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Annotation of 43BSDTahoe/man/man8/fsck.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)fsck.8      6.4 (Berkeley) 5/5/88
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .TH FSCK 8 "May 5, 1988"
        !             8: .UC 4
        !             9: .de us
        !            10: \\$1\l'|0\(ul'
        !            11: ..
        !            12: .SH NAME
        !            13: fsck \- file system consistency check and interactive repair
        !            14: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            15: .B /etc/fsck
        !            16: .B \-p
        !            17: [
        !            18: filesystem ...
        !            19: ]
        !            20: .br
        !            21: .B /etc/fsck
        !            22: [
        !            23: .B \-b
        !            24: block#
        !            25: ] [
        !            26: .B \-c
        !            27: ] [
        !            28: .B \-y
        !            29: ] [
        !            30: .B \-n
        !            31: ] [
        !            32: filesystem 
        !            33: ] ...
        !            34: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            35: The first form of
        !            36: .I fsck
        !            37: preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified file systems.
        !            38: It is normally used in the script
        !            39: .B /etc/rc
        !            40: during automatic reboot.
        !            41: In this case
        !            42: .I fsck
        !            43: reads the table
        !            44: .B /etc/fstab
        !            45: to determine which file systems to check.
        !            46: It uses the information there to inspect groups of disks in parallel taking
        !            47: maximum advantage of i/o overlap to check the file systems
        !            48: as quickly as possible.
        !            49: Normally, the root file system will be checked on pass 1, other
        !            50: ``root'' (``a'' partition) file systems on pass 2, other
        !            51: small file systems on separate passes (e.g. the ``d'' file systems
        !            52: on pass 3 and the ``e'' file systems on pass 4), and finally
        !            53: the large user file systems on the last pass, e.g. pass 5.
        !            54: Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw'' or ``rq''
        !            55: and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
        !            56: .PP
        !            57: The system takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous
        !            58: inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
        !            59: These are limited to the following:
        !            60: .IP
        !            61: Unreferenced inodes
        !            62: .ns
        !            63: .IP
        !            64: Link counts in inodes too large
        !            65: .ns
        !            66: .IP
        !            67: Missing blocks in the free map
        !            68: .ns
        !            69: .IP
        !            70: Blocks in the free map also in files
        !            71: .ns
        !            72: .IP
        !            73: Counts in the super-block wrong
        !            74: .PP
        !            75: These are the only inconsistencies that
        !            76: .I fsck
        !            77: with the
        !            78: .B \-p
        !            79: option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
        !            80: with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
        !            81: For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
        !            82: identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
        !            83: and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a file
        !            84: system,
        !            85: .I fsck
        !            86: will print the number of files on that file system,
        !            87: the number of used and free blocks,
        !            88: and the percentage of fragmentation.
        !            89: .PP
        !            90: If sent a QUIT signal,
        !            91: .I fsck
        !            92: will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal
        !            93: return status that causes the automatic reboot to fail.
        !            94: This is useful when you wish to finish the file system checks,
        !            95: but do not want the machine to come up multiuser.
        !            96: .PP
        !            97: Without the
        !            98: .B \-p
        !            99: option,
        !           100: .I fsck
        !           101: audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems. 
        !           102: If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
        !           103: before each correction is attempted.
        !           104: It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
        !           105: correctable under the
        !           106: .B \-p
        !           107: option will result in some loss of data.
        !           108: The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
        !           109: output.
        !           110: The default action for each consistency correction
        !           111: is to wait for the operator to respond \fByes\fP or \fBno\fP.
        !           112: If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
        !           113: .I fsck
        !           114: will default to a 
        !           115: .BR "\-n " action.
        !           116: .PP
        !           117: .I Fsck
        !           118: has more consistency checks than
        !           119: its predecessors
        !           120: .IR "check, dcheck, fcheck, " "and" " icheck"
        !           121: combined.
        !           122: .PP
        !           123: The following flags are interpreted by
        !           124: .I fsck.
        !           125: .TP 6
        !           126: .B \-b
        !           127: Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
        !           128: the super block for the file system.  Block 32 is usually
        !           129: an alternate super block.
