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Annotation of 43BSDTahoe/man/man8/named.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1985 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)named.8     6.5 (Berkeley) 2/28/88
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .TH NAMED 8 "February 28, 1988"
        !             8: .UC 4
        !             9: .SH NAME
        !            10: named \- Internet domain name server
        !            11: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            12: .B named
        !            13: [
        !            14: .B \-d
        !            15: .I debuglevel
        !            16: ] [
        !            17: .B \-p
        !            18: .I port#
        !            19: ] [{\-b}
        !            20: .I bootfile
        !            21: ]
        !            22: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            23: .I Named
        !            24: is the Internet domain name server.
        !            25: See RFC883 for more information on the Internet name-domain system.
        !            26: Without any arguments,
        !            27: .I named
        !            28: will read the default boot file
        !            29: .IR /etc/named.boot ,
        !            30: read any initial data and listen for queries.
        !            31: .PP
        !            32: Options are:
        !            33: .TP
        !            34: .B \-d
        !            35: Print debugging information.
        !            36: A number after the ``d'' determines the level of
        !            37: messages printed.
        !            38: .TP
        !            39: .B \-p
        !            40: Use a different port number.  The default is the standard port number
        !            41: as listed in /etc/services.
        !            42: .TP
        !            43: .B \-b
        !            44: Use an alternate boot file.  This is optional and allows you to
        !            45: specify a file with a leading dash.
        !            46: .PP
        !            47: Any additional argument is taken as the name of the boot file.
        !            48: The boot file contains information about where the name server is to get
        !            49: its initial data.  If multiple boot files are specified, only the last
        !            50: is used.
        !            51: Lines in the boot file cannot be continued on subsequent lines.
        !            52: The following is a small example:
        !            53: .in +2m
        !            54: .nf
        !            55: 
        !            56: ;
        !            57: ;      boot file for name server
        !            58: ;
        !            59: directory      /usr/local/domain
        !            60: 
        !            61: .ta \w'forwarders\ 'u +\w'6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA\ 'u +\w'128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3\ 'u
        !            62: ; type domain  source host/file                                backup file
        !            63: 
        !            64: cache  .                                                       root.cache
        !            65: primary        Berkeley.EDU    berkeley.edu.zone
        !            66: primary        32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA     ucbhosts.rev
        !            67: secondary      CC.Berkeley.EDU 128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3       cc.zone.bak
        !            68: secondary      6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA   128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3       cc.rev.bak
        !            69: primary        0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA                                    localhost.rev
        !            70: forwarders     10.0.0.78 10.2.0.78
        !            71: ; slave
        !            72: 
        !            73: .DT
        !            74: .fi
        !            75: .in
        !            76: The ``directory'' line causes the server to change its
        !            77: working directory to the directory specified.  This can
        !            78: be important for the correct processing of $INCLUDE files
        !            79: in primary zone files.
        !            80: .LP
        !            81: The ``cache'' line specifies that data in ``root.cache'' is to be
        !            82: placed in the backup cache.
        !            83: Its main use is to specify data such as locations of root domain servers.
        !            84: This cache is not used during normal operation,
        !            85: but is used as ``hints'' to find the current root servers.
        !            86: The file ``root.cache'' is in the same format as ``berkeley.edu.zone''.
        !            87: There can be more than one ``cache'' file specified.
        !            88: .\"The first such file will be updated under certain conditions to snapshot the
        !            89: .\"cache (see SIGQUIT below).
        !            90: .\"The cache line can also have an optional interval argument after
        !            91: .\"the filename.
        !            92: .\"If an interval is listed,
        !            93: .\"it requests the nameserver to dump the cache contents
        !            94: .\"at that interval (in seconds).
        !            95: .\"The example above requests the nameserver to dump the cache content
        !            96: .\"every 3600 seconds (once an hour).
        !            97: .\"The use of automatic cache file updates is not currently recommended
        !            98: .\"because of the way the cache is currently managed by the server;
        !            99: .\"although the entire cache will be dumped for later reloading,
        !           100: .\"most of the cache contents will be ignored when reloaded.
        !           101: .\"The exact dump interval will vary
        !           102: .\"based on the minimum maintence interval time which is typically about
        !           103: .\"5 minutes.
        !           104: The cache files are processed in such a way as to preserve the
        !           105: time-to-live's
        !           106: of data dumped out.  Data for the root nameservers is kept artificially
        !           107: valid if necessary.
        !           108: .LP
        !           109: The first ``primary'' line states that the file ``berkeley.edu.zone'' contains
        !           110: authoritative data for the ``Berkeley.EDU'' zone.
        !           111: The file ``berkeley.edu.zone''
        !           112: contains data in the master file format described in RFC883.
        !           113: All domain names are relative to the origin, in this
        !           114: case, ``Berkeley.EDU'' (see below for a more detailed description).
