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1.1 ! root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California. ! 2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement ! 3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution. ! 4: .\" ! 5: .\" @(#)intro.3 6.8 (Berkeley) 5/27/86 ! 6: .\" ! 7: .TH INTRO 3 "May 27, 1986" ! 8: .UC 4 ! 9: .SH NAME ! 10: intro \- introduction to C library functions ! 11: .SH DESCRIPTION ! 12: This section describes functions that may be found ! 13: in various libraries. ! 14: The library functions are those other than the ! 15: functions which directly invoke UNIX system primitives, described in section 2. ! 16: Most of these functions are accessible from the C library, ! 17: .IR libc , ! 18: which is automatically loaded by the C compiler ! 19: .IR cc (1), ! 20: and the Pascal compiler ! 21: .IR pc (1). ! 22: The link editor ! 23: .IR ld (1) ! 24: searches this library under the `\-lc' option. ! 25: The C library also includes all the functions described in section 2. ! 26: .PP ! 27: A subset of these functions are available from Fortran; ! 28: they are described separately in ! 29: .IR intro (3F). ! 30: .PP ! 31: The functions described in this section are grouped into various sections: ! 32: .TP ! 33: (3) ! 34: The straight ``3'' functions are the standard C library functions. ! 35: .TP ! 36: (3N) ! 37: These functions constitute the internet network library. ! 38: .TP ! 39: (3S) ! 40: These functions constitute the `standard I/O package', see ! 41: .IR stdio (3S) ! 42: for more details. ! 43: Declarations for these functions may be obtained from ! 44: the include file ! 45: .RI < stdio.h >. ! 46: .TP ! 47: (3C) ! 48: These routines are included for compatibility with other systems. ! 49: In particular, ! 50: a number of system call interfaces provided in previous releases of ! 51: 4BSD have been included for source code compatibility. ! 52: Use of these routines should, for the most part, be avoided. ! 53: The manual page entry for each compatibility routine ! 54: indicates the proper interface to use. ! 55: .TP ! 56: (3M) ! 57: These functions constitute the math library, ! 58: .IR libm . ! 59: When functions in the math library (see ! 60: .IR math (3M)) ! 61: are passed values that are undefined or would generate ! 62: answers that are out of range, ! 63: they call the \fIinfnan\fP routine. ! 64: By default this routine returns the VAX reserved floating point value ! 65: which causes the process to get a floating point exception (see ! 66: .IR sigvec (2)). ! 67: Programs that wish to take other action should define their own ! 68: version of \fIinfnan\fP (see ! 69: .IR infnan (3M) ! 70: for details). ! 71: The math library is loaded as needed by the Pascal compiler ! 72: .IR pc (1). ! 73: C programs that wish to use this library need to specify the ``\-lm'' option. ! 74: .TP ! 75: (3X) ! 76: These functions constitute minor libraries and other miscellaneous ! 77: run-time facilities. Most are available only when programming in C. ! 78: These functions include libraries that provide ! 79: device independent plotting functions, ! 80: terminal independent screen management routines ! 81: for two dimensional non-bitmap display terminals, ! 82: and functions for managing data bases with inverted indexes. ! 83: These functions are located in separate libraries ! 84: indicated in each manual entry. ! 85: .SH FILES ! 86: .nf ! 87: /lib/libc.a the C library ! 88: /usr/lib/libm.a the math library ! 89: /usr/lib/libc_p.a the C library compiled for profiling ! 90: /usr/lib/libm_p.a the math library compiled for profiling ! 91: .fi ! 92: .SH SEE ALSO ! 93: stdio(3S), ! 94: math(3M), ! 95: intro(2), ! 96: cc(1), ! 97: ld(1), ! 98: nm(1) ! 99: .SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS" ! 100: .sp 2 ! 101: .nf ! 102: .ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+2n +\w'gethostbyname.3n'u+10n ! 103: \fIName\fP \fIAppears on Page\fP \fIDescription\fP ! 104: .ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+4n +\w'gethostbyname.3n'u+4n ! 105: .sp 5p ! 106: abort abort.3 generate a fault ! 107: abs abs.3 integer absolute value ! 108: acos sin.3m inverse trigonometric function ! 109: acosh asinh.3m inverse hyperbolic function ! 110: alarm alarm.3c schedule signal after specified time ! 111: alloca malloc.3 memory allocator ! 112: arc plot.3x graphics interface ! 113: asctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 114: asin sin.3m inverse trigonometric function ! 115: asinh asinh.3m inverse hyperbolic function ! 116: assert assert.3x program verification ! 117: atan sin.3m inverse trigonometric function ! 118: atanh asinh.3m inverse hyperbolic function ! 119: atan2 sin.3m inverse trigonometric function ! 120: atof atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers ! 121: atoi atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers ! 122: atol atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers ! 123: bcmp bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 124: bcopy bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 125: bzero bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 126: cabs hypot.3m complex absolute value ! 127: calloc malloc.3 memory allocator ! 128: cbrt sqrt.3m cube root ! 129: ceil floor.3m integer no less than ! 130: circle plot.3x graphics interface ! 131: clearerr ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 132: closedir directory.3 directory operations ! 133: closelog syslog.3 control system log ! 134: closepl plot.3x graphics interface ! 135: cont plot.3x graphics interface ! 136: copysign ieee.3m copy sign bit ! 137: cos sin.3m trigonometric function ! 138: cosh sinh.3m hyperbolic function ! 139: crypt crypt.3 DES encryption ! 140: ctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 141: curses curses.3x screen functions with ``optimal'' cursor motion ! 142: dbminit dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 143: delete dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 144: drem ieee.3m remainder ! 145: ecvt ecvt.3 output conversion ! 146: edata end.3 last locations in program ! 147: encrypt crypt.3 DES encryption ! 148: end end.3 last locations in program ! 149: endfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 150: endgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 151: endhostent gethostbyname.3n get network host entry ! 