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        !             3: 
        !             4: XNWM(1)             UNIX Programmer's Manual             XNWM(1)
        !             5: 
        !             6: 
        !             7: 
        !             8: NAME
        !             9:      xnwm - X window system manager process
        !            10: 
        !            11: SYNOPSIS
        !            12:      xnwm [ -cmsnftv2 ] [ @_b_o_r_d_e_r ] [ %_i_c_o_n_D_e_l_t_a ]
        !            13:          [ fm=_f_o_n_t ] [ fi=_f_o_n_t ] [ fs=_f_o_n_t ]
        !            14:          [ l=_o_p ] [ m=_o_p ] [ r=_o_p ]
        !            15:          [ _h_o_s_t:_d_i_s_p_l_a_y ] [ =_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y ]
        !            16: 
        !            17: DESCRIPTION
        !            18:      The window manager is a process that allows the user of a
        !            19:      display running the X window system to manipulate the win-
        !            20:      dows on the screen.  X implements the `desktop model' of
        !            21:      overlapping windows; _x_n_w_m allows windows to be moved, iconi-
        !            22:      fied, and resized, allows the order of the windows in the
        !            23:      `stack' of overlapping windows to be manipulated, and allows
        !            24:      the keyboard focus to be attached to a window.  X allows
        !            25:      windows to contain other windows, but _x_n_w_m only manipulates
        !            26:      the top-level windows and not any of the subwindows.
        !            27: 
        !            28:      _X_n_w_m takes arguments _h_o_s_t and _d_i_s_p_l_a_y, which refer the the
        !            29:      host and display number.  For example `xnwm amadeus:1' would
        !            30:      start up the window manager on display one on the machine
        !            31:      amadeus.  By default, _x_n_w_m uses the host and display number
        !            32:      stored in the environment variable DISPLAY, and therefore
        !            33:      they are not normally specified.
        !            34: 
        !            35:      _X_n_w_m has 2 modes of operation, `normal' and `popup',  In
        !            36:      normal mode _x_n_w_m creates a menu window across the top of the
        !            37:      screen.  To perform an action, you click any mouse button in
        !            38:      the appropriate menu box and then click the same button in
        !            39:      the window you wish to affect.  _X_n_w_m also reserves certain
        !            40:      button/key combinations and interprets them as operations on
        !            41:      existing windows. The key combination is specified in the
        !            42:      command line with some subset of the options: -c (Control),
        !            43:      -m (Meta), and -s (Shift).  For example, if you specify the
        !            44:      options -cm then the Control and Meta keys must be down at
        !            45:      the time a mouse button is depressed.  The option -n (None)
        !            46:      means that no buttons need be held down.  This is
        !            47:      discouraged since it means that applications will never
        !            48:      receive unshifted mouse clicks.  If no combination is speci-
        !            49:      fied in the command line, Meta is assumed.  Note: the key
        !            50:      combination is not necessary when using functions from the
        !            51:      menu; it is only needed with the assigned button functions
        !            52:      to distinguish window manager operations from operations
        !            53:      destined for the application running within the window.
        !            54: 
        !            55:      The window manager normally takes control of the screen at
        !            56:      various times to assure that the screen image remains
        !            57:      correct while performing window manager operations.  When
        !            58:      this happens, requests from other applications are tem-
        !            59:      porarily suspended until the window manager finishes the
        !            60: 
        !            61: 
        !            62: 
        !            63: Printed 9/15/87           19 July 1985                         1
        !            64: 
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        !            66: 
        !            67: 
        !            68: 
        !            69: 
        !            70: XNWM(1)             UNIX Programmer's Manual             XNWM(1)
        !            71: 
        !            72: 
        !            73: 
        !            74:      operation.  The option -f (no freeze) disables this.  If
        !            75:      this option is specified, window outlines for _M_o_v_e and
        !            76:      _R_e_s_i_z_e will flicker rather than remaining solid, and the
        !            77:      background behind popup windows (see later) will take longer
        !            78:      to redraw.
        !            79: 
        !            80:      The options -t (thin), -v (vertical), and -2 (2 rows) con-
        !            81:      trol the format of the menu bar.  In the absence of any of
        !            82:      these, the menu extends across the entire screen. If the -t
        !            83:      option is given, the menu bar will not extend fully across
        !            84:      the screen; instead there will be room at the right (con-
        !            85:      venient for, for example, a clock window).  If the -v option
        !            86:      is used, the menu windows are stacked vertically instead of
        !            87:      spread horizontally.  The -2 option causes the menu windows
        !            88:      to be in two rows, allowing room for a terminal window the
        !            89:      height of the screen while still allowing menu access.
        !            90:      Either of the last two options automatically selects the -t
        !            91:      option.  The menu is located in the upper left corner of the
        !            92:      screen by default, but its location can be set with the
        !            93:      =_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y option as usual with X applications.  (Notice that
        !            94:      there is no size component, position information is used
        !            95:      only.)
