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Annotation of 43BSDTahoe/man/man1/ls.1, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)ls.1        6.6 (Berkeley) 9/30/87
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .TH LS 1 "September 30, 1987"
        !             8: .UC
        !             9: .SH NAME
        !            10: ls \- list contents of directory
        !            11: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            12: .B ls
        !            13: [
        !            14: .B \-acdfgilqrstu1ACLFR
        !            15: ] name ...
        !            16: .br
        !            17: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            18: For each directory argument,
        !            19: .I ls
        !            20: lists the contents of the directory;
        !            21: for each file argument,
        !            22: .I ls
        !            23: repeats its name and any other information requested.
        !            24: By default, the output is sorted alphabetically.
        !            25: When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
        !            26: When several arguments are given,
        !            27: the arguments are first sorted appropriately,
        !            28: but file arguments are processed
        !            29: before directories and their contents.
        !            30: .PP
        !            31: There are a large number of options:
        !            32: .TP
        !            33: .B \-l
        !            34: List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner,
        !            35: size in bytes, and time of last modification
        !            36: for each file.
        !            37: (See below.)
        !            38: If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain
        !            39: the major and minor device numbers.
        !            40: If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of
        !            41: the linked-to file is printed preceded by ``\->''.
        !            42: .TP
        !            43: .B \-g
        !            44: Include the group ownership of the file in a long output.
        !            45: .TP
        !            46: .B \-t
        !            47: Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
        !            48: by name.
        !            49: .TP
        !            50: .B \-a
        !            51: List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries whose
        !            52: names begin with a period
        !            53: .RB ( . )
        !            54: are
        !            55: .I not
        !            56: listed.
        !            57: .TP
        !            58: .B \-s
        !            59: Give size in kilobytes of each file.
        !            60: .TP
        !            61: .B \-d
        !            62: If argument is a directory, list only its name;
        !            63: often used with \fB\-l\fR to get the status of a directory.
        !            64: .TP
        !            65: .B \-L
        !            66: If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
        !            67: rather than the link itself.
        !            68: .TP
        !            69: .B \-r
        !            70: Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic
        !            71: or oldest first as appropriate.
        !            72: .TP
        !            73: .B \-u
        !            74: Use time of last access instead of last
        !            75: modification for sorting
        !            76: (with the \fB\-t\fP option)
        !            77: and/or printing (with the \fB\-l\fP option).
        !            78: .TP
        !            79: .B \-c
        !            80: Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
        !            81: .TP
        !            82: .B \-i
        !            83: For each file, print the i-number in the first column of the report.
        !            84: .TP
        !            85: .B \-f
        !            86: Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
        !            87: and list the name found in each slot.
        !            88: This option turns off
        !            89: .B "\-l, \-t, \-s,"
        !            90: and
        !            91: .B \-r,
        !            92: and
        !            93: turns on
        !            94: .B \-a;
        !            95: the order is the order in which entries
        !            96: appear in the directory.
        !            97: .TP
        !            98: .B \-F
        !            99: cause directories to be marked with a trailing `/',
        !           100: sockets with a trailing `=',
        !           101: symbolic links with a trailing `@', and executable
        !           102: files with a trailing `*'.
        !           103: .TP
        !           104: .B \-R
        !           105: recursively list subdirectories encountered.
        !           106: .TP
        !           107: .B \-1
        !           108: force one entry per line output format; this is the default when
        !           109: output is not to a terminal.
        !           110: .TP
        !           111: .B \-C
        !           112: force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
        !           113: .TP
        !           114: .B \-q
        !           115: force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
        !           116: the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
        !           117: .PP
        !           118: The mode printed under the
        !           119: .B \-l
        !           120: option contains 11 characters
        !           121: which are interpreted
        !           122: as follows:
        !           123: the first character is
        !           124: .TP 3
        !           125: .B d
        !           126: if the entry is a directory;
        !           127: .br
        !           128: .ns
        !           129: .TP 3
        !           130: .B b
        !           131: if the entry is a block-type special file;
        !           132: .br
        !           133: .ns
        !           134: .TP 3
        !           135: .B c
        !           136: if the entry is a character-type special file;
        !           137: .br
        !           138: .ns
        !           139: .TP 3
        !           140: .B l
        !           141: if the entry is a symbolic link;
        !           142: .br
        !           143: .ns
        !           144: .TP
        !           145: .B s
        !           146: if the entry is a socket, or
        !           147: .br
        !           148: .ns
        !           149: .TP 3
        !           150: .B  \-
        !           151: if the entry is a plain file.
        !           152: .PP
        !           153: The next 9 characters are interpreted
        !           154: as three sets of three bits each.
        !           155: The first set refers to owner permissions;
        !           156: the next refers to permissions to others in the same user-group;
        !           157: and the last to all others.
        !           158: Within each set the three characters indicate
        !           159: permission respectively to read, to write, or to
        !           160: execute the file as a program.
        !           161: For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
        !           162: to mean permission to search the directory.
        !           163: The permissions are indicated as follows:
        !           164: .TP 3
        !           165: .B  r
        !           166: if the file is readable;
        !           167: .br
        !           168: .ns
        !           169: .TP 3
        !           170: .B  w
        !           171: if the file is writable;
        !           172: .br
        !           173: .ns
        !           174: .TP 3
        !           175: .B  x
        !           176: if the file is executable;
        !           177: .br
        !           178: .ns
        !           179: .TP 3
        !           180: .B  \-
        !           181: if the indicated permission is not granted.
        !           182: .PP
        !           183: The group-execute permission character is given as \fBs\fP if the file has
        !           184: the set-group-id bit set; likewise the user-execute permission character is
        !           185: given as \fBs\fP if the file has the set-user-id bit set.  These are given
        !           186: as \fBS\fP (capitalized) if the corresponding execute permission is NOT
        !           187: set.
        !           188: .PP
        !           189: The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `\-') is 
        !           190: .B t
        !           191: if the 1000 bit of the mode is on.
        !           192: See
        !           193: .IR  chmod (1)
        !           194: for the meaning of this mode.  This is given as \fBT\fP (capitalized) if the
        !           195: corresponding execute permission is NOT set.
        !           196: .PP
        !           197: When the sizes of the files in a directory
        !           198: are listed, a total count of blocks,
        !           199: including indirect blocks is printed.
        !           200: .SH FILES
        !           201: /etc/passwd to get user id's for
        !           202: `ls \-l'.
        !           203: .br
        !           204: /etc/group to get group id's for
        !           205: `ls \-g'.
        !           206: .SH BUGS
        !           207: Newline and tab are considered printing characters in file names.
        !           208: .PP
        !           209: The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
        !           210: .PP
        !           211: The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype is
        !           212: undesirable as ``ls\ \-s'' is much different than ``ls\ \-s\ |\ lpr''.
        !           213: On the other hand, not doing this setting would make old shell scripts
        !           214: which used
        !           215: .I ls
        !           216: almost certain losers.

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