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Annotation of 43BSDTahoe/man/man8/newfs.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)newfs.8     6.6 (Berkeley) 10/1/87
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .TH NEWFS 8 "October 1, 1987"
        !             8: .UC 5
        !             9: .SH NAME
        !            10: newfs \- construct a new file system
        !            11: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            12: .B /etc/newfs
        !            13: [
        !            14: .B \-N
        !            15: ] [
        !            16: .B mkfs-options
        !            17: ]
        !            18: .B special
        !            19: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            20: .I Newfs
        !            21: replaces the more obtuse
        !            22: .IR mkfs (8)
        !            23: program.
        !            24: Before running 
        !            25: .IR newfs ,
        !            26: the disk must be labeled using 
        !            27: .IR disklabel (8).
        !            28: .I Newfs
        !            29: builds a file system on the specified special device
        !            30: basing its defaults on the information in the disk label.
        !            31: Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
        !            32: .I newfs
        !            33: has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
        !            34: The
        !            35: .B \-N
        !            36: option causes the file system parameters to be printed out
        !            37: without really creating the file system.
        !            38: .PP
        !            39: The following options define the general layout policies.
        !            40: .TP 10
        !            41: .B \-b block-size
        !            42: The block size of the file system in bytes.  
        !            43: .TP 10
        !            44: .B \-f frag-size
        !            45: The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
        !            46: .TP 10
        !            47: .B \-m free space %
        !            48: The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum
        !            49: free space threshold.  The default value used is 10%.
        !            50: See
        !            51: .IR tunefs (8)
        !            52: for more details on how to set this option.
        !            53: .TP 10
        !            54: .B \-o optimization preference (``space'' or ``time'')
        !            55: The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
        !            56: allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
        !            57: If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 10%,
        !            58: the default is to optimize for space;
        !            59: if the value of minfree greater than or equal to 10%,
        !            60: the default is to optimize for time.
        !            61: See
        !            62: .IR tunefs (8)
        !            63: for more details on how to set this option.
        !            64: .TP 10
        !            65: .B \-a maxcontig
        !            66: This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will
        !            67: be laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see \-d below).
        !            68: The default value is one.
        !            69: See
        !            70: .IR tunefs (8)
        !            71: for more details on how to set this option.
        !            72: .TP 10
        !            73: .B \-d rotdelay
        !            74: This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds)
        !            75: to service a transfer completion
        !            76: interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk.
        !            77: The default is 4 milliseconds.
        !            78: See
        !            79: .IR tunefs (8)
        !            80: for more details on how to set this option.
        !            81: .TP 10
        !            82: .B \-e maxbpg
        !            83: This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file can
        !            84: allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
        !            85: allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
        !            86: The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
        !            87: See
        !            88: .IR tunefs (8)
        !            89: for more details on how to set this option.
        !            90: .TP 10
        !            91: .B \-i number of bytes per inode
        !            92: This specifies the density of inodes in the file system.
        !            93: The default is to create an inode for each 2048 bytes of data space.
        !            94: If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
        !            95: to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
        !            96: .TP 10
        !            97: .B \-c #cylinders/group
        !            98: The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
        !            99: The default value used is 16.
        !           100: .TP 10
        !           101: .B \-s size
        !           102: The size of the file system in sectors.
        !           103: .PP
        !           104: The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. 
        !           105: Their default values are taken from the disk label.
        !           106: Changing these defaults is useful only when using
        !           107: .I newfs
        !           108: to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used
        !           109: on a different type of disk than the one on which it is initially
        !           110: created (for example on a write-once disk).
        !           111: Note that changing any of these values from their
        !           112: defaults will make it impossible for 
        !           113: .I fsck
        !           114: to find the alternate superblocks if the standard super block is lost.
        !           115: .TP 10
        !           116: .B \-r revolutions/minute
        !           117: The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
        !           118: .TP 10
        !           119: .B \-S sector-size
        !           120: The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
        !           121: .TP 10
        !           122: .B \-u sectors/track
        !           123: The number of sectors/track available for data
        !           124: allocation by the file system.
        !           125: This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for
        !           126: bad block replacement (see \fB\-p\fP below).
        !           127: .TP 10
        !           128: .B \-t #tracks/cylinder
        !           129: The number of tracks/cylinder available for data
        !           130: allocation by the file system.
        !           131: .TP 10
        !           132: .B \-p spare sectors per track
        !           133: Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
        !           134: that occupy space at the end of each track.
        !           135: They are not counted as part of the sectors/track (\fB\-u\fP)
        !           136: since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
        !           137: .TP 10
        !           138: .B \-x spare sectors per cylinder
        !           139: Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
        !           140: that occupy space at the end of the last track in the cylinder.
        !           141: They are deducted from the sectors/track (\fB\-u\fP)
        !           142: of the last track of each cylinder
        !           143: since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
        !           144: .TP 10
        !           145: .B \-l hardware sector interleave
        !           146: Used to describe perturbations in the media format to
        !           147: compensate for a slow controller.
        !           148: Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track,
        !           149: specified as the denominator of the ratio:
        !           150: .nf
        !           151:        sectors read / sectors passed over
        !           152: .fi
        !           153: Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2
        !           154: implies logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical
        !           155: sector 1.
        !           156: .TP 10
        !           157: .B \-k sector 0 skew, per track
        !           158: Used to describe perturbations in the media format to
        !           159: compensate for a slow controller.
        !           160: Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N
        !           161: relative to sector 0 on track N-1 on the same cylinder.
        !           162: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           163: disktab(5),
        !           164: fs(5),
        !           165: disklabel(8),
        !           166: diskpart(8),
        !           167: fsck(8),
        !           168: format(8),
        !           169: tunefs(8)
        !           170: .PP
        !           171: M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, R. Fabry,
        !           172: ``A Fast File System for UNIX'',
        !           173: \fIACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2\fP, 3.
        !           174: pp 181-197, August 1984.
        !           175: (reprinted in the System Manager's Manual, SMM:14)

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