        !           115: The second ``primary'' line states that the file ``ucbhosts.rev'' contains
        !           116: authoritative data for the domain ``32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA,'' which is used
        !           117: to translate addresses in network 128.32 to hostnames.
        !           118: Each master file should begin with an SOA record for the zone
        !           119: (see below).
        !           120: .LP
        !           121: The first ``secondary'' line specifies that all authoritative data
        !           122: under ``CC.Berkeley.EDU'' is to be transferred from the name server
        !           123: at 128.32.137.8.  If the transfer fails it will try 128.32.137.3 and
        !           124: continue trying the addresses, up to 10, listed on this line.
        !           125: The secondary copy is also authoritative for the specified domain.
        !           126: The first non-dotted-quad address on this line will be taken
        !           127: as a filename in which to backup the transfered zone.
        !           128: The name server will load the zone from this backup file if it exists
        !           129: when it boots, providing a complete copy even if the master servers
        !           130: are unreachable.
        !           131: Whenever a new copy of the domain is received by automatic zone transfer
        !           132: from one of the master servers, this file will be updated.
        !           133: The second ``secondary'' line states that the address-to-hostname
        !           134: mapping for the subnet 128.32.136 should be obtained from the same list
        !           135: of master servers as the previous zone.
        !           136: .LP
        !           137: The ``forwarders'' line specifies the addresses of sitewide servers
        !           138: that will accept recursive queries from other servers.
        !           139: If the boot file specifies one or more forwarders, then the
        !           140: server will send all queries for data not in the cache to the forwarders first.
        !           141: Each forwarder will be asked in turn until an answer is returned
        !           142: or the list is exhausted.  If no answer is forthcoming from a
        !           143: forwarder, the server will continue as it would have without
        !           144: the forwarders line unless it is in ``slave'' mode.
        !           145: The forwarding facility is useful
        !           146: to cause a large sitewide cache to be generated on a master,
        !           147: and to reduce traffic over links to outside servers.
        !           148: It can also be used to allow servers to run that do not have
        !           149: access directly to the Internet, but wish to act as though
        !           150: they do.
        !           151: .LP
        !           152: The ``slave'' line (shown commented out) is used to put the server
        !           153: in slave mode.  In this mode, the server will only make queries to
        !           154: forwarders.  This option is normally used on machine that wish to
        !           155: run a server but for physical or administrative reasons cannot
        !           156: be given access to the Internet, but have access to a host that
        !           157: does have access.
        !           158: .LP
        !           159: The ``sortlist'' line can be used to indicate networks that are to be
        !           160: preferred over other, unlisted networks.
        !           161: Queries for host addresses from hosts on the same network as the server
        !           162: will receive responses with local network addresses listed first,
        !           163: then addresses on the sort list, then other addresses.
        !           164: This line is only acted on at initial startup.
        !           165: When reloading the nameserver with
        !           166: a SIGHUP, this line will be ignored.
        !           167: .PP
        !           168: The master file consists of control information
        !           169: and a list of resource records for objects in the zone
        !           170: of the forms:
        !           171: .RS
        !           172: .nf
        !           173: 
        !           174: $INCLUDE <filename> <opt_domain>
        !           175: $ORIGIN <domain>
        !           176: <domain> <opt_ttl> <opt_class> <type> <resource_record_data>
        !           177: 
        !           178: .fi
        !           179: .RE
        !           180: where
        !           181: .I domain
        !           182: is "." for root, "@" for the current origin, or a standard domain
        !           183: name. If
        !           184: .I domain
        !           185: is a standard domain name that does not end with ``.'', the current origin
        !           186: is appended to the domain. Domain names ending with ``.'' are
        !           187: unmodified.
        !           188: The
        !           189: .I opt_domain
        !           190: field is used to define an origin for the data in an included file.
        !           191: It is equivalent to placing a $ORIGIN statement before the first
        !           192: line of the included file.  The field is optional.
        !           193: Neither the
        !           194: .I opt_domain
        !           195: field nor $ORIGIN statements in the included file modify the current origin
        !           196: for this file.
        !           197: The
        !           198: .I opt_ttl
        !           199: field is an optional integer number for the time-to-live field.
        !           200: It defaults to zero, meaning the minimum value specified in the SOA
        !           201: record for the zone.
        !           202: The
        !           203: .I opt_class
        !           204: field is the object address type; currently only one type is supported,
        !           205: .BR IN ,
        !           206: for objects connected to the DARPA Internet. 
        !           207: The
        !           208: .I type
        !           209: field contains one of the following tokens; the data expected in the
        !           210: .I resource_record_data
        !           211: field is in parentheses.