        !            96: 
        !            97:      _X_n_w_m will use reverse video for the menu, the cursor, icon
        !            98:      text, and the frame around selected windows if the -r
        !            99:      (reverse) option is used.
        !           100: 
        !           101:      The border width around selected windows can be changed with
        !           102:      the @ argument; the default is 5 pixels.
        !           103: 
        !           104:      The default font for displaying text is ``8x13''. You can
        !           105:      specify a different font with the fm= (Menu font), fi= (Icon
        !           106:      font), and the fs= (Size window font) options.
        !           107: 
        !           108:      Initially, the left, middle, and right mouse buttons are
        !           109:      bound to the operations _S_e_l_e_c_t, _R_a_i_s_e, and _M_o_v_e. You can
        !           110:      change these bindings with the l= (left), m= (middle), and
        !           111:      r= (right) arguments.  Each should be followed by one of the
        !           112:      letters "srmilzc", representing, respectively, _S_e_l_e_c_t,
        !           113:      _R_a_i_s_e, _M_o_v_e, _I_c_o_n_i_f_y, _L_o_w_e_r, _r_e_s_i_Z_e, and _C_i_r_c_u_l_a_t_e. They may
        !           114:      also be followed by nothing, in which case no function is
        !           115:      bound to that key.
        !           116: 
        !           117:      Clicking any button that is not bound to the _S_e_l_e_c_t function
        !           118:      in the background will cause the menu window to become visi-
        !           119:      ble if it has become covered by other windows.  Double
        !           120:      clicking the background will cause the menu to move back to
        !           121:      its original position.
        !           122: 
        !           123:      In popup mode, the menu window is not normally displayed,
        !           124:      but instead `pops up' when a particular button is pressed.
        !           125:      To get popup mode, bind the letter ``p'' to any of the three
        !           126: 
        !           127: 
        !           128: 
        !           129: Printed 9/15/87           19 July 1985                         2
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        !           132: 
        !           133: 
        !           134: 
        !           135: 
        !           136: XNWM(1)             UNIX Programmer's Manual             XNWM(1)
        !           137: 
        !           138: 
        !           139: 
        !           140:      buttons as described above.  (You may also bind the other
        !           141:      buttons as desired.)  Whenever the bound button is clicked
        !           142:      while the appropriate combination of control, meta, and
        !           143:      shift keys is depressed, or any time a button that is not
        !           144:      bound to the _S_e_l_e_c_t function is clicked in the background,
        !           145:      the menu will appear beneath the cursor.  You may then
        !           146:      select any menu function you wish; after the operation is
        !           147:      completed the menu will disappear.  To make the menu disap-
        !           148:      pear without performing any operation, just move the cursor
        !           149:      out of the menu area.  Note:  the mouse button bound to the
        !           150:      popup function may not be rebound using Assign. Using popup
        !           151:      mode with complicated screen images and with no freeze (the
        !           152:      -f option) may cause some difficulties if the menu obscures
        !           153:      the image, since the applications will have to redraw their
        !           154:      windows after the menu goes away.
        !           155: 
        !           156:      The available commands are described below.  For any of
        !           157:      these commands, if you press a button to start a command,
        !           158:      and then want to abort the command, simply press one of the
        !           159:      other buttons before releasing the first button.
        !           160: 
        !           161:      Select attaches the keyboard to a window, i.e., keyboard
        !           162:      input will go to that window (hierarchy) even when the mouse
        !           163:      is outside the window.  It also Raises the selected window.
        !           164:      Selecting the background will detach the keyboard from any
        !           165:      window (actually, it attaches it to the background window).
        !           166:      If no window is selected the keyboard input will go to the
        !           167:      window which currently contains the mouse cursor. The
        !           168:      selected window is highlighted by drawing a partial frame
        !           169:      around the window.  Selecting an icon allows the icon name
        !           170:      to be edited: the delete key deletes the last character,
        !           171:      control-U deletes the entire name, and other characters are
        !           172:      appended to the current name.  Typing a return restores the
        !           173:      input focus to the most recent non-icon window selected.
        !           174: 
        !           175:      Raise raises the window to the top of any stack of overlap-
        !           176:      ping windows.
        !           177: 
        !           178:      Move is used to move a window.  If you apply it to a window,
        !           179:      an outline will be moved with the mouse; when you release
        !           180:      the button, the window will be moved.
        !           181: 
        !           182:      (De)Iconify will make a window into an icon.  If the mouse
        !           183:      is moved more than a threshold amount, or this is the first
        !           184:      time the window has been iconified, the icon will appear at
        !           185:      the location on the screen where the button is released.
        !           186:      Otherwise, the icon will reappear at its previous location.
        !           187:      This threshold may be changed with the %_i_c_o_n_D_e_l_t_a option.
