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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)grep.1 6.3 (Berkeley) 10/8/87
6: .\"
7: .TH GREP 1 "October 8, 1987"
8: .UC 4
9: .SH NAME
10: grep, egrep, fgrep \- search a file for a pattern
11: .SH SYNOPSIS
12: .B grep
13: [ option ] ...
14: expression [ file ] ...
15: .LP
16: .B egrep
17: [ option ] ...
18: [ expression ]
19: [ file ] ...
20: .LP
21: .B fgrep
22: [ option ] ...
23: [ strings ]
24: [ file ]
25: .SH DESCRIPTION
26: Commands of the
27: .I grep
28: family search the input
29: .I files
30: (standard input default) for lines matching a pattern.
31: Normally, each line found is copied to the standard output.
32: .I Grep
33: patterns are limited regular expressions in the style of
34: .IR ex (1);
35: it uses a compact nondeterministic algorithm.
36: .I Egrep
37: patterns are full regular expressions; it uses a fast deterministic
38: algorithm that sometimes needs exponential space.
39: .I Fgrep
40: patterns are fixed strings; it is fast and compact.
41: The following options are recognized.
42: .TP
43: .B \-v
44: All lines but those matching are printed.
45: .TP
46: .B \-x
47: (Exact) only lines matched in their entirety are printed
48: .RI ( fgrep
49: only).
50: .TP
51: .B \-c
52: Only a count of matching lines is printed.
53: .TP
54: .B \-l
55: The names of files with matching lines are listed (once) separated by newlines.
56: .TP
57: .B \-n
58: Each line is preceded by its relative line number in the file.
59: .TP
60: .B \-b
61: Each line is preceded by the block number on which it was found.
62: This is sometimes useful in locating disk block numbers by context.
63: .TP
64: .B \-h
65: Never print filename headers with output lines.
66: .TP
67: .B \-o
68: Always print filename headers with output lines.
69: .TP
70: .B \-i
71: The case of letters is ignored in making comparisons \(em that is, upper and
72: lower case are considered identical.
73: .TP
74: .B \-s
75: Silent mode. Nothing is printed (except error messages).
76: This is useful for checking the error status.
77: .TP
78: .B \-w
79: The expression is searched for as a word
80: (as if surrounded by `\e<' and `\e>', see
81: .IR ex (1).)
82: (\fIgrep\fR\| only)
83: .TP
84: .BI \-e " expression"
85: Same as a simple
86: .I expression
87: argument, but useful when the
88: .I expression
89: begins with a \-.
90: .TP
91: .BI \-f " file"
92: The regular expression (\fIegrep\fP) or string list
93: .RI ( fgrep )
94: is taken from the
95: .I file.
96: .LP
97: In all cases the file name is shown if there is more than one input file.
98: Care should be taken when using the characters $ * [ ^ | ( ) and \\ in the
99: .I expression
100: as they are also meaningful to the Shell. It is safest to enclose the entire
101: .I expression
102: argument in single quotes \' \'.
103: .LP
104: .I Fgrep
105: searches for lines that contain one of the (newline-separated)
106: .I strings.
107: .LP
108: .I Egrep
109: accepts extended regular expressions.
110: In the following description `character' excludes newline:
111: .IP
112: A \e followed by a single character other than newline matches that character.
113: .IP
114: The character ^ matches the beginning of a line.
115: .IP
116: The character $ matches the end of a line.
117: .IP
118: A
119: .B .
120: (period) matches any character.
121: .IP
122: A single character not otherwise endowed with special
123: meaning matches that character.
124: .IP
125: A string enclosed in brackets [\|] matches any single character from the string.
126: Ranges of ASCII character codes may be abbreviated as in `a\-z0\-9'.
127: A ]
128: may occur only as the first character of the string.
129: A literal \- must be placed where it can't be mistaken as a range indicator.
130: .IP
131: A regular expression followed by an * (asterisk) matches a sequence of 0
132: or more matches of the regular expression.
133: A regular expression followed by a + (plus) matches a sequence of 1 or more
134: matches of the regular expression.
135: A regular expression followed by a ? (question mark) matches a sequence of
136: 0 or 1 matches of the regular expression.
137: .IP
138: Two regular expressions concatenated match a match of the first followed
139: by a match of the second.
140: .IP
141: Two regular expressions separated by | or newline
142: match either a match for the first or a match for the second.
143: .IP
144: A regular expression enclosed in parentheses
145: matches a match for the regular expression.
146: .LP
147: The order of precedence of operators at the same parenthesis level
148: is [\|] then *+? then concatenation then | and newline.
149: .LP
150: Ideally there should be only one
151: .I grep,
152: but we don't know a single algorithm that spans a wide enough
153: range of space-time tradeoffs.
154: .SH "SEE ALSO"
155: ex(1),
156: sed(1),
157: sh(1)
158: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
159: Exit status is 0 if any matches are found,
160: 1 if none, 2 for syntax errors or inaccessible files.
161: .SH BUGS
162: Lines are limited to 256 characters; longer lines are truncated.
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