by the text matched by the
505: .IR n -th
506: regular subexpression
507: enclosed between `\e(' and `\e)'.
508: When
509: nested, parenthesized subexpressions
510: are present,
511: .I n
512: is determined by counting occurrences of `\e(' starting from the left.
513: .IP
514: Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters into them.
515: The new-line in the
516: replacement string
517: must be escaped by preceding it by `\e'.
518: .IP
519: One or two trailing delimiters may be omitted,
520: implying the `p' suffix.
521: The special form `s' followed by
522: .I no
523: delimiters
524: repeats the most recent substitute command
525: on the addressed lines.
526: The `s' may be followed by the letters
527: .B r
528: (use the most recent regular expression for the
529: left hand side, instead of the most recent
530: left hand side of a substitute command),
531: .B p
532: (complement the setting of the
533: .I p
534: suffix from the previous substitution), or
535: .B g
536: (complement the setting of the
537: .I g
538: suffix).
539: These letters may be combined in any order.
540: .TP 5
541: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|t\|\fIa
542: This command acts just like the
543: .I m
544: command, except that a copy of the addressed lines is placed
545: after address
546: .I a
547: (which may be 0).
548: `\fB.\fR' is left on the last line of the copy.
549: .TP 5
550: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|u
551: The undo command restores the buffer to it's state
552: before the most recent buffer modifying command.
553: The current line is also restored.
554: Buffer modifying commands are
555: .I a, c, d, g, i, k, m, r, s, t,
556: and
557: .I v.
558: For purposes of undo,
559: .I g
560: and
561: .I v
562: are considered to be a single buffer modifying command.
563: Undo is its own inverse.
564: .IP
565: When
566: .I ed
567: runs out of memory
568: (at about 8000 lines on any 16 bit mini-computer
569: such as the PDP-11)
570: This full undo is not possible, and
571: .I u
572: can only undo the effect of the most recent
573: substitute on the current line.
574: This restricted undo also applies to editor scripts
575: when
576: .I ed
577: is invoked with the
578: .B -
579: option.
580: .TP 5
581: (1, $)\|v/regular expression/command list
582: This command is the same as the global command
583: .I g
584: except that the command list is executed
585: .I g
586: with `\fB.\fR' initially set to every line
587: .I except
588: those
589: matching the regular expression.
590: .TP 5
591: (1, $)\|w filename
592: .br
593: The write command writes the addressed lines onto
594: the given file.
595: If the file does not exist,
596: it is created.
597: The file name is remembered if there was no
598: remembered file name already.
599: If no file name is given,
600: the remembered file name, if any, is used
601: (see
602: .I e
603: and
604: .I f
605: commands)\|.
606: `\fB.\fR' is unchanged.
607: If the command is successful, the number of characters written is
608: printed.
609: .TP
610: (1, $)\|W filename
611: This command is the same as
612: .I w,
613: except that the addressed lines are appended to the file.
614: .TP 5
615: (1, $)\|wq filename
616: This command is the same as
617: .I w
618: except that afterwards a
619: .I q
620: command is done,
621: exiting the editor
622: after the file is written.
623: .TP 5
624: x
625: A key string is demanded from the standard input.
626: Later
627: .I r, e
628: and
629: .I w
630: commands will encrypt and decrypt the text
631: with this key by the algorithm of
632: .IR crypt (1).
633: An explicitly empty key turns off encryption.
634: .RB (\| .\| +1)\|z or,
635: .br
636: .ns
637: .TP 5
638: .RB (\| .\| +1)\|z\fIn
639: This command scrolls through the buffer starting at the addressed line.
640: 22 (or
641: .I n,
642: if given)
643: lines are printed.
644: The last line printed becomes the current line.
645: The value
646: .I n
647: is sticky, in that it becomes the default for
648: future
649: .I z
650: commands.
651: .TP 5
652: ($)\|=
653: The line number of the addressed line is typed.
654: `\fB.\fR' is unchanged by this command.
655: .TP 5
656: !<shell command>
657: The remainder of the line after the `!' is sent
658: to
659: .IR sh (1)
660: to be interpreted as a command.
661: .RB ` . '
662: is unchanged.
663: .TP 5
664: .RB (\| . +1,\| . +1)\|<newline>
665: An address alone on a line causes the addressed line to be printed.
666: A blank line alone is equivalent to `.+1p'; it is useful
667: for stepping through text.
668: If two addresses are present with no
669: intervening semicolon,
670: .I ed
671: prints the range of lines.
672: If they are separated by a semicolon,
673: the second line is printed.
674: .PP
675: If an interrupt signal (ASCII DEL)\| is sent,
676: .I ed
677: prints `?interrupted'
678: and returns to its command level.
679: .PP
680: Some size limitations:
681: 512 characters per line,
682: 256 characters per global command list,
683: 64 characters per file name,
684: and, on mini computers,
685: 128K characters in the temporary file.
686: The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of core:
687: each line takes 2 words.
688: .PP
689: When reading a file,
690: .I ed
691: discards ASCII NUL characters
692: and all characters after the last newline.
693: It refuses to read files containing non-ASCII characters.
694: .SH FILES
695: /tmp/e*
696: .br
697: edhup: work is saved here if terminal hangs up
698: .SH "SEE ALSO"
699: B. W. Kernighan,
700: .I
701: A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
702: .br
703: B. W. Kernighan,
704: .I Advanced editing on UNIX
705: .br
706: ex(1), sed(1), crypt(1)
707: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
708: `?name' for inaccessible file;
709: `?self-explanatory message'
710: for other errors.
711: .PP
712: To protect against throwing away valuable work,
713: a
714: .I q
715: or
716: .I e
717: command is considered to be in error, unless a
718: .I w
719: has occurred since the last buffer change.
720: A second
721: .I q
722: or
723: .I e
724: will be obeyed regardless.
725: .SH BUGS
726: The
727: .I l
728: command mishandles DEL.
729: .br
730: The
731: .I undo
732: command causes marks to be lost on affected lines.
733: .br
734: The
735: .I x
736: command,
737: .B -x
738: option,
739: and
740: special treatment of hangups
741: only work on UNIX.
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