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Annotation of 43BSDTahoe/man/man8/sendmail.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
        !             2: .\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
        !             3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
        !             4: .\"
        !             5: .\"    @(#)sendmail.8  6.2 (Berkeley) 5/22/86
        !             6: .\"
        !             7: .\"    @(#)sendmail.8  4.2             7/28/83
        !             8: .TH SENDMAIL 8 "May 22, 1986"
        !             9: .UC 4
        !            10: .SH NAME
        !            11: sendmail \- send mail over the internet
        !            12: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !            13: .B /usr/lib/sendmail
        !            14: [
        !            15: flags
        !            16: ] [
        !            17: address ...
        !            18: ]
        !            19: .PP
        !            20: .B newaliases
        !            21: .PP
        !            22: .B mailq
        !            23: [
        !            24: .B \-v
        !            25: ]
        !            26: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            27: .I Sendmail
        !            28: sends a message to one or more
        !            29: .IR recipients ,
        !            30: routing the message over whatever networks
        !            31: are necessary.
        !            32: .I Sendmail
        !            33: does internetwork forwarding as necessary
        !            34: to deliver the message to the correct place.
        !            35: .PP
        !            36: .I Sendmail
        !            37: is not intended as a user interface routine;
        !            38: other programs provide user-friendly
        !            39: front ends;
        !            40: .I sendmail
        !            41: is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.
        !            42: .PP
        !            43: With no flags,
        !            44: .I sendmail
        !            45: reads its standard input
        !            46: up to an end-of-file
        !            47: or a line consisting only of a single dot
        !            48: and sends a copy of the message found there
        !            49: to all of the addresses listed.
        !            50: It determines the network(s) to use
        !            51: based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
        !            52: .PP
        !            53: Local addresses are looked up in a file
        !            54: and aliased appropriately.
        !            55: Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address
        !            56: with a backslash.
        !            57: Normally the sender is not included in any alias
        !            58: expansions, e.g.,
        !            59: if `john' sends to `group',
        !            60: and `group' includes `john' in the expansion,
        !            61: then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.
        !            62: .PP
        !            63: Flags are:
        !            64: .TP 1.2i
        !            65: .B \-ba
        !            66: Go into \s-1ARPANET\s0 mode.
        !            67: All input lines must end with a CR-LF,
        !            68: and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.
        !            69: Also,
        !            70: the ``From:'' and ``Sender:''
        !            71: fields are examined for the name of the sender.
        !            72: .TP 1.2i
        !            73: .B \-bd
        !            74: Run as a daemon.  This requires Berkeley IPC.
        !            75: .I Sendmail
        !            76: will fork and run in background
        !            77: listening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections.
        !            78: This is normally run from
        !            79: .IR /etc/rc .
        !            80: .TP 1.2i
        !            81: .B \-bi
        !            82: Initialize the alias database.
        !            83: .TP 1.2i
        !            84: .B \-bm
        !            85: Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
        !            86: .TP 1.2i
        !            87: .B \-bp
        !            88: Print a listing of the queue.
        !            89: .TP 1.2i
        !            90: .B \-bs
        !            91: Use the \s-2SMTP\s0 protocol as described in RFC821
        !            92: on standard input and output.
        !            93: This flag implies all the operations of the
        !            94: .B \-ba
        !            95: flag that are compatible with \s-2SMTP\s0.
        !            96: .TP 1.2i
        !            97: .B \-bt
        !            98: Run in address test mode.
        !            99: This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing;
        !           100: it is used for debugging configuration tables.
        !           101: .TP 1.2i
        !           102: .B \-bv
        !           103: Verify names only \- do not try to collect or deliver a message.
        !           104: Verify mode is normally used for validating
        !           105: users or mailing lists.
        !           106: .TP 1.2i
        !           107: .B \-bz
        !           108: Create the configuration freeze file.
        !           109: .TP 1.2i
        !           110: .BI \-C file
        !           111: Use alternate configuration file.
        !           112: .I Sendmail
        !           113: refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.
        !           114: The frozen configuration file is bypassed.
        !           115: .TP 1.2i
        !           116: .BI \-d X
        !           117: Set debugging value to
        !           118: .I X.
        !           119: .TP 1.2i
        !           120: .BI \-F fullname
        !           121: Set the full name of the sender.
        !           122: .TP 1.2i
        !           123: .BI \-f name
        !           124: Sets the name of the ``from'' person
        !           125: (i.e., the sender of the mail).
        !           126: .B \-f
        !           127: can only be used
        !           128: by ``trusted'' users
        !           129: (normally
        !           130: .I root,
        !           131: .I daemon,
        !           132: and
        !           133: .I network)
        !           134: or if the person you are trying to become
        !           135: is the same as the person you are.
        !           136: .TP 1.2i
        !           137: .BI \-h N
        !           138: Set the hop count to
        !           139: .I N.
        !           140: The hop count is incremented every time the mail is
        !           141: processed.