152: endnetent getnetent.3n get network entry ! 153: endprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 154: endpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 155: endservent getservent.3n get service entry ! 156: environ execl.3 execute a file ! 157: erase plot.3x graphics interface ! 158: erf erf.3m error function ! 159: erfc erf.3m complementary error function ! 160: etext end.3 last locations in program ! 161: exec execl.3 execute a file ! 162: exece execl.3 execute a file ! 163: execl execl.3 execute a file ! 164: execle execl.3 execute a file ! 165: execlp execl.3 execute a file ! 166: exect execl.3 execute a file ! 167: execv execl.3 execute a file ! 168: execvp execl.3 execute a file ! 169: exit exit.3 terminate a process after flushing any pending output ! 170: exp exp.3m exponential ! 171: expm1 exp.3m exp(x)\-1 ! 172: fabs floor.3m absolute value ! 173: fclose fclose.3s close or flush a stream ! 174: fcvt ecvt.3 output conversion ! 175: feof ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 176: ferror ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 177: fetch dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 178: fflush fclose.3s close or flush a stream ! 179: ffs bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 180: fgetc getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 181: fgets gets.3s get a string from a stream ! 182: fileno ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 183: firstkey dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 184: floor floor.3m integer no greater than ! 185: fopen fopen.3s open a stream ! 186: fprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion ! 187: fputc putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 188: fputs puts.3s put a string on a stream ! 189: fread fread.3s buffered binary input/output ! 190: free malloc.3 memory allocator ! 191: frexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent ! 192: fscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion ! 193: fseek fseek.3s reposition a stream ! 194: ftell fseek.3s reposition a stream ! 195: ftime time.3c get date and time ! 196: fwrite fread.3s buffered binary input/output ! 197: gcvt ecvt.3 output conversion ! 198: getc getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 199: getchar getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 200: getdiskbyname getdisk.3x get disk description by its name ! 201: getenv getenv.3 value for environment name ! 202: getfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 203: getfsfile getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 204: getfsspec getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 205: getfstype getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 206: getgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 207: getgrgid getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 208: getgrnam getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 209: gethostbyaddr gethostbyname.3n get network host entry ! 210: gethostbyname gethostbyname.3n get network host entry ! 211: gethostent gethostbyname.3n get network host entry ! 212: getlogin getlogin.3 get login name ! 213: getnetbyaddr getnetent.3n get network entry ! 214: getnetbyname getnetent.3n get network entry ! 215: getnetent getnetent.3n get network entry ! 216: getpass getpass.3 read a password ! 217: getprotobyname getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 218: getprotobynumber getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 219: getprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 220: getpw getpw.3 get name from uid ! 221: getpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 222: getpwnam getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 223: getpwuid getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 224: gets gets.3s get a string from a stream ! 225: getservbyname getservent.3n get service entry ! 226: getservbyport getservent.3n get service entry ! 227: getservent getservent.3n get service entry ! 228: getw getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 229: getwd getwd.3 get current working directory pathname ! 230: gmtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 231: gtty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct) ! 232: htonl byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order ! 233: htons byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order ! 234: hypot hypot.3m Euclidean distance ! 235: index string.3 string operations ! 236: inet_addr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 237: inet_lnaof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 238: inet_makeaddr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 239: inet_netof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 240: inet_network inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 241: infnan infnan.3m signals exceptions ! 242: initgroups initgroups.3x initialize group access list ! 243: initstate random.3 better random number generator ! 244: insque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue ! 245: isalnum ctype.3 character classification macros ! 246: isalpha ctype.3 character classification macros ! 247: isascii ctype.3 character classification macros ! 248: isatty ttyname.3 find name of a terminal ! 249: iscntrl ctype.3 character classification macros ! 250: isdigit ctype.3 character classification macros ! 251: islower ctype.3 character classification macros ! 252: isprint ctype.3 character classification macros ! 253: ispunct ctype.3 character classification macros ! 254: isspace ctype.3 character classification macros ! 255: isupper ctype.3 character classification macros ! 256: j0 j0.3m bessel function ! 257: j1 j0.3m bessel function ! 258: jn j0.3m bessel function ! 259: label plot.3x graphics interface ! 260: ldexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent ! 261: lgamma lgamma.3m log gamma function; (formerly gamma.3m) ! 262: lib2648 lib2648.3x subroutines for the HP 2648 graphics terminal ! 263: line plot.3x graphics interface ! 264: linemod plot.3x graphics interface ! 265: localtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 266: log exp.3m natural logarithm ! 267: logb ieee.3m exponent extraction ! 268: log10 exp.3m logarithm to base 10 ! 