        !           212: .TP "\w'MINFO    'u"
        !           213: A
        !           214: a host address (dotted quad)
        !           215: .IP NS
        !           216: an authoritative name server (domain)
        !           217: .IP MX
        !           218: a mail exchanger (domain)
        !           219: .IP CNAME
        !           220: the canonical name for an alias (domain)
        !           221: .IP SOA
        !           222: marks the start of a zone of authority (domain of originating host,
        !           223: domain address of maintainer, a serial number and the following
        !           224: parameters in seconds: refresh, retry, expire and minimum TTL (see RFC883))
        !           225: .IP MB
        !           226: a mailbox domain name (domain)
        !           227: .IP MG
        !           228: a mail group member (domain)
        !           229: .IP MR
        !           230: a mail rename domain name (domain)
        !           231: .IP NULL
        !           232: a null resource record (no format or data)
        !           233: .IP WKS
        !           234: a well know service description (not implemented yet)
        !           235: .IP PTR
        !           236: a domain name pointer (domain)
        !           237: .IP HINFO
        !           238: host information (cpu_type OS_type)
        !           239: .IP MINFO
        !           240: mailbox or mail list information (request_domain error_domain)
        !           241: .PP
        !           242: Resource records normally end at the end of a line,
        !           243: but may be continued across lines between opening and closing parentheses.
        !           244: Comments are introduced by semicolons and continue to the end of the line.
        !           245: .PP
        !           246: Each master zone file should begin with an SOA record for the zone.
        !           247: An example SOA record is as follows:
        !           248: .LP
        !           249: .nf
        !           250: @      IN      SOA     ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. rwh.ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. (
        !           251:                                2.89    ; serial
        !           252:                                10800   ; refresh
        !           253:                                3600    ; retry
        !           254:                                3600000 ; expire
        !           255:                                86400 ) ; minimum
        !           256: .fi
        !           257: .LP
        !           258: The SOA lists a serial number, which should be changed each time the master
        !           259: file is changed.
        !           260: Secondary servers check the serial number at intervals specified by the refresh
        !           261: time in seconds; if the serial number changes, a zone transfer will be done
        !           262: to load the new data.
        !           263: If a master server cannot be contacted when a refresh is due, the retry time
        !           264: specifies the interval at which refreshes should be attempted until successful.
        !           265: If a master server cannot be contacted within the interval given by the
        !           266: expire time, all data from the zone is discarded by secondary servers.
        !           267: The minimum value is the time-to-live used by records in the file
        !           268: with no explicit time-to-live value.
        !           269: .SH NOTES
        !           270: The boot file directives ``domain'' and ``suffixes'' have been
        !           271: obsoleted by a more useful resolver based implementation of
        !           272: suffixing for partially qualified domain names.  The prior mechanisms
        !           273: could fail under a number of situations, especially when then local
        !           274: nameserver did not have complete information.
        !           275: .sp
        !           276: The following signals have the specified effect when sent to the
        !           277: server process using the
        !           278: .IR kill (1)
        !           279: command.
        !           280: .IP SIGHUP
        !           281: Causes server to read named.boot and reload database.
        !           282: .IP SIGINT
        !           283: Dumps current data base and cache to /usr/tmp/named_dump.db
        !           284: .\".IP SIGQUIT
        !           285: .\"Causes the server to checkpoint the cache into the first ``cache'' file.
        !           286: .IP SIGIOT
        !           287: Dumps statistics data into /usr/tmp/named.stats if the server is
        !           288: compiled -DSTATS.  Statistics data is appended to the file.
        !           289: .IP SIGSYS
        !           290: Dumps the profiling data in /usr/tmp if the server is compiled
        !           291: with profiling (server forks, chdirs and exits).
        !           292: .IP SIGTERM
        !           293: Dumps the primary and secondary database files.
        !           294: Used to save modified data on shutdown if the
        !           295: server is compiled with dynamic updating enabled.
        !           296: .IP SIGUSR1
        !           297: Turns on debugging; each SIGUSR1 increments debug level.
        !           298: (SIGEMT on older systems without SIGUSR1)
        !           299: .IP SIGUSR2
        !           300: Turns off debugging completely.
        !           301: (SIGFPE on older systems without SIGUSR2)
        !           302: .SH FILES
        !           303: .nf
        !           304: .ta \w'/usr/tmp/named_dump.db   'u
        !           305: /etc/named.boot        name server configuration boot file
        !           306: /etc/named.pid the process id
        !           307: /usr/tmp/named.run     debug output
        !           308: /usr/tmp/named_dump.db dump of the name server database
        !           309: /usr/tmp/named.stats   nameserver statistics data
        !           310: .fi
        !           311: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           312: kill(1), gethostbyname(3N), signal(3c), resolver(3), resolver(5), hostname(7),
        !           313: RFC882, RFC883, RFC973, RFC974,
        !           314: \fIName Server Operations Guide for BIND\fR

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