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1.1 root 1: .\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
2: .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
3: .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
4: .\"
5: .\" @(#)sendmail.8 6.2 (Berkeley) 5/22/86
6: .\"
7: .\" @(#)sendmail.8 4.2 7/28/83
8: .TH SENDMAIL 8 "May 22, 1986"
9: .UC 4
10: .SH NAME
11: sendmail \- send mail over the internet
12: .SH SYNOPSIS
13: .B /usr/lib/sendmail
14: [
15: flags
16: ] [
17: address ...
18: ]
19: .PP
20: .B newaliases
21: .PP
22: .B mailq
23: [
24: .B \-v
25: ]
26: .SH DESCRIPTION
27: .I Sendmail
28: sends a message to one or more
29: .IR recipients ,
30: routing the message over whatever networks
31: are necessary.
32: .I Sendmail
33: does internetwork forwarding as necessary
34: to deliver the message to the correct place.
35: .PP
36: .I Sendmail
37: is not intended as a user interface routine;
38: other programs provide user-friendly
39: front ends;
40: .I sendmail
41: is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.
42: .PP
43: With no flags,
44: .I sendmail
45: reads its standard input
46: up to an end-of-file
47: or a line consisting only of a single dot
48: and sends a copy of the message found there
49: to all of the addresses listed.
50: It determines the network(s) to use
51: based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
52: .PP
53: Local addresses are looked up in a file
54: and aliased appropriately.
55: Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address
56: with a backslash.
57: Normally the sender is not included in any alias
58: expansions, e.g.,
59: if `john' sends to `group',
60: and `group' includes `john' in the expansion,
61: then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.
62: .PP
63: Flags are:
64: .TP 1.2i
65: .B \-ba
66: Go into \s-1ARPANET\s0 mode.
67: All input lines must end with a CR-LF,
68: and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.
69: Also,
70: the ``From:'' and ``Sender:''
71: fields are examined for the name of the sender.
72: .TP 1.2i
73: .B \-bd
74: Run as a daemon. This requires Berkeley IPC.
75: .I Sendmail
76: will fork and run in background
77: listening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections.
78: This is normally run from
79: .IR /etc/rc .
80: .TP 1.2i
81: .B \-bi
82: Initialize the alias database.
83: .TP 1.2i
84: .B \-bm
85: Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
86: .TP 1.2i
87: .B \-bp
88: Print a listing of the queue.
89: .TP 1.2i
90: .B \-bs
91: Use the \s-2SMTP\s0 protocol as described in RFC821
92: on standard input and output.
93: This flag implies all the operations of the
94: .B \-ba
95: flag that are compatible with \s-2SMTP\s0.
96: .TP 1.2i
97: .B \-bt
98: Run in address test mode.
99: This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing;
100: it is used for debugging configuration tables.
101: .TP 1.2i
102: .B \-bv
103: Verify names only \- do not try to collect or deliver a message.
104: Verify mode is normally used for validating
105: users or mailing lists.
106: .TP 1.2i
107: .B \-bz
108: Create the configuration freeze file.
109: .TP 1.2i
110: .BI \-C file
111: Use alternate configuration file.
112: .I Sendmail
113: refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.
114: The frozen configuration file is bypassed.
115: .TP 1.2i
116: .BI \-d X
117: Set debugging value to
118: .I X.
119: .TP 1.2i
120: .BI \-F fullname
121: Set the full name of the sender.
122: .TP 1.2i
123: .BI \-f name
124: Sets the name of the ``from'' person
125: (i.e., the sender of the mail).
126: .B \-f
127: can only be used
128: by ``trusted'' users
129: (normally
130: .I root,
131: .I daemon,
132: and
133: .I network)
134: or if the person you are trying to become
135: is the same as the person you are.
136: .TP 1.2i
137: .BI \-h N
138: Set the hop count to
139: .I N.
140: The hop count is incremented every time the mail is
141: processed.
