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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)intro.3 6.8 (Berkeley) 5/27/86
6: .\"
7: .TH INTRO 3 "May 27, 1986"
8: .UC 4
9: .SH NAME
10: intro \- introduction to C library functions
11: .SH DESCRIPTION
12: This section describes functions that may be found
13: in various libraries.
14: The library functions are those other than the
15: functions which directly invoke UNIX system primitives, described in section 2.
16: Most of these functions are accessible from the C library,
17: .IR libc ,
18: which is automatically loaded by the C compiler
19: .IR cc (1),
20: and the Pascal compiler
21: .IR pc (1).
22: The link editor
23: .IR ld (1)
24: searches this library under the `\-lc' option.
25: The C library also includes all the functions described in section 2.
26: .PP
27: A subset of these functions are available from Fortran;
28: they are described separately in
29: .IR intro (3F).
30: .PP
31: The functions described in this section are grouped into various sections:
32: .TP
33: (3)
34: The straight ``3'' functions are the standard C library functions.
35: .TP
36: (3N)
37: These functions constitute the internet network library.
38: .TP
39: (3S)
40: These functions constitute the `standard I/O package', see
41: .IR stdio (3S)
42: for more details.
43: Declarations for these functions may be obtained from
44: the include file
45: .RI < stdio.h >.
46: .TP
47: (3C)
48: These routines are included for compatibility with other systems.
49: In particular,
50: a number of system call interfaces provided in previous releases of
51: 4BSD have been included for source code compatibility.
52: Use of these routines should, for the most part, be avoided.
53: The manual page entry for each compatibility routine
54: indicates the proper interface to use.
55: .TP
56: (3M)
57: These functions constitute the math library,
58: .IR libm .
59: When functions in the math library (see
60: .IR math (3M))
61: are passed values that are undefined or would generate
62: answers that are out of range,
63: they call the \fIinfnan\fP routine.
64: By default this routine returns the VAX reserved floating point value
65: which causes the process to get a floating point exception (see
66: .IR sigvec (2)).
67: Programs that wish to take other action should define their own
68: version of \fIinfnan\fP (see
69: .IR infnan (3M)
70: for details).
71: The math library is loaded as needed by the Pascal compiler
72: .IR pc (1).
73: C programs that wish to use this library need to specify the ``\-lm'' option.
74: .TP
75: (3X)
76: These functions constitute minor libraries and other miscellaneous
77: run-time facilities. Most are available only when programming in C.
78: These functions include libraries that provide
79: device independent plotting functions,
80: terminal independent screen management routines
81: for two dimensional non-bitmap display terminals,
82: and functions for managing data bases with inverted indexes.
83: These functions are located in separate libraries
84: indicated in each manual entry.
85: .SH FILES
86: .nf
87: /lib/libc.a the C library
88: /usr/lib/libm.a the math library
89: /usr/lib/libc_p.a the C library compiled for profiling
90: /usr/lib/libm_p.a the math library compiled for profiling
91: .fi
92: .SH SEE ALSO
93: stdio(3S),
94: math(3M),
95: intro(2),
96: cc(1),
97: ld(1),
98: nm(1)
99: .SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS"
100: .sp 2
101: .nf
102: .ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+2n +\w'gethostbyname.3n'u+10n
103: \fIName\fP \fIAppears on Page\fP \fIDescription\fP
104: .ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+4n +\w'gethostbyname.3n'u+4n
105: .sp 5p
106: abort abort.3 generate a fault
107: abs abs.3 integer absolute value
108: acos sin.3m inverse trigonometric function
109: acosh asinh.3m inverse hyperbolic function
110: alarm alarm.3c schedule signal after specified time
111: alloca malloc.3 memory allocator
112: arc plot.3x graphics interface
113: asctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
114: asin sin.3m inverse trigonometric function
115: asinh asinh.3m inverse hyperbolic function
116: assert assert.3x program verification
117: atan sin.3m inverse trigonometric function
118: atanh asinh.3m inverse hyperbolic function
119: atan2 sin.3m inverse trigonometric function
120: atof atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers
121: atoi atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers
122: atol atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers
123: bcmp bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
124: bcopy bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
125: bzero bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
126: cabs hypot.3m complex absolute value
127: calloc malloc.3 memory allocator
128: cbrt sqrt.3m cube root
129: ceil floor.3m integer no less than
130: circle plot.3x graphics interface
131: clearerr ferror.3s stream status inquiries
132: closedir directory.3 directory operations
133: closelog syslog.3 control system log
134: closepl plot.3x graphics interface
135: cont plot.3x graphics interface
136: copysign ieee.3m copy sign bit
137: cos sin.3m trigonometric function
138: cosh sinh.3m hyperbolic function
139: crypt crypt.3 DES encryption
140: ctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
141: curses curses.3x screen functions with ``optimal'' cursor motion
142: dbminit dbm.3x data base subroutines
143: delete dbm.3x data base subroutines
144: drem ieee.3m remainder
145: ecvt ecvt.3 output conversion
146: edata end.3 last locations in program
147: encrypt crypt.3 DES encryption
148: end end.3 last locations in program
149: endfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
150: endgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry
151: endhostent gethostbyname.3n get network host entry