        !           188:      Giving a negative value will disable this effect. The
        !           189:      default is 5 pixels.  (De)Iconify will make the original
        !           190:      window reappear at its former position on the screen if it
        !           191:      is applied to an icon.  The name displayed in the icon can
        !           192: 
        !           193: 
        !           194: 
        !           195: Printed 9/15/87           19 July 1985                         3
        !           196: 
        !           197: 
        !           198: 
        !           199: 
        !           200: 
        !           201: 
        !           202: XNWM(1)             UNIX Programmer's Manual             XNWM(1)
        !           203: 
        !           204: 
        !           205: 
        !           206:      be edited by Selecting the icon.
        !           207: 
        !           208:      Lower will `push' the window you point at to the bottom of
        !           209:      any stack of overlapping windows.
        !           210: 
        !           211:      Resize is used to resize a window by moving a corner or an
        !           212:      edge.  If you apply it to a window, a rubber banded outline
        !           213:      of the window will be displayed and moving the mouse will
        !           214:      change its size, leaving the opposite corner or other edges
        !           215:      fixed.  The corner or edge to be moved depends on the where
        !           216:      the mouse is when the button is pressed.  Imagine the window
        !           217:      divided with grid of nine rectangles.  If the mouse is in
        !           218:      one of the four corner rectangles or the center rectangle,
        !           219:      then the corner closest to the mouse will be moved; other-
        !           220:      wise, the closest edge will be moved.  When the button is
        !           221:      released, the window will be resized.
        !           222: 
        !           223:      Circulate causes the lowest window in the stack of overlap-
        !           224:      ping windows to be Raised ; successive applications will
        !           225:      reveal every window in turn.
        !           226: 
        !           227:      Assign allows you to change the button bindings; to use it
        !           228:      click any button in the Assign menu window and then click
        !           229:      the same button in any other function to assign that func-
        !           230:      tion to that button.  To remove the assignment from a but-
        !           231:      ton, double click the Assign window.
        !           232: 
        !           233: X DEFAULTS AND OPTION SUMMARY
        !           234:      MenuFont (fm=_n_a_m_e)
        !           235:             Set the default font for the menu.
        !           236: 
        !           237:      SizeFont (fs=_n_a_m_e)
        !           238:             Set the default font for the size window.
        !           239: 
        !           240:      IconFont (fi=_n_a_m_e)
        !           241:             Set the default font for icons.
        !           242: 
        !           243:      FrameWidth (@_v_a_l_u_e)
        !           244:             Set the width of the frame around selected windows.
        !           245: 
        !           246:      IconifyDelta (%_v_a_l_u_e)
        !           247:             Set the threshold for moving icons.
        !           248: 
        !           249:      ReverseVideo (-r)
        !           250:             Sets reverse video for the menu, icons, selection
        !           251:             border, and cursor.
        !           252: 
        !           253:      MenuFormat (-tv2)
        !           254:             Sets the format of the menu; should be some subset
        !           255:             of tv2 meaning thin, vertical, or 2 rows.
        !           256: 
        !           257:      Freeze (-f)
        !           258: 
        !           259: 
        !           260: 
        !           261: Printed 9/15/87           19 July 1985                         4
        !           262: 
        !           263: 
        !           264: 
        !           265: 
        !           266: 
        !           267: 
        !           268: XNWM(1)             UNIX Programmer's Manual             XNWM(1)
        !           269: 
        !           270: 
        !           271: 
        !           272:             If set to ``off'', disables _x_n_w_m taking control of
        !           273:             the screen during operations.
        !           274: 
        !           275:      KeyCombination (-csmln)
        !           276:             Sets the keys required to specify _x_n_w_m operations;
        !           277:             should be some subset of csmln meaning control,
        !           278:             shift, meta, lock, and none.
        !           279: 
        !           280:      LeftButton (l=value)
        !           281:             Sets the default left button function; should be one
        !           282:             of srmilzcp
        !           283: 
        !           284:      MiddleButton (m=value)
        !           285:             Sets the default middle button function; should be
        !           286:             one of srmilzcp
        !           287: 
        !           288:      RightButton (r=value)
        !           289:             Sets the default right button function; should be
        !           290:             one of srmilzcp
        !           291: 
        !           292:      Geometry (={+-}xoff{+-}yoff)
        !           293:             Sets the location of the menu.
        !           294: 
        !           295: FILES
        !           296:      /usr/new/lib/X/font           directory of fonts
        !           297: 
        !           298: ENVIRONMENT
        !           299:      DISPLAY                       - to get default host and
        !           300:      display number
        !           301: 
        !           302: SEE ALSO
        !           303:      X(8C)
        !           304: 
        !           305: AUTHOR
        !           306:      Paul Asente, Stanford University, using some algorithms ori-
        !           307:      ginally by Bob Scheifler, MIT Laboratory for Computer Sci-
        !           308:      ence
        !           309: 
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        !           326: 
        !           327: Printed 9/15/87           19 July 1985                         5
        !           328: 
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        !           330: 

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