142: When it reaches a limit,
143: the mail is returned with an error message,
144: the victim of an aliasing loop.
145: If not specified,
146: ``Received:'' lines in the message are counted.
147: .TP 1.2i
148: .B \-n
149: Don't do aliasing.
150: .TP 1.2i
151: .BI \-o x\|value
152: Set option
153: .I x
154: to the specified
155: .I value.
156: Options are described below.
157: .TP 1.2i
158: .BI \-q[ time ]
159: Processed saved messages in the queue at given intervals.
160: If
161: .I time
162: is omitted,
163: process the queue once.
164: .I Time
165: is given as a tagged number,
166: with `s' being seconds,
167: `m' being minutes,
168: `h' being hours,
169: `d' being days,
170: and
171: `w' being weeks.
172: For example,
173: ``\-q1h30m'' or ``\-q90m''
174: would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.
175: If
176: .I time
177: is specified,
178: .I sendmail
179: will run in background.
180: This option can be used safely with
181: .BR \-bd .
182: .TP 1.2i
183: .BI \-r name
184: An alternate and obsolete form of the
185: .B \-f
186: flag.
187: .TP 1.2i
188: .B \-t
189: Read message for recipients.
190: To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.
191: The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.
192: Any addresses in the argument list will be suppressed,
193: that is,
194: they will
195: .I not
196: receive copies even if listed in the message header.
197: .TP 1.2i
198: .B \-v
199: Go into verbose mode.
200: Alias expansions will be announced, etc.
201: .PP
202: There are also a number of processing options that may be set.
203: Normally these will only be used by a system administrator.
204: Options may be set either on the command line
205: using the
206: .B \-o
207: flag
208: or in the configuration file.
209: These are described in detail in the
210: .ul
211: Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide.
212: The options are:
213: .TP 1.2i
214: .RI A file
215: Use alternate alias file.
216: .TP 1.2i
217: c
218: On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
219: don't initiate immediate connection.
220: This requires queueing.
221: .TP 1.2i
222: .RI d x
223: Set the delivery mode to
224: .I x.
225: Delivery modes are
226: `i' for interactive (synchronous) delivery,
227: `b' for background (asynchronous) delivery,
228: and
229: `q' for queue only \- i.e.,
230: actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.
231: .TP 1.2i
232: D
233: Try to automatically rebuild the alias database
234: if necessary.
235: .TP 1.2i
236: .RI e x
237: Set error processing to mode
238: .I x.
239: Valid modes are
240: `m' to mail back the error message,
241: `w' to ``write'' back the error message
242: (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in),
243: `p' to print the errors on the terminal
244: (default),
245: `q' to throw away error messages
246: (only exit status is returned),
247: and `e'
248: to do special processing for the BerkNet.
249: If the text of the message is not mailed back
250: by
251: modes `m' or `w'
252: and if the sender is local to this machine,
253: a copy of the message is appended to the file
254: ``dead.letter''
255: in the sender's home directory.
256: .TP 1.2i
257: .RI F mode
258: The mode to use when creating temporary files.
259: .TP 1.2i
260: f
261: Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.
262: .TP 1.2i
263: .RI g N
264: The default group id to use when calling mailers.
265: .TP 1.2i
266: .RI H file
267: The SMTP help file.
268: .TP 1.2i
269: i
270: Do not take dots on a line by themselves
271: as a message terminator.
272: .TP 1.2i
273: .RI L n
274: The log level.
275: .TP 1.2i
276: m
277: Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion.
278: .TP 1.2i
279: o
280: If set, this message may have
281: old style headers.
282: If not set,
283: this message is guaranteed to have new style headers
284: (i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses).
285: If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly
286: determine the header format in most cases.
287: .TP 1.2i
288: .RI Q queuedir
289: Select the directory in which to queue messages.
290: .TP 1.2i
291: .RI r timeout
292: The timeout on reads;
293: if none is set,
294: .I sendmail
295: will wait forever for a mailer.