152: endnetent getnetent.3n get network entry
153: endprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
154: endpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry
155: endservent getservent.3n get service entry
156: environ execl.3 execute a file
157: erase plot.3x graphics interface
158: erf erf.3m error function
159: erfc erf.3m complementary error function
160: etext end.3 last locations in program
161: exec execl.3 execute a file
162: exece execl.3 execute a file
163: execl execl.3 execute a file
164: execle execl.3 execute a file
165: execlp execl.3 execute a file
166: exect execl.3 execute a file
167: execv execl.3 execute a file
168: execvp execl.3 execute a file
169: exit exit.3 terminate a process after flushing any pending output
170: exp exp.3m exponential
171: expm1 exp.3m exp(x)\-1
172: fabs floor.3m absolute value
173: fclose fclose.3s close or flush a stream
174: fcvt ecvt.3 output conversion
175: feof ferror.3s stream status inquiries
176: ferror ferror.3s stream status inquiries
177: fetch dbm.3x data base subroutines
178: fflush fclose.3s close or flush a stream
179: ffs bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
180: fgetc getc.3s get character or word from stream
181: fgets gets.3s get a string from a stream
182: fileno ferror.3s stream status inquiries
183: firstkey dbm.3x data base subroutines
184: floor floor.3m integer no greater than
185: fopen fopen.3s open a stream
186: fprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
187: fputc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
188: fputs puts.3s put a string on a stream
189: fread fread.3s buffered binary input/output
190: free malloc.3 memory allocator
191: frexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent
192: fscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
193: fseek fseek.3s reposition a stream
194: ftell fseek.3s reposition a stream
195: ftime time.3c get date and time
196: fwrite fread.3s buffered binary input/output
197: gcvt ecvt.3 output conversion
198: getc getc.3s get character or word from stream
199: getchar getc.3s get character or word from stream
200: getdiskbyname getdisk.3x get disk description by its name
201: getenv getenv.3 value for environment name
202: getfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
203: getfsfile getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
204: getfsspec getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
205: getfstype getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
206: getgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry
207: getgrgid getgrent.3 get group file entry
208: getgrnam getgrent.3 get group file entry
209: gethostbyaddr gethostbyname.3n get network host entry
210: gethostbyname gethostbyname.3n get network host entry
211: gethostent gethostbyname.3n get network host entry
212: getlogin getlogin.3 get login name
213: getnetbyaddr getnetent.3n get network entry
214: getnetbyname getnetent.3n get network entry
215: getnetent getnetent.3n get network entry
216: getpass getpass.3 read a password
217: getprotobyname getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
218: getprotobynumber getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
219: getprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
220: getpw getpw.3 get name from uid
221: getpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry
222: getpwnam getpwent.3 get password file entry
223: getpwuid getpwent.3 get password file entry
224: gets gets.3s get a string from a stream
225: getservbyname getservent.3n get service entry
226: getservbyport getservent.3n get service entry
227: getservent getservent.3n get service entry
228: getw getc.3s get character or word from stream
229: getwd getwd.3 get current working directory pathname
230: gmtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
231: gtty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct)
232: htonl byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
233: htons byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
234: hypot hypot.3m Euclidean distance
235: index string.3 string operations
236: inet_addr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
237: inet_lnaof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
238: inet_makeaddr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
239: inet_netof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
240: inet_network inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
241: infnan infnan.3m signals exceptions
242: initgroups initgroups.3x initialize group access list
243: initstate random.3 better random number generator
244: insque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue
245: isalnum ctype.3 character classification macros
246: isalpha ctype.3 character classification macros
247: isascii ctype.3 character classification macros
248: isatty ttyname.3 find name of a terminal
249: iscntrl ctype.3 character classification macros
250: isdigit ctype.3 character classification macros
251: islower ctype.3 character classification macros
252: isprint ctype.3 character classification macros
253: ispunct ctype.3 character classification macros
254: isspace ctype.3 character classification macros
255: isupper ctype.3 character classification macros
256: j0 j0.3m bessel function
257: j1 j0.3m bessel function
258: jn j0.3m bessel function
259: label plot.3x graphics interface
260: ldexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent
261: lgamma lgamma.3m log gamma function; (formerly gamma.3m)
262: lib2648 lib2648.3x subroutines for the HP 2648 graphics terminal
263: line plot.3x graphics interface
264: linemod plot.3x graphics interface
265: localtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
266: log exp.3m natural logarithm
267: logb ieee.3m exponent extraction
268: log10 exp.3m logarithm to base 10
