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Annotation of 43BSDTahoe/man/man3/sin.3, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1985 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)sin.3m      6.6 (Berkeley) 5/12/86
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .TH SIN 3M  "May 12, 1986"
        !             8: .UC 4
        !             9: .de Pi         \" PI stuff sign
        !            10: .if n \\
        !            11: \\$2pi\\$1
        !            12: .if t \\
        !            13: \\$2\\(*p\\$1
        !            14: ..
        !            15: .ds up \fIulp\fR
        !            16: .SH NAME
        !            17: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 \- trigonometric functions
        !            18: and their inverses
        !            19: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            20: .nf
        !            21: .B #include <math.h>
        !            22: .PP
        !            23: .B double sin(x)
        !            24: .B double x;
        !            25: .PP
        !            26: .B double cos(x)
        !            27: .B double x;
        !            28: .PP
        !            29: .B double tan(x)
        !            30: .B double x;
        !            31: .PP
        !            32: .B double asin(x)
        !            33: .B double x;
        !            34: .PP
        !            35: .B double acos(x)
        !            36: .B double x;
        !            37: .PP
        !            38: .B double atan(x)
        !            39: .B double x;
        !            40: .PP
        !            41: .B double atan2(y,x)
        !            42: .B double y,x;
        !            43: .fi
        !            44: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            45: Sin, cos and tan
        !            46: return trigonometric functions of radian arguments x.
        !            47: .PP
        !            48: Asin returns the arc sine in the range 
        !            49: .Pi /2 \-
        !            50: to
        !            51: .Pi /2.
        !            52: .PP
        !            53: Acos returns the arc cosine in the range 0 to
        !            54: .Pi.
        !            55: .PP
        !            56: Atan returns the arc tangent in the range
        !            57: .Pi /2 \-
        !            58: to
        !            59: .Pi /2.
        !            60: .PP
        !            61: On a VAX,
        !            62: .nf
        !            63: .if n \{\
        !            64: .ta \w'atan2(y,x) := 'u+2n +\w'sign(y)\(**(pi \- atan(|y/x|))'u+2n
        !            65: atan2(y,x) :=  atan(y/x)       if x > 0,
        !            66:        sign(y)\(**(pi \- atan(|y/x|))  if x < 0,
        !            67:        0       if x = y = 0, or
        !            68:        sign(y)\(**pi/2 if x = 0 != y.  \}
        !            69: .if t \{\
        !            70: .ta \w'atan2(y,x) := 'u+2n +\w'sign(y)\(**(\(*p \- atan(|y/x|))'u+2n
        !            71: atan2(y,x) :=  atan(y/x)       if x > 0,
        !            72:        sign(y)\(**(\(*p \- atan(|y/x|))        if x < 0,
        !            73:        0       if x = y = 0, or
        !            74:        sign(y)\(**\(*p/2       if x = 0 \(!= y.  \}
        !            75: .ta
        !            76: .fi
        !            77: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
        !            78: On a VAX, if |x| > 1 then asin(x) and acos(x)
        !            79: will return reserved operands and \fIerrno\fR will be set to EDOM.
        !            80: .SH NOTES
        !            81: Atan2 defines atan2(0,0) = 0 on a VAX despite that previously
        !            82: atan2(0,0) may have generated an error message.
        !            83: The reasons for assigning a value to atan2(0,0) are these:
        !            84: .IP (1) \w'\0\0\0\0'u
        !            85: Programs that test arguments to avoid computing
        !            86: atan2(0,0) must be indifferent to its value.
        !            87: Programs that require it to be invalid are vulnerable
        !            88: to diverse reactions to that invalidity on diverse computer systems. 
        !            89: .IP (2) \w'\0\0\0\0'u
        !            90: Atan2 is used mostly to convert from rectangular (x,y)
        !            91: to polar
        !            92: .if n\
        !            93: (r,theta)
        !            94: .if t\
        !            95: (r,\(*h)
        !            96: coordinates that must satisfy x =
        !            97: .if n\
        !            98: r\(**cos theta
        !            99: .if t\
        !           100: r\(**cos\(*h
        !           101: and y =
        !           102: .if n\
        !           103: r\(**sin theta.
        !           104: .if t\
        !           105: r\(**sin\(*h.