296: This option violates the word (if not the intent) of the SMTP specification,
297: show the timeout should probably be fairly large.
298: .TP 1.2i
299: .RI S file
300: Save statistics in the named file.
301: .TP 1.2i
302: s
303: Always instantiate the queue file,
304: even under circumstances where it is not strictly necessary.
305: This provides safety against system crashes during delivery.
306: .TP 1.2i
307: .RI T time
308: Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time.
309: After delivery has failed
310: (e.g., because of a host being down)
311: for this amount of time,
312: failed messages will be returned to the sender.
313: The default is three days.
314: .TP 1.2i
315: .RI t stz,dtz
316: Set the name of the time zone.
317: .TP 1.2i
318: .RI u N
319: Set the default user id for mailers.
320: .PP
321: In aliases,
322: the first character of a name may be
323: a vertical bar to cause interpretation of
324: the rest of the name as a command
325: to pipe the mail to.
326: It may be necessary to quote the name
327: to keep
328: .I sendmail
329: from suppressing the blanks from between arguments.
330: For example, a common alias is:
331: .PP
332: msgs: "|/usr/ucb/msgs -s"
333: .PP
334: Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:\c
335: .IR filename ''
336: to ask
337: .I sendmail
338: to read the named file for a list of recipients.
339: For example, an alias such as:
340: .PP
341: poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
342: .PP
343: would read
344: .I /usr/local/lib/poets.list
345: for the list of addresses making up the group.
346: .PP
347: .I Sendmail
348: returns an exit status
349: describing what it did.
350: The codes are defined in
351: .RI < sysexits.h >
352: .ta 3n +\w'EX_UNAVAILABLE'u+3n
353: .de XX
354: .ti \n(.iu
355: ..
356: .in +\w'EX_UNAVAILABLE'u+6n
357: .XX
358: EX_OK Successful completion on all addresses.
359: .XX
360: EX_NOUSER User name not recognized.
361: .XX
362: EX_UNAVAILABLE Catchall meaning necessary resources
363: were not available.
364: .XX
365: EX_SYNTAX Syntax error in address.
366: .XX
367: EX_SOFTWARE Internal software error,
368: including bad arguments.
369: .XX
370: EX_OSERR Temporary operating system error,
371: such as \*(lqcannot fork\*(rq.
372: .XX
373: EX_NOHOST Host name not recognized.
374: .XX
375: EX_TEMPFAIL Message could not be sent immediately,
376: but was queued.
377: .PP
378: If invoked as
379: .I newaliases,
380: .I sendmail
381: will rebuild the alias database.
382: If invoked as
383: .I mailq,
384: .I sendmail
385: will print the contents of the mail queue.
386: .SH FILES
387: Except for
388: /usr/lib/sendmail.cf,
389: these pathnames are all specified in
390: /usr/lib/sendmail.cf.
391: Thus,
392: these values are only approximations.
393: .PP
394: .if t .ta 2i
395: .if n .ta 3i
396: /usr/lib/aliases raw data for alias names
397: .br
398: /usr/lib/aliases.pag
399: .br
400: /usr/lib/aliases.dir data base of alias names
401: .br
402: /usr/lib/sendmail.cf configuration file
403: .br
404: /usr/lib/sendmail.fc frozen configuration
405: .br
406: /usr/lib/sendmail.hf help file
407: .br
408: /usr/lib/sendmail.st collected statistics
409: .br
410: /usr/spool/mqueue/* temp files
411: .SH SEE\ ALSO
412: binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1),
413: syslog(3),
414: aliases(5), sendmail.cf(5),
415: mailaddr(7),
416: rc(8);
417: .br
418: DARPA Internet Request For Comments
419: RFC819, RFC821, RFC822;
420: .br
421: .ul
422: Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router
423: (SMM:16);
424: .br
425: .ul
426: Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide
427: (SMM:7)
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