269: log1p exp.3m log(1+x)
270: longjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto
271: malloc malloc.3 memory allocator
272: mktemp mktemp.3 make a unique file name
273: modf frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent
274: moncontrol monitor.3 prepare execution profile
275: monitor monitor.3 prepare execution profile
276: monstartup monitor.3 prepare execution profile
277: move plot.3x graphics interface
278: nextkey dbm.3x data base subroutines
279: nice nice.3c set program priority
280: nlist nlist.3 get entries from name list
281: ntohl byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
282: ntohs byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
283: opendir directory.3 directory operations
284: openlog syslog.3 control system log
285: openpl plot.3x graphics interface
286: pause pause.3c stop until signal
287: pclose popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process
288: perror perror.3 system error messages
289: point plot.3x graphics interface
290: popen popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process
291: pow exp.3m exponential x**y
292: printf printf.3s formatted output conversion
293: psignal psignal.3 system signal messages
294: putc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
295: putchar putc.3s put character or word on a stream
296: puts puts.3s put a string on a stream
297: putw putc.3s put character or word on a stream
298: qsort qsort.3 quicker sort
299: rand rand.3c random number generator
300: random random.3 better random number generator
301: rcmd rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command
302: re_comp regex.3 regular expression handler
303: re_exec regex.3 regular expression handler
304: readdir directory.3 directory operations
305: realloc malloc.3 memory allocator
306: remque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue
307: rewind fseek.3s reposition a stream
308: rewinddir directory.3 directory operations
309: rexec rexec.3x return stream to a remote command
310: rindex string.3 string operations
311: rint floor.3m round to nearest integer
312: rresvport rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command
313: ruserok rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command
314: scalb ieee.3m exponent adjustment
315: scandir scandir.3 scan a directory
316: scanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
317: seekdir directory.3 directory operations
318: setbuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
319: setbuffer setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
320: setegid setuid.3 set user and group ID
321: seteuid setuid.3 set user and group ID
322: setfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
323: setgid setuid.3 set user and group ID
324: setgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry
325: sethostent gethostbyname.3n get network host entry
326: setjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto
327: setkey crypt.3 DES encryption
328: setlinebuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
329: setnetent getnetent.3n get network entry
330: setprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
331: setpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry
332: setrgid setuid.3 set user and group ID
333: setruid setuid.3 set user and group ID
334: setservent getservent.3n get service entry
335: setstate random.3 better random number generator
336: setuid setuid.3 set user and group ID
337: signal signal.3 simplified software signal facilities
338: sin sin.3m trigonometric function
339: sinh sinh.3m hyperbolic function
340: sleep sleep.3 suspend execution for interval
341: space plot.3x graphics interface
342: sprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
343: sqrt sqrt.3m square root
344: srand rand.3c random number generator
345: srandom random.3 better random number generator
346: sscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
347: stdio intro.3s standard buffered input/output package
348: store dbm.3x data base subroutines
349: strcat string.3 string operations
350: strcmp string.3 string operations
351: strcpy string.3 string operations
352: strlen string.3 string operations
353: strncat string.3 string operations
354: strncmp string.3 string operations
355: strncpy string.3 string operations
356: stty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct)
357: swab swab.3 swap bytes
358: sys_errlist perror.3 system error messages
359: sys_nerr perror.3 system error messages
360: sys_siglist psignal.3 system signal messages
361: syslog syslog.3 control system log
362: system system.3 issue a shell command
363: tan sin.3m trigonometric function
364: tanh sinh.3m hyperbolic function
365: telldir directory.3 directory operations
366: tgetent termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
367: tgetflag termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
368: tgetnum termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
369: tgetstr termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
370: tgoto termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
371: time time.3c get date and time
372: times times.3c get process times
373: timezone ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
374: tputs termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
375: ttyname ttyname.3 find name of a terminal
376: ttyslot ttyname.3 find name of a terminal
377: ungetc ungetc.3s push character back into input stream
378: utime utime.3c set file times
379: valloc valloc.3 aligned memory allocator
380: varargs varargs.3 variable argument list
381: vlimit vlimit.3c control maximum system resource consumption
382: vtimes vtimes.3c get information about resource utilization
383: y0 j0.3m bessel function
384: y1 j0.3m bessel function
385: yn j0.3m bessel function
386: .fi
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