269: log1p exp.3m log(1+x) ! 270: longjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto ! 271: malloc malloc.3 memory allocator ! 272: mktemp mktemp.3 make a unique file name ! 273: modf frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent ! 274: moncontrol monitor.3 prepare execution profile ! 275: monitor monitor.3 prepare execution profile ! 276: monstartup monitor.3 prepare execution profile ! 277: move plot.3x graphics interface ! 278: nextkey dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 279: nice nice.3c set program priority ! 280: nlist nlist.3 get entries from name list ! 281: ntohl byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order ! 282: ntohs byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order ! 283: opendir directory.3 directory operations ! 284: openlog syslog.3 control system log ! 285: openpl plot.3x graphics interface ! 286: pause pause.3c stop until signal ! 287: pclose popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process ! 288: perror perror.3 system error messages ! 289: point plot.3x graphics interface ! 290: popen popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process ! 291: pow exp.3m exponential x**y ! 292: printf printf.3s formatted output conversion ! 293: psignal psignal.3 system signal messages ! 294: putc putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 295: putchar putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 296: puts puts.3s put a string on a stream ! 297: putw putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 298: qsort qsort.3 quicker sort ! 299: rand rand.3c random number generator ! 300: random random.3 better random number generator ! 301: rcmd rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command ! 302: re_comp regex.3 regular expression handler ! 303: re_exec regex.3 regular expression handler ! 304: readdir directory.3 directory operations ! 305: realloc malloc.3 memory allocator ! 306: remque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue ! 307: rewind fseek.3s reposition a stream ! 308: rewinddir directory.3 directory operations ! 309: rexec rexec.3x return stream to a remote command ! 310: rindex string.3 string operations ! 311: rint floor.3m round to nearest integer ! 312: rresvport rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command ! 313: ruserok rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command ! 314: scalb ieee.3m exponent adjustment ! 315: scandir scandir.3 scan a directory ! 316: scanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion ! 317: seekdir directory.3 directory operations ! 318: setbuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream ! 319: setbuffer setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream ! 320: setegid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 321: seteuid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 322: setfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 323: setgid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 324: setgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 325: sethostent gethostbyname.3n get network host entry ! 326: setjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto ! 327: setkey crypt.3 DES encryption ! 328: setlinebuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream ! 329: setnetent getnetent.3n get network entry ! 330: setprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 331: setpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 332: setrgid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 333: setruid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 334: setservent getservent.3n get service entry ! 335: setstate random.3 better random number generator ! 336: setuid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 337: signal signal.3 simplified software signal facilities ! 338: sin sin.3m trigonometric function ! 339: sinh sinh.3m hyperbolic function ! 340: sleep sleep.3 suspend execution for interval ! 341: space plot.3x graphics interface ! 342: sprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion ! 343: sqrt sqrt.3m square root ! 344: srand rand.3c random number generator ! 345: srandom random.3 better random number generator ! 346: sscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion ! 347: stdio intro.3s standard buffered input/output package ! 348: store dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 349: strcat string.3 string operations ! 350: strcmp string.3 string operations ! 351: strcpy string.3 string operations ! 352: strlen string.3 string operations ! 353: strncat string.3 string operations ! 354: strncmp string.3 string operations ! 355: strncpy string.3 string operations ! 356: stty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct) ! 357: swab swab.3 swap bytes ! 358: sys_errlist perror.3 system error messages ! 359: sys_nerr perror.3 system error messages ! 360: sys_siglist psignal.3 system signal messages ! 361: syslog syslog.3 control system log ! 362: system system.3 issue a shell command ! 363: tan sin.3m trigonometric function ! 364: tanh sinh.3m hyperbolic function ! 365: telldir directory.3 directory operations ! 366: tgetent termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines ! 367: tgetflag termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines ! 368: tgetnum termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines ! 369: tgetstr termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines ! 370: tgoto termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines ! 371: time time.3c get date and time ! 372: times times.3c get process times ! 373: timezone ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 374: tputs termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines ! 375: ttyname ttyname.3 find name of a terminal ! 376: ttyslot ttyname.3 find name of a terminal ! 377: ungetc ungetc.3s push character back into input stream ! 378: utime utime.3c set file times ! 379: valloc valloc.3 aligned memory allocator ! 380: varargs varargs.3 variable argument list ! 381: vlimit vlimit.3c control maximum system resource consumption ! 382: vtimes vtimes.3c get information about resource utilization ! 383: y0 j0.3m bessel function ! 384: y1 j0.3m bessel function ! 385: yn j0.3m bessel function ! 386: .fi
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