        !           106: These equations are satisfied when (x=0,y=0)
        !           107: is mapped to 
        !           108: .if n \
        !           109: (r=0,theta=0)
        !           110: .if t \
        !           111: (r=0,\(*h=0)
        !           112: on a VAX.  In general, conversions to polar coordinates
        !           113: should be computed thus:
        !           114: .nf
        !           115: .ta 1iR +1n +\w' := hypot(x,y);'u+0.5i
        !           116: .if n \{\
        !           117:        r       := hypot(x,y);  ... := sqrt(x\(**x+y\(**y)
        !           118:        theta   := atan2(y,x).
        !           119: .ta \}
        !           120: .if t \{\
        !           121:        r       := hypot(x,y);  ... := \(sr(x\u\s82\s10\d+y\u\s82\s10\d)
        !           122:        \(*h    := atan2(y,x).
        !           123: .ta \}
        !           124: .fi
        !           125: .IP (3) \w'\0\0\0\0'u
        !           126: The foregoing formulas need not be altered to cope in a
        !           127: reasonable way with signed zeros and infinities
        !           128: on a machine that conforms to IEEE 754;
        !           129: the versions of hypot and atan2 provided for
        !           130: such a machine are designed to handle all cases.
        !           131: That is why atan2(\(+-0,\-0) =
        !           132: .Pi , \(+-
        !           133: for instance.
        !           134: In general the formulas above are equivalent to these:
        !           135: .RS
        !           136: .nf
        !           137: .if n \
        !           138: r := sqrt(x\(**x+y\(**y); if r = 0 then x := copysign(1,x);
        !           139: .if t \
        !           140: r := \(sr(x\(**x+y\(**y);\0\0if r = 0 then x := copysign(1,x);
        !           141: .br
        !           142: .if n \
        !           143: .ta 1i
        !           144: .if t \
        !           145: .ta \w'if x > 0'u+2n +\w'then'u+2n
        !           146: .if n \
        !           147: if x > 0       then theta := 2\(**atan(y/(r+x))
        !           148: .if t \
        !           149: if x > 0       then    \(*h := 2\(**atan(y/(r+x))
        !           150: .if n \
        !           151:        else theta := 2\(**atan((r\-x)/y);
        !           152: .if t \
        !           153:        else    \(*h := 2\(**atan((r\-x)/y);
        !           154: .fi
        !           155: .RE
        !           156: except if r is infinite then atan2 will yield an
        !           157: appropriate multiple of
        !           158: .Pi /4
        !           159: that would otherwise have to be obtained by taking limits.
        !           160: .SH ERROR (due to Roundoff etc.)
        !           161: Let P stand for the number stored in the computer in place of
        !           162: .Pi " = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 ... ."
        !           163: Let "trig" stand for one of "sin", "cos" or "tan".  Then
        !           164: the expression "trig(x)" in a program actually produces an
        !           165: approximation to
        !           166: .Pi /P), trig(x\(**
        !           167: and "atrig(x)" approximates
        !           168: .Pi )\(**atrig(x). (P/
        !           169: The approximations are close,  within 0.9 \*(ups for sin,
        !           170: cos and atan, within 2.2 \*(ups for tan, asin,
        !           171: acos and atan2 on a VAX.  Moreover,
        !           172: .Pi \& "P = "
        !           173: in the codes that run on a VAX.
        !           174: 
        !           175: In the codes that run on other machines, P differs from
        !           176: .Pi
        !           177: by a fraction of an \*(up; the difference matters only if the argument
        !           178: x is huge, and even then the difference is likely to be swamped by
        !           179: the uncertainty in x.  Besides, every trigonometric identity that
        !           180: does not involve
        !           181: .Pi
        !           182: explicitly is satisfied equally well regardless of whether
        !           183: .Pi . "P = "
        !           184: For instance,
        !           185: .if n \
        !           186: sin(x)**2+cos(x)**2\0=\01
        !           187: .if t \
        !           188: sin\u\s62\s10\d(x)+cos\u\s62\s10\d(x)\0=\01
        !           189: and sin(2x)\0=\02\|sin(x)cos(x) to within a few \*(ups no matter how big
        !           190: x may be.  Therefore the difference between P and
        !           191: .Pi
        !           192: is most unlikely to affect scientific and engineering computations.
        !           193: .SH SEE ALSO
        !           194: math(3M), hypot(3M), sqrt(3M), infnan(3M)
        !           195: .SH AUTHOR
        !           196: Robert P. Corbett, W. Kahan, Stuart\0I.\0McDonald, Peter\0Tang and,
        !           197: for the codes for IEEE 754, Dr. Kwok\-Choi\0Ng.

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