        !           142: When it reaches a limit,
        !           143: the mail is returned with an error message,
        !           144: the victim of an aliasing loop.
        !           145: If not specified,
        !           146: ``Received:'' lines in the message are counted.
        !           147: .TP 1.2i
        !           148: .B \-n
        !           149: Don't do aliasing.
        !           150: .TP 1.2i
        !           151: .BI \-o x\|value
        !           152: Set option
        !           153: .I x
        !           154: to the specified
        !           155: .I value.
        !           156: Options are described below.
        !           157: .TP 1.2i
        !           158: .BI \-q[ time ]
        !           159: Processed saved messages in the queue at given intervals.
        !           160: If
        !           161: .I time
        !           162: is omitted,
        !           163: process the queue once.
        !           164: .I Time
        !           165: is given as a tagged number,
        !           166: with `s' being seconds,
        !           167: `m' being minutes,
        !           168: `h' being hours,
        !           169: `d' being days,
        !           170: and
        !           171: `w' being weeks.
        !           172: For example,
        !           173: ``\-q1h30m'' or ``\-q90m''
        !           174: would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.
        !           175: If
        !           176: .I time
        !           177: is specified,
        !           178: .I sendmail
        !           179: will run in background.
        !           180: This option can be used safely with
        !           181: .BR \-bd .
        !           182: .TP 1.2i
        !           183: .BI \-r name
        !           184: An alternate and obsolete form of the
        !           185: .B \-f
        !           186: flag.
        !           187: .TP 1.2i
        !           188: .B \-t
        !           189: Read message for recipients.
        !           190: To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.
        !           191: The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.
        !           192: Any addresses in the argument list will be suppressed,
        !           193: that is,
        !           194: they will
        !           195: .I not
        !           196: receive copies even if listed in the message header.
        !           197: .TP 1.2i
        !           198: .B \-v
        !           199: Go into verbose mode.
        !           200: Alias expansions will be announced, etc.
        !           201: .PP
        !           202: There are also a number of processing options that may be set.
        !           203: Normally these will only be used by a system administrator.
        !           204: Options may be set either on the command line
        !           205: using the
        !           206: .B \-o
        !           207: flag
        !           208: or in the configuration file.
        !           209: These are described in detail in the
        !           210: .ul
        !           211: Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide.
        !           212: The options are:
        !           213: .TP 1.2i
        !           214: .RI A file
        !           215: Use alternate alias file.
        !           216: .TP 1.2i
        !           217: c
        !           218: On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
        !           219: don't initiate immediate connection.
        !           220: This requires queueing.
        !           221: .TP 1.2i
        !           222: .RI d x
        !           223: Set the delivery mode to
        !           224: .I x.
        !           225: Delivery modes are
        !           226: `i' for interactive (synchronous) delivery,
        !           227: `b' for background (asynchronous) delivery,
        !           228: and
        !           229: `q' for queue only \- i.e.,
        !           230: actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.
        !           231: .TP 1.2i
        !           232: D
        !           233: Try to automatically rebuild the alias database
        !           234: if necessary.
        !           235: .TP 1.2i
        !           236: .RI e x
        !           237: Set error processing to mode
        !           238: .I x.
        !           239: Valid modes are
        !           240: `m' to mail back the error message,
        !           241: `w' to ``write'' back the error message
        !           242: (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in),
        !           243: `p' to print the errors on the terminal
        !           244: (default),
        !           245: `q' to throw away error messages
        !           246: (only exit status is returned),
        !           247: and `e'
        !           248: to do special processing for the BerkNet.
        !           249: If the text of the message is not mailed back
        !           250: by
        !           251: modes `m' or `w'
        !           252: and if the sender is local to this machine,
        !           253: a copy of the message is appended to the file
        !           254: ``dead.letter''
        !           255: in the sender's home directory.
        !           256: .TP 1.2i
        !           257: .RI F mode
        !           258: The mode to use when creating temporary files.
        !           259: .TP 1.2i
        !           260: f
        !           261: Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.
        !           262: .TP 1.2i
        !           263: .RI g N
        !           264: The default group id to use when calling mailers.
        !           265: .TP 1.2i
        !           266: .RI H file
        !           267: The SMTP help file.
        !           268: .TP 1.2i
        !           269: i
        !           270: Do not take dots on a line by themselves
        !           271: as a message terminator.
        !           272: .TP 1.2i
        !           273: .RI L n
        !           274: The log level.
        !           275: .TP 1.2i
        !           276: m
        !           277: Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion.
        !           278: .TP 1.2i
        !           279: o
        !           280: If set, this message may have
        !           281: old style headers.
        !           282: If not set,
        !           283: this message is guaranteed to have new style headers
        !           284: (i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses).
        !           285: If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly
        !           286: determine the header format in most cases.
        !           287: .TP 1.2i
        !           288: .RI Q queuedir
        !           289: Select the directory in which to queue messages.
        !           290: .TP 1.2i
        !           291: .RI r timeout
        !           292: The timeout on reads;
        !           293: if none is set,
        !           294: .I sendmail
        !           295: will wait forever for a mailer.