        !           130: .TP 6
        !           131: .B  \-y
        !           132: Assume a yes response to all questions asked by 
        !           133: .I fsck;
        !           134: this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
        !           135: to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
        !           136: .TP 6
        !           137: .B  \-n
        !           138: Assume a no response to all questions asked by 
        !           139: .I fsck;
        !           140: do not open the file system for writing.
        !           141: .TP 6
        !           142: .B  \-c
        !           143: If the file system is in the old (static table) format,
        !           144: convert it to the new (dynamic table) format.
        !           145: If the file system is in the new format,
        !           146: convert it to the old format provided the old format
        !           147: can support the filesystem configuration.
        !           148: In interactive mode,
        !           149: .I fsck
        !           150: will list the direction the conversion is to be made
        !           151: and ask whether the conversion should be done.
        !           152: If a negative answer is given,
        !           153: no further operations are done on the filesystem.
        !           154: In preen mode,
        !           155: the direction of the conversion is listed and done if
        !           156: possible without user interaction.
        !           157: Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
        !           158: are being converted at once.
        !           159: The format of a file system can be determined from the
        !           160: first line of output from 
        !           161: .IR dumpfs (8).
        !           162: .PP
        !           163: If no filesystems are given to 
        !           164: .I fsck
        !           165: then a default list of file systems is read from
        !           166: the file
        !           167: .BR /etc/fstab .
        !           168: .PP
        !           169: .ne 10
        !           170: Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
        !           171: .TP 6
        !           172: 1.
        !           173: Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
        !           174: .br
        !           175: .br
        !           176: .ns
        !           177: .TP 6
        !           178: 2.
        !           179: Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
        !           180: .br
        !           181: .br
        !           182: .ns
        !           183: .TP 6
        !           184: 3.
        !           185: Incorrect link counts.
        !           186: .br
        !           187: .br
        !           188: .ns
        !           189: .TP 6
        !           190: 4.
        !           191: Size checks:
        !           192: .br
        !           193: .ns
        !           194: .IP "" 12
        !           195: Directory size not of proper format.
        !           196: .br
        !           197: Partially truncated file.
        !           198: .br
        !           199: .br
        !           200: .ns
        !           201: .TP 6
        !           202: 5.
        !           203: Bad inode format.
        !           204: .br
        !           205: .br
        !           206: .ns
        !           207: .TP 6
        !           208: 6.
        !           209: Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
        !           210: .br
        !           211: .br
        !           212: .ns
        !           213: .TP 6
        !           214: 7.
        !           215: Directory checks:
        !           216: .br
        !           217: .br
        !           218: .ns
        !           219: .IP "" 12
        !           220: File pointing to unallocated inode.
        !           221: .br
        !           222: Inode number out of range.
        !           223: .br
        !           224: .br
        !           225: .ns
        !           226: .TP 6
        !           227: 8.
        !           228: Super Block checks:
        !           229: .br
        !           230: .br
        !           231: .ns
        !           232: .IP "" 12
        !           233: More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
        !           234: .br
        !           235: .br
        !           236: .ns
        !           237: .TP 6
        !           238: 9.
        !           239: Bad free block map format.
        !           240: .br
        !           241: .br
        !           242: .ns
        !           243: .TP 6
        !           244: 10.
        !           245: Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
        !           246: .PP
        !           247: Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
        !           248: with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
        !           249: placing them in the 
        !           250: .B lost+found
        !           251: directory.
        !           252: The name assigned is the inode number.
        !           253: If the
        !           254: .I lost+found
        !           255: directory does not exist, it is created.
        !           256: If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
        !           257: .PP
        !           258: Checking the raw device is almost always faster.
        !           259: .SH FILES
        !           260: .br
        !           261: .ns
        !           262: .TP 21
        !           263: /etc/fstab
        !           264: contains default list of file systems to check.
        !           265: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
        !           266: The diagnostics produced by 
        !           267: .I fsck
        !           268: are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
        !           269: ``Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program'' (SMM:5).
        !           270: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           271: fstab(5),
        !           272: fs(5),
        !           273: fsdb(8),
        !           274: newfs(8),
        !           275: mkfs(8),
        !           276: crash(8V),
        !           277: reboot(8)
        !           278: .SH BUGS
        !           279: There should be some way to start a \fBfsck \-p\fR at pass \fIn\fR.

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