        !           296: This option violates the word (if not the intent) of the SMTP specification,
        !           297: show the timeout should probably be fairly large.
        !           298: .TP 1.2i
        !           299: .RI S file
        !           300: Save statistics in the named file.
        !           301: .TP 1.2i
        !           302: s
        !           303: Always instantiate the queue file,
        !           304: even under circumstances where it is not strictly necessary.
        !           305: This provides safety against system crashes during delivery.
        !           306: .TP 1.2i
        !           307: .RI T time
        !           308: Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time.
        !           309: After delivery has failed
        !           310: (e.g., because of a host being down)
        !           311: for this amount of time,
        !           312: failed messages will be returned to the sender.
        !           313: The default is three days.
        !           314: .TP 1.2i
        !           315: .RI t stz,dtz
        !           316: Set the name of the time zone.
        !           317: .TP 1.2i
        !           318: .RI u N
        !           319: Set the default user id for mailers.
        !           320: .PP
        !           321: In aliases,
        !           322: the first character of a name may be
        !           323: a vertical bar to cause interpretation of
        !           324: the rest of the name as a command
        !           325: to pipe the mail to.
        !           326: It may be necessary to quote the name
        !           327: to keep
        !           328: .I sendmail
        !           329: from suppressing the blanks from between arguments.
        !           330: For example, a common alias is:
        !           331: .PP
        !           332:        msgs: "|/usr/ucb/msgs -s"
        !           333: .PP
        !           334: Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:\c
        !           335: .IR filename ''
        !           336: to ask
        !           337: .I sendmail
        !           338: to read the named file for a list of recipients.
        !           339: For example, an alias such as:
        !           340: .PP
        !           341:        poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
        !           342: .PP
        !           343: would read
        !           344: .I /usr/local/lib/poets.list
        !           345: for the list of addresses making up the group.
        !           346: .PP
        !           347: .I Sendmail
        !           348: returns an exit status
        !           349: describing what it did.
        !           350: The codes are defined in
        !           351: .RI < sysexits.h >
        !           352: .ta 3n +\w'EX_UNAVAILABLE'u+3n
        !           353: .de XX
        !           354: .ti \n(.iu
        !           355: ..
        !           356: .in +\w'EX_UNAVAILABLE'u+6n
        !           357: .XX
        !           358:        EX_OK   Successful completion on all addresses.
        !           359: .XX
        !           360:        EX_NOUSER       User name not recognized.
        !           361: .XX
        !           362:        EX_UNAVAILABLE  Catchall meaning necessary resources
        !           363: were not available.
        !           364: .XX
        !           365:        EX_SYNTAX       Syntax error in address.
        !           366: .XX
        !           367:        EX_SOFTWARE     Internal software error,
        !           368: including bad arguments.
        !           369: .XX
        !           370:        EX_OSERR        Temporary operating system error,
        !           371: such as \*(lqcannot fork\*(rq.
        !           372: .XX
        !           373:        EX_NOHOST       Host name not recognized.
        !           374: .XX
        !           375:        EX_TEMPFAIL     Message could not be sent immediately,
        !           376: but was queued.
        !           377: .PP
        !           378: If invoked as
        !           379: .I newaliases,
        !           380: .I sendmail
        !           381: will rebuild the alias database.
        !           382: If invoked as
        !           383: .I mailq,
        !           384: .I sendmail
        !           385: will print the contents of the mail queue.
        !           386: .SH FILES
        !           387: Except for
        !           388: /usr/lib/sendmail.cf,
        !           389: these pathnames are all specified in
        !           390: /usr/lib/sendmail.cf.
        !           391: Thus,
        !           392: these values are only approximations.
        !           393: .PP
        !           394: .if t .ta 2i
        !           395: .if n .ta 3i
        !           396: /usr/lib/aliases       raw data for alias names
        !           397: .br
        !           398: /usr/lib/aliases.pag
        !           399: .br
        !           400: /usr/lib/aliases.dir   data base of alias names
        !           401: .br
        !           402: /usr/lib/sendmail.cf   configuration file
        !           403: .br
        !           404: /usr/lib/sendmail.fc   frozen configuration
        !           405: .br
        !           406: /usr/lib/sendmail.hf   help file
        !           407: .br
        !           408: /usr/lib/sendmail.st   collected statistics
        !           409: .br
        !           410: /usr/spool/mqueue/*    temp files
        !           411: .SH SEE\ ALSO
        !           412: binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1),
        !           413: syslog(3),
        !           414: aliases(5), sendmail.cf(5),
        !           415: mailaddr(7),
        !           416: rc(8);
        !           417: .br
        !           418: DARPA Internet Request For Comments
        !           419: RFC819, RFC821, RFC822;
        !           420: .br
        !           421: .ul
        !           422: Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router
        !           423: (SMM:16);
        !           424: .br
        !           425: .ul
        !           426: Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide
        !           427: (SMM:7)

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